Hormones and Receptors Flashcards
1
Q
hypothalamus communicates to the
A
pituitary
2
Q
the hypothalamus is the control system of the
A
endocrine system
3
Q
the hypothalamus produces (3)
A
dopamine
ADH (vasopressin)
oxytocin releasing hormones
4
Q
the pituitary is the master gland of the
A
endocrine system
5
Q
the pituitary gland produces (6)
A
releasing hormones GH LH prolactin oxytocin vasopressin
6
Q
the pineal gland produces
A
melatonin
7
Q
the thyroid gland produces (3)
A
T3
T4
calcitonin
8
Q
the parathyroid gland produces
A
PTH
9
Q
the adrenal gland produces (2)
A
steroids
catecholamines
10
Q
steroids (3)
A
androgens
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids
11
Q
catecholamines (2)
A
epinephrine
norepinephrine
12
Q
the kidney produces (2)
A
calcitriol
erythropoietin
13
Q
the testis produce (2)
A
androgens
estradiol
14
Q
the pancreas produces (2)
A
insulin
glucagon
15
Q
bone (osteocytes) produces (2)
A
FGF23
sclerostin
16
Q
adipose tissues produces (1)
A
leptin
17
Q
nongenomic effects vs genomic effects
A
nongenomic: happen inside the cell that dont require gene expression
genomic: result in changes in gene expression
18
Q
example of nongenomic effects
A
extranuclear rearrangement of cytoplasm
19
Q
example of genomic effects
A
translocation of signaling molecules into the nucleus to act as a transcription factor
diffuse into the nucleus to bind to other proteins
20
Q
cell-surface receptors are present in a — number
A
finite, recycled
21
Q
the target cell expresses specific — —
A
receptor proteins
22
Q
vmax=
A
the maximum concentration rate
23
Q
km=
A
half vmax
24
Q
kd=
A
dissociation constant
tells us if it is a high or low affinity receptor
25
promiscuous=
at a high concentration of ligand, it may bind to a ligand that is not their specific ligand
=low affinity binding
26
at very low concentrations (<10^-8 M) and their cognate receptors bind with --- --- (association or affinity constant at Ka>10^8 L/M) (affinity constant is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant)
high affinity
27
specificity of signaling molecule (hormone) action is regulated by the presence of the
receptor to which the molecule (hormone) binds
28
for many hormones, multiple receptor isoforms (subtypes) exist, each of which may have a specific --- --- that it regulates or acts through
intracellular pathway
29
why do we have negative feedback loops?
continuous expression of a hormone may be bad
30
what type of communication is hormone signaling?
cell-cell communication
31
what is the type of cell-cell communication defined by? (4)
where the signal originates
where the signal is released into
where the target(s) is/are located
what types of cells are involved in the signaling
32
juxtacrine signaling is --- dependent
contact
33
synaptic signaling
form of paracrine, chemical synapses; or juxtacrine, electrical synapses
34
how are gap junctions used in cell cell communication?
small molecules can move through gap junctions
35
types of ligands (3)
protein and peptide hormones
catecholamines
eicosanoids
36
catecholamines
epinephrine (adrenaline)
| norepinephrine (dopamine)
37
eicosanoids are derived from (2)
arachidonic acid or polyunasturated fatty acids (ex. prostoglandins)
38
receptors are generally designated by the --- they bind, or "historic" or function based nomenclature
ligand
39
GPCR have - transmembrane spanning domains
7
40
following the binding of a hormone to its plasma membrane associated receptor, a series of intracellular events occur that lead to
ultimate changes in cell function
41
epinepherine stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver by the activation of adenylate cyclase, resulting in the formation of
cAMP from ATP
42
cAMP then binds to the inactive form of pka causing the release of the catalytic subunits of pka that ultimately lead to the
activation of phosphorylase-alpha and breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate
43
what are hydrophilic second messengers?
water soluble, located in the cytoplasm
44
examples of hydrophilic second messengers (4)
cAMP
cGMP
IP3
Ca2+
45
what are hydrophobic second messengers?
water insoluble, membrane associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane and bind to membrane associated effector proteins involved in a variety of signaling cascades
46
examples of hydrophobic second messengers (2)
DAG
| phosphatidylinositols
47
examples of gases which diffuse through both cytosol and aceoss cell membranes (3)
NO
CO
HS
48
TSH
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: thyroid gland
| major response: thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion
49
ACTH
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: adrenal cortex
| major response: cortisol secretion
50
LH
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: ovary
| major response: progesterone secretion
51
adrenaline (2)
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: muscle
major response: glycogen breakdown
target tissue: heart
major response: increase of HR and force of contraction
52
parathormone
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: bone
| major response: bone absorption
53
glucagon
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: liver
| major response: glycogen breakdown
54
vasopressin
target tissue:
major response:
target tissue: kidney
| major response: water resorption
55
adrenaline, ACTH, glucagon, TSH
target tissue: fat
| major response: triglyceride breakdown
56
what codes for the g-protein which activates adenylate cyclase?
GNAS
57
GNAS is expressed in (2)
endocrine glands and bone
58
McCune-Albright syndrome
caused by a mutation in GNAS which results in a G-protein which is always “on”. This leads to over-production of several hormones resulting in abnormal bone growth, unusual skin pigmentation, and endocrine problems. Not inherited, caused by a somatic mutation which leads to some cells expressing normal version of GNAS and some expressing the mutated version—situation called mosaicism.
59
McCune-Albright syndrome is NOT
inherited
60
mosaicism
a somatic mutation which leads to some cells expressing normal version of GNAS and some expressing the mutated version
61
Gs
associated with activation of adenylate cyclase
62
Gi
associated with inhibition of adenylate cyclase
63
Gp
associated with activation of phospholipase C
64
Gt
transducin, associated with activation of cGMP phosphdiesterase
65
G
possibly Go associated with receptor mediated regulation of ion channels
66
placental estrogens
maintenance of pregnancy
67
placental progestins
mimic action of progesterone
68
ovarian estrogens
maturation and function of female secondary sex organs
69
testicular androgens
maturation and function of male secondary sex organs
70
adrenal cortical glucocorticoids
diverse effects on inflammation and protein synthesis
71
adrenal mineralcorticoids
maintenance of salt balance
72
kidney calcitriol (biologically active vitamin D3)
maintains calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, increases calcium uptake by intestine, regulates bone mineralization
73
cell signaling pathways --- the signal many fold in achieving a cellular response
amplify
74
the 3D binding specificity exhibited by hormone/receptor recognition affords scientists the opportunity to develop antagonists and agonists to
block the action of hormones
75
tamoxifen
antagonist of the estrogen receptor which is used to successfully inhibit growth of estrogen dependent tumors
76
hormone signaling pathways are the targets of (2)
genetic mutations
| bacterial toxins
77
inactivating mutations cause disruptions in these pathways giving rise to
serious changes in the cell function
78
--- binding bacterial toxins whose inactivating or activating effects contribute to physiological effects of diptheria, pertussis, and cholera
GTP
79
synthetic recreational and addictive drugs mediate their effects by interfering with
normal hormone cell signaling pathways in the brain and other tissues
ex. cocaine, meth, marijuana
