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Applied Biochemistry > Hormones and Receptors > Flashcards

Hormones and Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

hypothalamus communicates to the

A

pituitary

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2
Q

the hypothalamus is the control system of the

A

endocrine system

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3
Q

the hypothalamus produces (3)

A

dopamine
ADH (vasopressin)
oxytocin releasing hormones

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4
Q

the pituitary is the master gland of the

A

endocrine system

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5
Q

the pituitary gland produces (6)

A 
releasing hormones 
GH
LH
prolactin
oxytocin 
vasopressin
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6
Q

the pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

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7
Q

the thyroid gland produces (3)

A

T3
T4
calcitonin

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8
Q

the parathyroid gland produces

A

PTH

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9
Q

the adrenal gland produces (2)

A

steroids

catecholamines

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10
Q

steroids (3)

A

androgens
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids

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11
Q

catecholamines (2)

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

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12
Q

the kidney produces (2)

A

calcitriol

erythropoietin

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13
Q

the testis produce (2)

A

androgens

estradiol

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14
Q

the pancreas produces (2)

A

insulin

glucagon

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15
Q

bone (osteocytes) produces (2)

A

FGF23

sclerostin

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16
Q

adipose tissues produces (1)

A

leptin

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17
Q

nongenomic effects vs genomic effects

A

nongenomic: happen inside the cell that dont require gene expression
genomic: result in changes in gene expression

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18
Q

example of nongenomic effects

A

extranuclear rearrangement of cytoplasm

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19
Q

example of genomic effects

A

translocation of signaling molecules into the nucleus to act as a transcription factor

diffuse into the nucleus to bind to other proteins

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20
Q

cell-surface receptors are present in a — number

A

finite, recycled

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21
Q

the target cell expresses specific — —

A

receptor proteins

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22
Q

vmax=

A

the maximum concentration rate

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23
Q

km=

A

half vmax

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24
Q

kd=

A

dissociation constant

tells us if it is a high or low affinity receptor

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25
Q

promiscuous=

A

at a high concentration of ligand, it may bind to a ligand that is not their specific ligand
=low affinity binding

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26
Q

at very low concentrations (<10^-8 M) and their cognate receptors bind with — — (association or affinity constant at Ka>10^8 L/M) (affinity constant is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant)

A

high affinity

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27
Q

specificity of signaling molecule (hormone) action is regulated by the presence of the

A

receptor to which the molecule (hormone) binds

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28
Q

for many hormones, multiple receptor isoforms (subtypes) exist, each of which may have a specific — — that it regulates or acts through

A

intracellular pathway

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29
Q

why do we have negative feedback loops?

A

continuous expression of a hormone may be bad

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30
Q

what type of communication is hormone signaling?

A

cell-cell communication

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31
Q

what is the type of cell-cell communication defined by? (4)

A

where the signal originates
where the signal is released into
where the target(s) is/are located
what types of cells are involved in the signaling

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32
Q

juxtacrine signaling is — dependent

A

contact

33
Q

synaptic signaling

A

form of paracrine, chemical synapses; or juxtacrine, electrical synapses

34
Q

how are gap junctions used in cell cell communication?

A

small molecules can move through gap junctions

35
Q

types of ligands (3)

A

protein and peptide hormones
catecholamines
eicosanoids

36
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine (adrenaline)

norepinephrine (dopamine)

37
Q

eicosanoids are derived from (2)

A

arachidonic acid or polyunasturated fatty acids (ex. prostoglandins)

38
Q

receptors are generally designated by the — they bind, or “historic” or function based nomenclature

A

ligand

39
Q

GPCR have - transmembrane spanning domains

A

7

40
Q

following the binding of a hormone to its plasma membrane associated receptor, a series of intracellular events occur that lead to

A

ultimate changes in cell function

41
Q

epinepherine stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver by the activation of adenylate cyclase, resulting in the formation of

A

cAMP from ATP

42
Q

cAMP then binds to the inactive form of pka causing the release of the catalytic subunits of pka that ultimately lead to the

A

activation of phosphorylase-alpha and breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate

43
Q

what are hydrophilic second messengers?

A

water soluble, located in the cytoplasm

44
Q

examples of hydrophilic second messengers (4)

A

cAMP
cGMP
IP3
Ca2+

45
Q

what are hydrophobic second messengers?

A

water insoluble, membrane associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane and bind to membrane associated effector proteins involved in a variety of signaling cascades

46
Q

examples of hydrophobic second messengers (2)

A

DAG

phosphatidylinositols

47
Q

examples of gases which diffuse through both cytosol and aceoss cell membranes (3)

A

NO
CO
HS

48
Q

TSH
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: thyroid gland

major response: thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion

49
Q

ACTH
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: adrenal cortex

major response: cortisol secretion

50
Q

LH
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: ovary

major response: progesterone secretion

51
Q

adrenaline (2)
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: muscle
major response: glycogen breakdown

target tissue: heart
major response: increase of HR and force of contraction

52
Q

parathormone
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: bone

major response: bone absorption

53
Q

glucagon
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: liver

major response: glycogen breakdown

54
Q

vasopressin
target tissue:
major response:

A

target tissue: kidney

major response: water resorption

55
Q

adrenaline, ACTH, glucagon, TSH

A

target tissue: fat

major response: triglyceride breakdown

56
Q

what codes for the g-protein which activates adenylate cyclase?

A

GNAS

57
Q

GNAS is expressed in (2)

A

endocrine glands and bone

58
Q

McCune-Albright syndrome

A

caused by a mutation in GNAS which results in a G-protein which is always “on”. This leads to over-production of several hormones resulting in abnormal bone growth, unusual skin pigmentation, and endocrine problems. Not inherited, caused by a somatic mutation which leads to some cells expressing normal version of GNAS and some expressing the mutated version—situation called mosaicism.

59
Q

McCune-Albright syndrome is NOT

A

inherited

60
Q

mosaicism

A

a somatic mutation which leads to some cells expressing normal version of GNAS and some expressing the mutated version

61
Q

Gs

A

associated with activation of adenylate cyclase

62
Q

Gi

A

associated with inhibition of adenylate cyclase

63
Q

Gp

A

associated with activation of phospholipase C

64
Q

Gt

A

transducin, associated with activation of cGMP phosphdiesterase

65
Q

G

A

possibly Go associated with receptor mediated regulation of ion channels

66
Q

placental estrogens

A

maintenance of pregnancy

67
Q

placental progestins

A

mimic action of progesterone

68
Q

ovarian estrogens

A

maturation and function of female secondary sex organs

69
Q

testicular androgens

A

maturation and function of male secondary sex organs

70
Q

adrenal cortical glucocorticoids

A

diverse effects on inflammation and protein synthesis

71
Q

adrenal mineralcorticoids

A

maintenance of salt balance

72
Q

kidney calcitriol (biologically active vitamin D3)

A

maintains calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, increases calcium uptake by intestine, regulates bone mineralization

73
Q

cell signaling pathways — the signal many fold in achieving a cellular response

A

amplify

74
Q

the 3D binding specificity exhibited by hormone/receptor recognition affords scientists the opportunity to develop antagonists and agonists to

A

block the action of hormones

75
Q

tamoxifen

A

antagonist of the estrogen receptor which is used to successfully inhibit growth of estrogen dependent tumors

76
Q

hormone signaling pathways are the targets of (2)

A

genetic mutations

bacterial toxins

77
Q

inactivating mutations cause disruptions in these pathways giving rise to

A

serious changes in the cell function

78
Q

— binding bacterial toxins whose inactivating or activating effects contribute to physiological effects of diptheria, pertussis, and cholera

A

GTP

79
Q

synthetic recreational and addictive drugs mediate their effects by interfering with

A

normal hormone cell signaling pathways in the brain and other tissues

ex. cocaine, meth, marijuana

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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