Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applied Biochemistry > How Do genes Direct the Production of Proteins > Flashcards

How Do genes Direct the Production of Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Cells achieve their specialized functions based upon (2)

A

the expression of specific genes and any subsequent post-translational modifications of the resulting proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA is — into RNA, which is — into Protein

A

transcribed

translated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in prokaryotes, when do transcription and translation occur?

A

simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is DNA or RNA more stable?

A

DNA is very stable, RNA degrades quickly as pH raises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RNA contains (2)

A

uracil

ribose sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DNA contains (2)

A

thymine

deoxyribose is missing an OH group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes only one strand of the DNA is transcribed into RNA depending upon the

A

gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the RNA molecule being synthesized is made in the — direction and therefore the DNA strand that is used as template is oriented —

A

5’ to 3’

3’ to 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes gene transcription can proceed in opposite directions from

A

one gene to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In Prokaryotic organisms the DNA is organized in a linear or contiguous fashion and transcription of the DNA into RNA results in an RNA copy that is ready for use as a

A

template for protein synthesis (translation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In Prokaryotic organisms the RNA transcript can be translated into a protein during the transcription process as there is

A

no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In Eukaryotic organisms the DNA is broken up into regions or blocks of sequence that will give rise to

A

the protein sequence (coding regions or exons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

These exons are separated by (2)

A

regions that do not code for protein (introns) and regions at the 5’ and 3’ ends that do not encode protein called untranslated regions (UTRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In Eukaryotic organisms one strand of the DNA is first copied in a linear fashion and then the introns are removed by a process called

A

splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Subsequent modifications take place that give rise to the mature mRNA, which is transported out of the nucleus for use as the

A

temple for protein synthesis (translation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In Eukaryotic organisms primary transcripts are often spliced in multiple combinations of exons, known as

A

alternative splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

alternative splicing gives rise to a

A

family of possible proteins that can have slightly different functions, regulation and/or tissue specificity (i.e. different splice variants are found in different tissues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA and its associated transcriptional control regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what regulates gene regulation? (2)

A

promoters and enhancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is convolved in gene transcription (2)

A

RNA polymerase

TF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is involved in genes and RNA? (7)

A 
axons and introns
promoter regions
start site and stop site for transcription 
UTR
splicing 
capping 
polyadenylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mRNA (2)

A

messenger RNA

translated into proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tRNA (2)

A

transfer RNA

transfer amino acids to the growing peptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

rRNA (2)

A

ribosomal RNA

encodes ribosomal proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

microRNA

A

Block translation of specific mRNAs and thereby regulate gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

siRNA (2)

A

small interfering RNAs

turn off gene expression by directing the selective degradation of mRNAs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

snoRNA (2)

A

small nucleolar RNAs

process and chemically modify rRNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

scaRNA (2)

A

small cajal RNAs

modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are other noncoding RNAs involved in? (3)

A

telomere synthesis
X-chromosome inactivation
protein transport into the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

percent abundance of rRNA in a cell

A

~80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

percent abundance of tRNA in a cell

A

~15%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

percent abundance of mRNA in a cell

A

~3-5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

percent abundance of other RNA in a cell

A

<1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Most protein coding genes are transcribed by

A

RNA Polymerase II

35
Q

Transcription initiates at a specific point in the DNA and requires

A

unwinding of the DNA to create the proper single-stranded template

36
Q

Gene expression regulatory proteins recognize specific DNA sequences and upon binding regulate

A

if, when and to what extent a gene is transcribed

37
Q

Gene expression is regulated by numerous transcription factors that interact with

A

promoter elements in DNA and/or proteins bound to those promoter elements

38
Q

The presence/absence of specific factors is an obligatory first step in the initiation of

A

TBP/TFIID binding and subsequent RNA Polymerase binding

39
Q

what does TBP TF2D bind to

A

TATA sequence

40
Q

what does TF2B bind to?

A

TF2D/TATA

41
Q

helices activity

A

unwind DNA

42
Q

RNA is not just a — molecule

A

linear

43
Q

TF2D subunits (2)

A

TBP

TAF

44
Q

TBP subunit

A

recognizes TATA box

45
Q

TAF subunit

A

recognizes other DNA sequences near the transcription start point, regulates DNA binding by TBP

46
Q

TF2B

A

recognizes BRE element in promoters; accurately positions RNA polymerase at the start site of transcription

47
Q

RNA polymerase 1 transcribes (3)

A

5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA genes

48
Q

RNA polymerase 2 transcribes (5)

A 
all protein coding genes
snoRNA genes 
miRNA genes 
siRNA genes
most snRNA genes
49
Q

RNA polymerase 3 transcribes (4)

A

tRNA genes
5S rRNA genes
some snRNA genes
genes for other small RNAs

50
Q

what does “s” value refer to

A

their rate of sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge

51
Q

the larger the S value,

A

the larger the rRNA

52
Q

mRNA processing (5)

A 
capping
splicing
editing
polyadenylation
transport
53
Q

RNA splicing is performed by the

A

spliceosome

54
Q

spliceosome is largely made up of

A

snRNAs in complex with 7 protein subunits to form a SNP

55
Q

snRNAs involved in splicing are (5)

A

U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6

56
Q

The snRNAs provide for

A

proper base pairing with the mRNA

57
Q

These RNA-RNA arrangements are

A

dynamic and shift throughout the splicing process

58
Q

lariat

A

associated with splicing

59
Q

Many mRNAs can be spliced in various ways to produce different combinations of exons depending upon the

A

tissue and/or the types of cell signals present/absent

60
Q

The human genome contains — genes, but the human proteome is estimated to contain —

A

~20,000-25,000

~250,000 proteins

61
Q

most heavily spliced genes

A

alpha tropomyosin gene

62
Q

different sliced forms of the alpha tropomyosin gene (5)

A 
striated muscle mRNA
smooth muscle mRNA
fibroblast mRNA
fibroblast mRNA
brain mRNA
63
Q

The 5’cap and splicing of the primary mRNA transcript occur as soon as the

A

hnRNA emerges from the RNA polymerase

64
Q

The poly-A tail is added to the 3’end of the mRNA by a set of

A

RNA-binding proteins and RNA-processing enzymes as soon as it emerges from the RNA polymerase

65
Q

Mature mRNA is then exported from the nucleus through a specific export receptor mediated process involving (2)

A

nuclear bound proteins, some of which are shed during export, and cytoplasmic (ER) located initiation factors involved in protein synthesis

66
Q

miRNA (2)

A

small non-coding RNA

~21-25 nt in length

67
Q

how does miRNA regulate translation? (3)

A

Bind to 3’UTR of target mRNA to form an RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

Suppress protein synthesis and/or induce mRNA degradation

Each miRNA can target multiple (up to 100) different mRNAs

68
Q

what does pri-mRNA form

A

a hairpin structure

69
Q

mature mRNA is a

A

single string

70
Q

the mature mRNA can bind to the ..

A

3’ UTR of target mRNA to interrupt protein synthesis

71
Q
  • bases code for one amino acid
A

3

72
Q

3 base sequence is known as a

A

codon

73
Q

The genetic code is “—” for all organisms it is essentially the same

A

universal

74
Q

“commaless”

A

read from beginning to end so reading frame is critical

75
Q

Degenerate:

A

more than one codon can make the same amino acid

76
Q

The third base in the triplet codon is less — that the first two

A

specific

77
Q

3 of the 64 possible codons do not code for amino acids, but signal —

A

termination

78
Q

Roberts syndrome

A

Prenatal growth retardation (mild to severe), craniofacial abnormalities such as microcephaly and cleft lip/palate and limb malformations (usually limbs are short and the arms are more severely affected than legs).

79
Q

what mutation occurs with Roberts syndrome?

A

Homozygous mutation of ESCO2

80
Q

Homozygous mutation of ESCO2 encodes

A

an acetyltransferase important for the formation of the cohesion complex that binds to chromosomes and creates cohesion between sister chromatids

81
Q

Closely related to Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (mutations in Smc1, Smc3, NIPBL), collectively referred to as

A

Cohesionopathies

82
Q

Studies suggest that the ESCO2 mutations lead to decreased rDNA transcription and subsequent ribosomal biogenesis and the observed defects in

A

nucleolar morphology

83
Q

This leads to decreased

A

protein synthesis

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions