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Applied Biochemistry > Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

the tissues, cells, and molecules involved in adaptive immunity, or sometimes the totality of host defense mechanisms

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2
Q

innate immune system

A

the component of the immune system in animals that is genetically determined and is nonspecific, as distinguished from the adaptive immune system

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3
Q

elements of the innate immune system include (6)

A

mucous secretions complement proteins

certain white blood cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells)

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4
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

the component of the vertebrate immune system involving lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) containing a small number of genetically encoded proteins that combine to produce an enormous variety of proteins capable of recognizing and deactivating specific antigens

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5
Q

categories of disease causing microorganisms (4)

A

viruses
bacteria
pathogenic fungi
parasites

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6
Q

The early phases of the host response to infection depend on — —

A

innate immunity

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7
Q

The early phases of the host response to infection depend on innate immunity in which a variety of innate resistance mechanisms (2)

A

recognize and respond to the presence of a pathogen

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8
Q

innate immunity utilizes invariant receptors that recognize

A

common features of pathogens

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9
Q

Innate immunity is present in all individuals at all times, does not increase with repeated

A

exposure to a given pathogen

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10
Q

innate immunity discriminates between

A

a group of related pathogens

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11
Q

The adaptive immune response or adaptive immunity is the response of

A

antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

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12
Q

Adaptive immune responses are generated by

A

clonal selection of lymphocytes

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13
Q

Adaptive immune responses are distinct from innate and nonadaptive phases of immunity, which are not mediated by

A

clonal selection of antigen-specific lymphocytes

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14
Q

Adaptive immune responses are also known as

A

acquired immune responses

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15
Q

In many cases adaptive immune responses lead to immunologic memory which confers

A

lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen

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16
Q

innate immunity (immediate, 0-4 hours) (3)

A

infection
recognition by preformed, non specific and beadily specific effectors
removal of infectious agent

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17
Q

early induced innate response (early, 4-96 hours) (4)

A

infection
recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns
inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells
removal of infectious agent

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18
Q

adaptive immune response (late: >96 hours) (5)

A 
infection
transport of antigen to lymphoid organs
recognition by naive B and T cells 
clonal expansion and differentiation of effector cells 
removal of infectious agent
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19
Q

major cells of the innate immunity include (5)

A 
macrophages 
granulocytes 
mast cells 
dendritic cells 
natural killer (NK) cells
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20
Q

activated function of macrophages (2)

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

antigen presentation

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21
Q

where are macrophages present?

A

all tissues

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22
Q

macrophages are the mature form of

A

monocytes

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23
Q

macrophages orchestrate immune responses and help induce

A

inflammation

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24
Q

what do macrophages secrete

A

signaling proteins that activate other immune cells

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25
Q

macrophages are the general — cells in the body

A

scavenger

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26
Q

what receptors for microbial constituents are present on macrophages? (6)

A 
mannose recept 
LPS receptor 
TLR2
TLR4
gluten receptor 
scavenger receptor
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27
Q

activated function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

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28
Q

most numerous immune cell

A

neutrophils

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29
Q

neutrophils. are most important in

A

innate immune responses

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30
Q

eosinophil active function

A

killing of antibody coated parasites

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31
Q

activated function of basophils

A

unknown

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32
Q

basophils and eosinophils release granules when activated that contain a

A

variety of enzymes and toxic proteins

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33
Q

basophils are thought to be chiefly involved in

A

defense against parasites

34
Q

activated function of mast cells

A

release of granules containing histamine and active agents

35
Q

activated function of dendritic cells (2)

A

antigen uptake in peripheral sites

antigen presentation

36
Q

dendritic cells degrade pathogens they take up, but their main role is not clearance, but rather to

A

present antigens to the T lymphocytes

37
Q

natural killer cell is part of — immunity, it is not specific for —

A

innate, antigen

38
Q

what do nk cells release?

A

lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells

39
Q

how does infection trigger an immune response? (3)

A

bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat and swelling
inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

40
Q

how do dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses (3)

A

immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
mature dendritic cells active naive T cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes

41
Q

Infectious agents must overcome — host defenses in order to establish an infection

A

innate

42
Q

infectious disease is generally quite

A

infrequent

43
Q

the epithelial (mucosal) surfaces form the first barrier against most microorganisms and have — — mechanisms if injured

A

rapid repair

44
Q

MALT

A

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

45
Q

MALT can be classified beside (4)

A

Gut-associated (GALT)
Bronchus-associated (BALT)
Nasal-associated (NALT)
Tear-duct-associated lymphoid tissue (TALT)

46
Q

how else can MALT be classified?

A

organized (O-MALT) if it forms an identifiable mass (tonsil)

diffuse (D-MALT)

47
Q

MALT can be further divided into (2)

A

inductive sites

effector sites

48
Q

Inductive Sites:

A

Organized MALT structures and the mucosa-draining lymph nodes

49
Q

Effector Sites:

A

Mucosal epithelia and underlying lamina propia containing stromal cells and associated connective tissue stroma

50
Q

Mucosal epithelial cells provide (2)

A

a physical barrier and innate immunity

51
Q

Goblet cells secrete mucus that forms a

A

dense, protective covering for the entire epithelium

52
Q

Peristalsis in the GI tract moves food and potential pathogens, while ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract capture inhaled potential pathogenic particles and expel them through their

A

beating motion

53
Q

Paneth cells produce

A

anti-microbial peptides

54
Q

intraepithelial lymphocytes contain various

A

T-cells

55
Q

which mucosal immune system are the best studied?

A

gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)

56
Q

Mucosal tissues are constantly exposed to microbes and are frequently

A

infected

57
Q

Mucosal immunity is —, rather than reactive, constantly making — immune responses against microbes

A

proactive

adaptive

58
Q

Mucosal immune system generally does not activate inflammation. In the gut, inflammation likely would — the infection rather than clear it out

A

exacerbate

59
Q

Mucosal immune responses do little damage to the tissue involved and are part of the normal process and contribute to the frequency with which

A

gut epithelial cells are turned over and replaced

60
Q

length of skin

A

2 m^2

25-30 m^2 if calculation includes invaginations due to hair follicles

61
Q

length of lungs

A

140 m^2

62
Q

length of GI tract

A

200 m^2

63
Q

types of mucosal surfaces (2)

A

type 1

type 2

64
Q

Type I mucosal surfaces are covered by

A

simple epithelium

65
Q

type 1 mucosal surfaces express a

A

simple polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows dimeric IgA to access the lumen

66
Q

examples of type 1 (3)

A

intestine
lungs
uterus

67
Q

type 2 mucosal surface is covered by a

A

stratified squamous epithelium

68
Q

stratified squamous epithelium of type 2 mucosa provides a

A

physical protective barrier activities that are important for the host

69
Q

examples of type 2 (2)

A

oral cavity

vaginal cavity

70
Q

mode of transmission of the airway (2)

A

inhaled droplet

spores

71
Q

mode of transmission of the GI tract

A

contaminated food or water

72
Q

mode of transmission of the reproductive tract

A

physical contact

73
Q

COVID 19 spike protein

A

ligand that binds to human ACE2 protein, expressed in human epithelial airways. results in membrane fusion and entry into the host

74
Q

Ab to the spike protein prevents

A

interaction between the virus and receptor

75
Q

infection and stages of response (4)

A

adherence to epithelium
local infection, penetration of epithelium local infection of tissues
adaptive immunity

76
Q

bactericidal agents produced and released by phagocytes (6)

A 
acidification
toxic oxygen derived products 
toxic nitrogen oxides 
antimicrobial peptides
enzymes 
competitors
77
Q

three types of mucosal epithelial cells in host defense

A 
villus type (GI tract)
ciliated epithelium (nose, URT)
exocrine glands (ductal cells)
78
Q

outer gut mucous layer (3)

A

non-sterile
degrading mucous
microbes utilize mucin carbohydrates for energy

79
Q

inner mucus layer (3)

A

relatively sterile

rich in antimicrobial molecules

80
Q

outer mucus layer vs inner mucus layer

A

outer is thinner, where the bacteria reside

inner is thicker and free of bacteria

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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