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Applied Biochemistry > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

electrical synapses

A

two neurons connected by a gap junction, which allows electrical current to flow directly from one cell to the other

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2
Q

what do chemical synapses release?

A

NT from the presynaptic membrane which bind t receptors of the postsynaptic membrane

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3
Q

chemical synapses specify..

A

which will happen to a neuron, can regulate depending on what ligands and receptors are present

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4
Q

NT trigger (2) or modulate the postsynaptic cell

A

EPSPs/IPSPs

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5
Q

quanta

A

amount of NT located within

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6
Q

where are SNAREs located (2)

A

vesicle membrane

presynaptic membrane

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7
Q

SNARE proteins I the SV and plasma membrane help to

A

dock the vesicles and then zip together t oforce the membranes to fuse

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8
Q

– triggers fusion and exocytosis

A

calcium

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9
Q

botulinum toxin

A

cleaves SNARES so the vesicle can’t fuse with the membrane which prevents release of acetylcholine and therefore no muscle contraction

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10
Q

botulinum toxin involves (2)

A

SNAP 25

syntaxin

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11
Q

depending on the NT and the type of receptor it binds to, it can either

A

excite or inhibit the postsynaptic membrane

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12
Q

excitatory NT (3)

A

glutamate
aspartame
nitric oxide

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13
Q

inhibitory NT (4)

A

glycine
GABA
serotonin
dopamine

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14
Q

both excitatory and inhibitory NT (2)

A

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

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15
Q

resting MP

A

-65 mV

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16
Q

-65 mV is the potential on the

A

inside of the neuron

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17
Q

Na+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

outside

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18
Q

K+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

inside

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19
Q

Ca2+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

outside

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20
Q

Mg2+ has a higher concentration — the cell

A

inside

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21
Q

Cl- has a higher concentration — the cell

A

outside

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22
Q

EPSP is triggered by (2)

A

Na+

Cl-

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23
Q

IPSP is triggered by (1)

A

K+

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24
Q

example of EPSPs

A

NT opens cation channels for (Na+, Ca2+)

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25
Q

example of IPSP

A

NT opens Cl- channels

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26
Q

neurons receive numerous inputs from

A

other neurons synapsing with the dendrites or cell body

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27
Q

where to EPSP and IPSP come together to generate an action potential (or not)

A

axon hillock

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28
Q

If the graded potential caused by the summation of EPSPs/IPSPs reach a
threshold potential at the axon hillock, this will

A

open voltage gated Na+ channels and induce an action potential in the neuronal axon

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29
Q

types of neurotransmitters (6)

A 
small molecule transmitters 
amino acids/derivatives 
amines 
proteins/peptides 
gases
endocannabinoids
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30
Q

examples of Small molecule transmitters (2)

A

Ach

ATP/adenosine

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31
Q

amino acids/derivates (3)

A

Glutamate (Glu)
Gamma-amminobutyric acid (GABA)
Glycine (Gly)

32
Q

amines (5)

A 
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE) 
Epinephrine (E)
33
Q

serotonin is synthesized from

A

tryptophan

34
Q

dopamine is synthesized from

A

tyrosine

35
Q

examples of Proteins/Peptides (4)

A

Released by the hypothalamus
Released by the Pituitary
Endorphins
Others

36
Q

examples of Proteins/Peptides (4)

A

Released by the hypothalamus
Released by the Pituitary
Endorphins: enkephalins, opiods
Others: Substance P, Bradykinin, Angiotensin II

37
Q

Released by the hypothalamus- (3)

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone,
Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone,
somatostatin

38
Q

Released by the Pituitary- (7)

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 
prolactin, 
luteinizing hormone, 
thyrotropin, 
growth hormone, 
vasopressin, 
oxytocin
39
Q

Endorphins: (2)

A

enkephalins, opiods

40
Q

Others: (3)

A

Substance P,
Bradykinin,
Angiotensin II

41
Q

glasses (2)

A 
Nitric oxide (NO)
carbon monoxide (CO)
42
Q

endocannabinoids (2)

A

Anandamide

arachidonyl glycerol

43
Q

CB1 receptor

A

located on presynaptic membrane

44
Q

potential responses to endocannabinoids (5)

A 
Increase Pleasure
Inhibit Pain
Inhibit Nausea 
Decrease Learning/Memory
Movement
45
Q

Types of receptors (3)

A

Transmitter-gated ion channels, or ionotropic receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors, or metabotropic receptors
Enzyme linked receptors

46
Q

Transmitter-gated ion channels, or ionotropic receptors (2)

A
  • ion channels (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+)

- depolarize/hyperpolarize cell

47
Q

G-protein-coupled receptors, or metabotropic receptors (1)

A

-indirectly linked to ion channels

48
Q

Enzyme-linked receptors- (1)

A

tyrosine kinase receptors

49
Q

inhibiting GABA

A

increases dopamine

50
Q

for Ionotropic Receptors- ligand gated, when the neurotransmitter binds to
the receptor it

A

changes conformation

51
Q

Opening of ion channels results in an increased

A

concentration of the ion

inside of the cell

52
Q

Metabotropic Receptors:

A

An activated G-protein diffuses in the membrane to act on its
target, which may be an ion channel, enzymes, or gene
transcription.

53
Q

metabotropic receptors open up ion channels

A

indirectly

54
Q

Example of Ionotropic Receptor: GABAA receptor for GABA

A

Chloride channel
inhibitory, IPSP
selective for chloride
Cl- moves into the cell, which makes it harder for the neuron to fire

55
Q

GABA

GABA + pentobarbital

A

GABA + pentobarbital results in even more opening, and therefore more CL- coming in

56
Q

Example of Inotropic Receptor- NMDA receptor for glutamate

A

Na+/Ca2+ channel

57
Q

Na+/Ca2+ channel requires – as a cofactor

A

glycine

58
Q

how can glycine act

A

excitatory in the brain

inhibitory in the spinal cord

59
Q

channel blocking agonists (3)

A

ketamine
PCP
memantine

60
Q

Example: Acetylcholine Ionotropic Receptor

A

the Nicotinic Receptor

61
Q

the Nicotinic Receptor is found in (2)

A

nerves and muscles

62
Q

antagonist of the Nicotinic Receptor

A

curare

63
Q

curare

A

blocks the channel, paralyzes muscle such as the diaphragm so you can’t breathe

64
Q

the Nicotinic Receptor mechanism

A

na+ enters the channel
EPSP
calcium release
muscle contraction

65
Q

Example: Acetylcholine Metabotropic Receptor

A

the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor

66
Q

the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor is

A

g coupled

67
Q

the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor is found in

A

organs

68
Q

the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor antagonist

A

atropine

69
Q

atropine

A

blocks Ach to increase HR

70
Q

most common example of the Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptor

A

heart

reduces heart rate

71
Q

— can active both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

A

ACh

72
Q

Nicotinic receptor: Ach
agonist
antagonist

A

nicotine

curare

73
Q

Muscarinic receptor: Ach
agonist
antagonist

A

muscarine

atrophie

74
Q

N1

N2

A

skeletal muscle or nerve

postaganglionic neurons

75
Q

muscarinic receptor:
— actions
found in

A

parasympathetic

target organs

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

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