Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Applied Biochemistry > Cell Structures and Metabolism > Flashcards

Cell Structures and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

3 major divisions of the living world

A

bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

plasma membrane function

A

selective barrier and enables cells to maintain integrity to function as a coordinated chemical system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

nucleus function

A

store house of genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endoplasmic reticulum function

A

lipid and protein biosynthesis and intracellular Ca2+ store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rough ER function

A

Membrane bound ribosomes which allows for co-translational translocation of protein peptides chains into the ER concomitant with protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

smooth ER function

A

Regions of ER that lack ribosomes. Regions of smooth ER from which transport vesicles bud off and carry newly synthesized proteins and lipids to the Golgi are known as transitional ER. In cells that specialize in lipid metabolism the synthesis occurs in the smooth ER. In muscle cells the expanded smooth ER is specialized for Ca2+ storage and is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

golgi function

A

major site of carbohydrate synthesis, sorting and dispatching of products made in the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mitochondria function

A

energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation and krebs cycle). also has a distinct mitochondrial DNA genome separate from nuclear DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lysosomes function

A

site of intracellular digestion of macromolecules, very heterogenous in terms of morphology, hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes are all acid hydrolases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

cell membrane?

A

prokaryote: yes
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

nucleus?

A

prokaryote: no
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

chromosomes?

A

prokaryote: 1 (not a true chromosome)
eukaryote: many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

ER?

A

prokaryote: no
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

vesicles?

A

prokaryote: yes
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

golgi?

A

prokaryote: no
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

mitochondria?

A

prokaryote: no
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

cytoskeleton?

A

prokaryote: yes/no
eukaryote: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

ribosomes?

A

prokaryote: yes (smaller)
eukaryote: yes (larger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

size?

A

prokaryote: 1-10 microns
eukaryote: 10-100 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

fimbriae (or pili) function

A

attachment to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

flagella function

A

motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

LPS function

A

activate inflammatory responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

capsule function

A

may play a role in dental caries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan
single inner membrane
teichoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

gram negative

A

thin peptidoglycan
inner and outer membrane
LPS associated with outer leafet of outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why is gram positive purple-blue?

A

the thick peptidoglycan prevents crystal violet from being washed out with ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why is gram negative pink?

A

the thin peptidoglycan allows crystal violet to wash out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

peptidoglycan is comprised of chains of alternating

A

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) sugars crosslinked by oligopeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

transpeptidase

A

responsible for the crosslinking of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

transpeptidase is inhibited by

A

the antibiotic amphicilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mechanism of amphicilin

A

kills gram positive bacteria (because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer) by preventing the formation of peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

mitochondria is the site of

A

oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mitochondria contains a small

A

circular genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the bulk of proteins found in mitochondria come from the

A

nuclear genome, not mitochondrial genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm to generate

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how is pyruvate transported into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

it crosses the outer mitochondrial membrane through the voltage gated anion channel
not clear how it crosses the inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

once pyruvate enters the matrix it is then converted to

A

acetyl-coA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

acetyl-coA transfers its acetyl group to oxaloacetate to form

A

citrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

NADH binds to

A

complex 1 to generate 3H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

FADH binds to

A

complex 2 to generate 2H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

concentration gradient causes the ATP synthase to

A

spin and form ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

each proton that is pumped through the channel can generate

A

1 molecule of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

fatty acid beta-oxidation generates much more

A

NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

net product in the cytosol from glycolysis from 1 glucose

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

net product in the mitochondria from the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and citric acid cycle

A

2 pyruvate= 2 acetyl coA + 2 NADH

2 acetyl coA= 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP

46
Q

net product in the mitochondrion

A

2 acetyl coA= 8 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2GTP

47
Q

net products from oxidation of one molecule of palmitoyl CoA in the mitochondrion (fatty acid oxidation and citric acid cycle)

A

1 palmitoyl coA= 8 acetyl coA + 7 NADH + 7 FADH2

8 acetyl coA= 24 NADH + 8 FADH2 + 8 GTP

48
Q

net products from oxidation of one molecule of palmitoyl CoA in the mitochondrion

A

1 palmitoyl coA= 31 NADH + 15 FADH2 + 8 GTP

49
Q

glycolysis has a net yield of

A

2 ATPs and 2 NADH molecules

50
Q

citric acid cycle produces

A

2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2

51
Q

NADH yields

A

3 ATP

52
Q

FADH2 yields

A

2 ATP

53
Q

a molecule of glucose can therefore produce a net yield of

A

30-32 ATP

54
Q

gatty acid beta-oxidation of palmitate (16C sugar) yields

A

31 NADH
15 FADH2
8 GTP

55
Q

palmitate yield is therefore

A

131 ATP
2 ATP used in the initial activation
therefore, 129 ATP

56
Q

however, a more precise yield of NADH and FADH2 is

A

2.5 NADH
1.5 FADH2
because realistically we will not have 100% effectiveness

57
Q

biofilm

A

a cooperating community of microorganisms within a matrix that is attached to a surface

58
Q

biofilms develop in any

A

fluid filled environment containing microorganisms that are subjected to stress or fluid flow

59
Q

dental biofilms exist on

A

the tooth surfaces and mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity

60
Q

explain the production of biofilms & microbial stage cycle

A

a pellicle forms within seconds and attachment of pioneering bacteria conditioning (largely gram positive cocci (streptococci)).
within minutes, cross-linkning via fusoformbacterium species occurs as a log phase of expansion as the bacteria multiply and divide.
after hours, stationary phase occurs with predominately gram negative bacteria.
after days, nutrient supply diminishes and bacteria die.

61
Q

the pellicle forms from proteins in the

A

saliva orGCF

62
Q

the pellicle serves as a

A

conditioning film for attachment of the initial colonizing bacteria

63
Q

why do some people get cavities and others dont?

A

diversity difference in the distribution on bacteria and biofilm composition

64
Q

the bacteria within the colonies communicate with one another via

A

chemical signals

65
Q

these microcolonies also adjust their pH and can have varying nutrient supplies which can induce

A

novel gene expression within the bacteria in the biofilm

66
Q

fluid channels allow for movement of

A

nutrients, waste products, metabolites, enzymes, and o2

67
Q

fluid channels are

A

porus channels

68
Q

carcinogenic bacteria produce extracellular polysaccharides from

A

sucrose

69
Q

sucrose is split into

A

glucose and fructose

70
Q

glucose can be built into homopolymers of glucose called

A

glucans

such as mutan (water insoluble) and dextran (water soluble)

71
Q

fructose can be built into homopolymers called

A

fructan

consisting of beta 1,2 and beta 2,6 linkages

72
Q

these extracellular polysaccharides serve as a

A

nutritional source for bacteria, which supports further adhesion and subsequent accumulation of plaque

73
Q

sucrose is highly

A

soluble

74
Q

sucrose diffuses rapidly into the

A

plaque biofilm where it serves as a substrate for production of the extracellular polysaccharides and acids

75
Q

the main causal agents for caries are (3)

A

streptococcus mutans
lactobacillus casei
lactobacillus fermentum

76
Q

saccharolytic bacteria derive energy from

A

glycolysis

77
Q

in anaerobic metabolism,

A

pyruvate generates lactic acid, which lowers the pH, acidity dissolves enamel, and eventually forms carries

78
Q

biofilms on the tooth surface will form a

A

dental plaque

79
Q

once dental plaque becomes calcified, it is termed

A

calculus (tartar)

80
Q

calculus can only be removed through

A

dental cleaning, rock hard

81
Q

in patients with healthy dentition and no periodontal disease, most bacteria in the dental biofilms are

A

gram-positive

82
Q

the bacteria mainly ferment sugars to the final end product of

A

lactic acid (saccharolytic microbiota/fermentation)

83
Q

the production of lactic acid results in low pH, which can result in

A

demineralization of the tooth enamel and dentin, resulting in a carie

84
Q

asaccharoyltic bacteria derive energy from

A

amino acids

85
Q

free amino acids can be

A

deaminated or reduced

86
Q

alanine deamination to

A

pyruvate and NH3 to form lactate which forms ammonium lactate

87
Q

reduction of glycine forms

A

acetate and NH3

88
Q

reduction of cysteine forms

A

propinate
HS
NH3

89
Q

reduction of alanine forms

A

propinate
H2O
NH3

90
Q

constituents of dental plaque (3)

A

ammonium acetate
ammonium propinate
ammonium butyrate

91
Q

dental plaque occurs on the

A

tooth and gingival margin because there is a higher pH, so the tooth is not demineralized

92
Q

dental calculus further promotes

A

assacharolytic fermentation

93
Q

as cysteine and methionine are fermented, one of the end products is

A

hydrogen sulfide

94
Q

hydrogen sulfide causes

A

oral malodor

often associated with periodontal disease

95
Q

you dont see caries in the gingival margin because

A

the high concentration of ammonia ions (high pH)

96
Q

saliva is composed of

A

99%
contains Na, K, Ca, Mg, bicarbonate, phosphates, immunoglobulin proteins, enzymes, mucins, and nitrogenous products sushc as urea and NH3

97
Q

3 types of saliva

A

serous
mucos
mixed serous and mucos

98
Q

serous saliva is the main product of the

A

parotid glands

99
Q

mucos saliva is the main product of the

A

minor glands

100
Q

mixed serous and mucos is the main product of the

A

sublingual and submandibular glands

101
Q

saliva functions (5)

A 
lubrication and protection
buffering action and clearance
maintenance of tooth integrity 
antibacterial activity 
taste and digestion
102
Q

how much saliva do we produce

A

750-1000 mL per day

103
Q

where does all the saliva go?

A

we swallow it

104
Q

GCF

A

gingival crevicular fluid

105
Q

how much GCF do we produce

A

1-2 mL per day

106
Q

where is GCF secreted

A

into the gingival sulcus

107
Q

gingival sulcus

A

between the surface of the tooth and the free margin of the epithelium lining of the gingiva

108
Q

functions of GCF (4)

A

cleansing the sulcus
improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth
antimicrobial properties
antibody defense of the gingiva

109
Q

beneath healthy gingival sulcus, the gingival crevicular fluid provides an environment that is rich in proteins and fermentation of amino acids to produce

A

ammonia (asaccharoyltic bacteria/fermentation)

110
Q

high ammonia concentration causes a high pH region that prevents dental caries from developing but can lead to the

A

precipitation of calcium and phosphate on a dental biofilm (plaque) and eventually the formation of a dental calculus

Applied Biochemistry (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions