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Biochem > Regulation of Carbohydrate/Fat Metabolism and Exercise Effects > Flashcards

Regulation of Carbohydrate/Fat Metabolism and Exercise Effects Flashcards

1
Q

what are the fast fiber types

A

type 2 myosin a and b

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2
Q

what are the slow fiber types

A

type 1 myosin

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3
Q

what color are type 1 myosin fibers and why

A

redder in color due to the large amounts of myoglobin

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4
Q

describe the contents of type 1 fibers

A

contain large numbers of oxidative enzymes, more mitochondria, and are surrounded by more capillaries

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5
Q

describe the energy and fatigue properties of type 1 fibers

A

large capacity for aerobic metabolism and high resistance for fatigue

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6
Q

where can type 1 fibers be found and what is their function

A

generally postural muscles and used for endurance

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7
Q

what are type 2a fast oxidative fibers made of

A

a hydrid of type 1 and type 2

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8
Q

describe type 2a fast oxidative fibers

A

red in color and contain large amount of mitochondria

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9
Q

what respiratory pathway do type 1 fibers use to make ATP

A

aerobic metabolism

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10
Q

what pathway do type 2a fibers use to make ATP

A

aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

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11
Q

describe type 2b fast glycolytic fibers

A

white in color, low levels of myoglobin and few mitochondria

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12
Q

what pathway do type 2b fast glycolytic fibers use to make ATP

A

anaerobic metabolism

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13
Q

what can influence the composition of muscle fiber types

A

training and genetics

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14
Q

what is the fatigue rate of the muscle fiber types in order of low fatigue to high fatigue rate

A

slow twitch, fast twitch oxidative, fast twitch glycolytic

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15
Q

what is the energy source used during the first hour of exercise

A

muscle glycogen provides 50% of energy, muscle triglycerides and plasma free fatty acids are 25% each

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16
Q

what is the energy source used during exercise in the second hour of exercise

A

blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids provide most as muscle glycogen and triglycerides are being depleted faster than they can be replaced

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17
Q

what energy source is used during the 3rd hour of exercise

A

blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids

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18
Q

what energy source is being used during hour 4 of exercise

A

blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids. muscle glycogen is fully depleted and muscle triglycerides provide less than 10% of energy needs

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19
Q

which muscle fiber type provides more force

A

fast twitch

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20
Q

what is maximal tetanic force

A

maximum force a muscle can generate

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21
Q

what is specific force

A

max force divided by muscle cross sectional area, looks at how much the individual myofibril can contract

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22
Q

what does myostatin or GDF8 do

A

inhibit muscle differentiation and growth

23
Q

what does loss of myostatin lead to

A

increased muscle size

24
Q

describe the myostatin protein

A

member of the TGF beta superfamily and binds to the activating type 2 receptor

25
Q

how does specific force change in loss of myostatin

A

it is lower because max force is the same but the muscle size is bigger

26
Q

what do endurance and resistance training result in

A

a shift from fast 2b myosin to 2a, although changes are small and do not result in a complete conversion

27
Q

describe sarcopenia and how to limit it

A

loss of muscle mass with aging. 2 phases: 10% lost from age 25-50 then rapid loss after age 50. regular exercise can limit or reduce age related muscle loss

28
Q

what happens to muscle mass in paralysis or disuse

A

atrophy

29
Q

explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction (power stroke)

A

myosin is attached to actin, as contraction takes place ADP and phosphate are released, ATP binds and muscle fiber returns to steady state with ATP back to ADP and Pi

30
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

-it is a glycoprotein
-consists of a core protein “glycogenin”
- highly branched structure made of glucose molecules connected through 1,6- and 1,4- glycosidic bonds

31
Q

what enzymes are involved in glycogen synthesis

A

branching enzyme and glycogen synthase

32
Q

what enzymes are involved in glycogen breakdown

A

glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen debranching enzyme

33
Q

explain how diets affect muscle performance

A

carbohydrate rich diets display longer or extended muscle performance times

34
Q

what is the cori cycle

A

muscle uses glucose in glycolysis for energy which makes lactate. lactate goes to the liver to be converted back to glucose to be used for energy again

35
Q

why are trigylcerides highly concentrated stores of metabolic energy

A

they are reduced and anhydrous

36
Q

what is the main reason muscles use glucose for energy instead of fatty acids

A

fatty acids require molecular oxygen and aerobic respiration is slower

37
Q

what substances stimulate lipolysis

A

glucagon, corticosteroids, ACTH, and catecholamines

38
Q

what inhibits lipolysis

A

insulin

39
Q

what are the 4 steps of beta oxidation of fatty acids

A

oxidation
- hydration
- oxidation
- thiolysis

40
Q

what does EPO do

A

stimulates red blood cell production which would translate to a greater supply of oxygen to tissues but it also thickens blood and increases strain on the heart

41
Q

how many ATPs can you generate under aerobic conditions

A

38

42
Q

how mnay ATPs can you generate in anaerobic respiration

A

2

43
Q

what is carnitine used for

A

the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids

44
Q

what are fat deposits used for

A

contain triglycerides used during porlonged exercise as muscle glycogen is depleted and energy demands cannot be met by glucose

45
Q

what is “hitting the wall”

A

a condition caused by depletion of glycogen stores in the liver and the muscles which causes sudden fatigue and reduction in energy

46
Q

in glycogen breakdown what are the terminal residues that are released

A

first residue is glucose, subsequent ones are glucose-1-P

47
Q

what do the terminal residues do after being released

A

glucose combines with glucose-1-p to form glucose-6-P which feeds into glycolysis

48
Q

how long do glycogen and glucose stores provide energy to sustain biological function

A

24 hours

49
Q

how long do triacylglycerol stores allow for survival

A

several weeks

50
Q

what do peripheral tissues do with fatty acids

A

-storage
- exported as VLDL
- or undergoes beta oxidation to enter krebs cycle

50
Q

what do peripheral tissues do with fatty acids

A

-storage
- exported as VLDL
- or undergoes beta oxidation to enter krebs cycle

51
Q

what substrate does each step of beta oxidation use

A

-oxidation: FAD
- hydration: H2O
- oxidation: NAD+
-thiolysis: CoA

52
Q

what does insulin do to ACC? glucagon?

A

insulin stimulates, glucagon inhibits

Biochem (34 decks)

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