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innate and adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what do cellular elements of blood and immune system arise from

A

pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

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2
Q

what are some diseases caused by viruses in humans

A

small pox, red measles, german measles (rubella), and chicken pox

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3
Q

what do the early phases of the host response depend on

A

innate immunity

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4
Q

what does innate immunity utilize to recognize common features of pathogens

A

invariant receptors

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5
Q

what differentiates innate immunity from adaptive immunity

A

innate immunity is present in everyone at all times and does not decrease with repeated exposure to a given pathogen

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6
Q

what generates adaptive immune responses

A

clonal selection of lymphocytes

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7
Q

what does adaptive immunity lead to

A

immunologic memory which confers lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen

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8
Q

when does innate immunity occur

A

immediate 0-4 hours

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9
Q

when does early induced innate response occur

A

4-96 hours

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10
Q

when does adaptive immune response occur

A

after 96 hours

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11
Q

what are the major cells of innate immunity

A

macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, NK cells

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12
Q

what are the major cells of adaptive immunity

A
  • B and T cells
    -NK cells and plasma cells
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13
Q

how does infection trigger an immune response (mechanism)

A

-bacteria trigger macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
- vasodilation and increased vascular permeability causes redness, heat, and swelling
- inflammatory cells migrate into tissue releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain

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14
Q

how do dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune response (mechanism)

A
  • immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
  • dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
  • mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes
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15
Q

what do infectious agents have to overcome to establish infection

A

host defenses

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16
Q

how often does infectious disease occur

A

infrequently

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17
Q

what is the first barrier against most microorganisms

A

epithelial surfaces

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18
Q

what are the mucosal epithelial cells that provide a barrier and innate immunity

A

-goblet cells
-peristalsis in GI tract
-Paneth cells
-intraepithelial lymphocytes

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19
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucus, glycoproteins that forms a dense, protective covering for the entire epithelium

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20
Q

what does peristalsis in the GI tract do

A

moves food and potential pathogens, while ciliated epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract capture inhaled potential pathogenic particles and expel them through their beating motion

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21
Q

what do paneth cells do

A

produce anti microbial peptides, lectins and cytokines

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22
Q

what do intraepithelial lymphocytes to

A

contain various T cells

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23
Q

describe mucosal immunity

A

proactive and constantly making adaptive immune responses against microbes

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24
Q

what type of immunity is mucosal immunity

A

INNATE

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25
Q

does mucosal immunity activate inflammation

A

no

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26
Q

what does mucosal immunity do

A

contribute to the frequency with which gut epithelial cells are turned over and replaced

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27
Q

describe type 1 mucosal surface and what does it express

A

covered by simple epithelium. expresses a polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows dimeric IgA to access the lumen

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28
Q

where are type 1 mucosal surfaces found

A

intestine, lungs, uterus

29
Q

describe type 2 mucosal surfaces

A

covered by stratified squamous epithelium that provides a physical protective barrier

30
Q

where are type 2 mucosal surfaces found

A

oral cavity, vaginal cavity

31
Q

what is the response to bacteria adherence to epithelium

A

normal flora, local chemical factors, phagocytes

32
Q

what is the response to local infection, penetration of epithelium

A

wound healing induced antimicrobial proteins and peptides phagocytes, and complement destroy invading microogranisms

33
Q

what is the response to local infection of tissues

A

complement, cytokines, chemokines, phagocytes, NK cells, activation of macrophages, dendritic cells to migrate to lymph nodes to initiate adaptive immunity, blood clotting helps limit spread of infection

34
Q

what are the 3 types of mucosal epithelial cells in host defense

A

-villus type (GI tract)
- ciliated epithelium (nose URT)
- exocrine glands (ductal cells)

35
Q

describe the outer mucus layer

A

-non sterile (bacterial habitat)
- microbes use mucin carbohydrates for energy
- less dense

36
Q

describe the inner mucus layer

A

relatively sterile (free of bacteria)
-rich in antimicrobial molecules
- firmly attached

37
Q

describe the mucus layer in small intestine vs large intestine

A

small intestine- only outer loose layer
large intestine- outer loose and inner layer

38
Q

what is the inductive site

A

where immune system is breached and the process starts

39
Q

what is the effector site

A

where the innate immune response starts

40
Q

where does clonal selection and expansion take place

A

the germinal center of the lymph node

41
Q

what is the mechanism of clonal expansion

A
  • a single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes w different specificity
  • removal of potentially self-reactice immature lymphocytes by clonal deletion
  • pool of mature naive lymphocytes
    -proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells
42
Q

what is the variable region of the antibody molecule

A

2 light chains

43
Q

what is the constant region of the antibody molecule t

A

the heavy chain

44
Q

what joins the antibody

A

the joining region

45
Q

what joins the light chains

A

cysteine bridges

46
Q

what is the diversity of lymphocyte antigen receptors generated by

A

somatic gene-segment rearrangements

47
Q

where is the Kappa light chain gene cluster located

A

on Cs2

48
Q

where is the lambda light chain gene cluster located

A

on Cs 22

49
Q

what makes up the heavy chain gene and where are they located

A

alpha, beta, epsilon, gamma and mu on Cs 14

50
Q

how many different light chains are ther

A

290

51
Q

how many different heavy chains are there

A

13,800

52
Q

how many different binding specificities are there

A

4,002,000

53
Q

what does junctional diversity do

A

addition or removal of nucleotides between different gene segments increases specificity of the variable region 10^10

54
Q

what are antigens

A

molecules recognized by the immune response

55
Q

what are epitopes

A

regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind

56
Q

how do T cell recpetors recognize and bind antigens

A

-antigen is broken down into peptide fragments
-the epitope binds to an MHC molecule
- T cell recptor binds to a complex of MHC molecule and epitope

57
Q

what do antibodies do with bacterial toxins

A

neutralization -> ingestion by macrophage

58
Q

what do antibodies do with bacteria in ECS

A

opsonization -> ingestion by macrophage

59
Q

what do antibodies do with bacteria in plasma

A

complement activation -> lysis and digestion

60
Q

what are MHC molecules

A

large locus of DNA that encodes genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for the adaptive immune response

61
Q

what do MHC1 molecules do

A

collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infections and display those peptides on the cell surface

62
Q

what do MHC 2 molecules do

A

bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on the cell surface

63
Q

how many transmembrane spanning domains do MHC class 1 and class 2 molecules have?

A

MHC 1 - single domain
MHC 2- 2 spanning domain

64
Q

what MHC receptors do viral infections use

A

MHC class 1

65
Q

what lymphocytes do MHC class 1 receptors use

A

cytotoxic T cell

66
Q

what lymphocytes do MHC class 2 recptors use

A

helper T cell

67
Q

what is the mechanism of action for MHC class 1

A

-virus infects cell
-viral proteins synthesized in cytosol
-peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class 1 in ER
- bound peptides transported by MHC class 1 to the cell surface
- cytotoxic T cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with MHC class 1 and kills infected cell

68
Q

what is the mechanism of action for MHC class 2 with bacteria

A
  • bacterium infects macrophage and enters vesicle, producing peptide fragments
    -bacterial fragments bound by MHC class 2 in vesicles
    -bound peptides transported to surface by MHC class 2
  • helper t cell recognizes complex of bacterial peptide with MHC class 2 and activates macrophage
69
Q

what is the mechanism of action for MHC class 2 with antigens

A
  • antigen bound by B- cell surface receptor
  • antigen internalized and degraded into peptide fragments
  • fragments bind to MHC class 2 and are transmitted to the surface
  • helper t cell recognizes complex of antigenic peptide with MHC class 2 and activates B cell

Biochem (34 decks)

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