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Biochem > How Genes direct the production of proteins > Flashcards

How Genes direct the production of proteins Flashcards

1
Q

what is mRNA and what is it used for

A

messenger RNA. translated into proteins

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2
Q

what is tRNA and what is it used for

A

transfer RNA. transfer amino acids to the growing peptide chain

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3
Q

what is rRNA and what is it used for

A

ribosomal RNA. encodes ribosomal proteins

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4
Q

what is microRNA used for

A

block translation of specific mRNAs and regulate gene expression

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5
Q

what are siRNA used for

A

small interfering RNA. turn off gene expression by directing the selective degradation of mRNAs

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6
Q

what is snoRNA and what is it used for

A

small nucelolar RNAs. process and chemically modify rRNAs

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7
Q

what are scaRNAs

A

small cajal RNAs. modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

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8
Q

what are noncoding RNAs used for

A

telomere synthesis, X- chromosome inactivation and protein transport into the ER

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9
Q

what is the order of abundant RNA type

A

rRNA > tRNA > mRNA

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10
Q

what are most protein coding genes transcribed as

A

RNA polymerase II

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11
Q

how does transcription start mechanism

A

TBP/TFIID binds to TATA box
- TFIIB binds to complex
-TFIIB binding leads to other factors binding and eventually RNA polymerase II

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12
Q

can RNA fold on itself

A

yes

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13
Q

what does TFIIB recognize and

A

recognizes BRE element and accurately positions RNA polymerase at the start site of transcription

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14
Q

what genes does RNA polymerase I work with

A

rRNA

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15
Q

what genes does RNA polymerase II work with

A

all protein coding genes, snoRNA, miRNA, siRNA, and most snRNA

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16
Q

what genes does RNA polymerase III work with

A

tRNA, rRNA, some snRNA

17
Q

what are the order of events in mRNA processing

A

-capping
-splicing
-editing
-polyadenylation
-transport

18
Q

what performs RNA splicing

A

spliceosome

19
Q

what is the spliceosome made of

A

snRNAs with 7 protein subunits to form a SNP

20
Q

what snRNAs are involved in splicing

A

U1, U2, U4, U5

21
Q

what do the snRNAs do

A

provide proper base pairing with the mRNA

22
Q

how does splicing occur

A

adenosine residues in the intron sequence undergoes nucleophilic attack at junction of intron and exon

23
Q

how many genes does the human genome have

A

20,000-25,000

24
Q

how many proteins does the human proteome have

A

250,000

25
Q

what does the tropomyosin gene do in alternative splicing

A

splices out different exons to make specific tissues

26
Q

where does capping occur

A

5’ end

27
Q

where does polyadenylation occur

A

3’ end

28
Q

when does the 5’ cap and splicing occur

A

as soon as the hnRNA emerges from the RNA polymerase

29
Q

how does miRNA regulate translation

A
  • bind to 3’ UTR of target mRNA to form a RISC
  • suppress protein synthesis and/or induce mRNA degradation
  • each miRNA can target mutliple different mRNAs
30
Q

what is the mechanism of miRNA

A

dicer clips bubble to create miRNA that binds to proteins that make up argonaute protein complex, binds to mRNA then interferes with translation

31
Q

what does commaless mean

A

read from beginning to end so reading frame is critical

32
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

more than one codon makes the same amino acid

33
Q

which base in the codon is less specific

A

the third

34
Q

how many stop codons are ther

A

3

35
Q

what is the only start codon

A

methionine- AUG

36
Q

what is roberts syndrom

A

prenatal growth retardation, craniofacial abnormalities such as cleft lip and limb malformations

37
Q

what does the mutation of ESCO2 in roberts syndrome lead to

A

decreased rDNA transcription

38
Q

what determines what gets spliced out

A

nucleotides in intron sequence

Biochem (34 decks)

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