Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochem > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of synapses

A

electrical synapses and chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an electrical synapse

A

two neurons are connected by a gap junction which allows electrical current to flow directly from one cell to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a chemical synapse

A

release neurotransmitters from presynaptic membrane and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is quanta

A

the amount of NT packaged into the vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do EPSPs/IPSPs modulate

A

the postsynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the mechanism by which transmitters are released through exocytosis

A

SNARE proteins in the SV and plasma membrane help dock the vesicles and then zip together to force the membranes to fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does calcium trigger

A

fusion and exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does botulinum toxin work through

A

SNAP-25 and syntaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens to membrane potential in EPSP

A

it gets more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens to membrane potential in IPSP

A

it gets more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are excitatory NTs

A

glutamate, aspartate, and nitric oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are inhibitory NTs

A

glycine, GABA, serotonin, dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are excitatory and inhibitory NTs

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what channels do EPSPs open

A

cation channels such as Na+ and Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what channels do IPSPs open

A

anion channels such as Cl- channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the mechanism of an action potential

A

if the graded potential caused by the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs reach a threshold potential at the axon hillock, this opens Na+ channels and induce an action potential in the neuronal axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the major excitatory NT in the CNS

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the major inhibitory NT in the CNS

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does glycine do

A

inhibitory NT in the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is serotonins precursor

A

tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is acetycholine’s precurosr

A

choline and acetyl Co A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is GABA’s precursor

A

glutamic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the precursor “cascade” for catecholamines

A

tyrosine -> DOPA -> dopamine -> norepinephrine -> epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the potential responses to cannabinoids

A

-increase pleasure
- inhibit pain
- inhibit nausea
- decrease learning/memory
-movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where are small molecule NT made
in the terminal
26
where are peptides made
in the cell body
27
what is the class of AcH
cholinergic
28
what is the class of DA
dopaminergic
29
what is the class of NE
noradrenergic
30
what is the class of Glu
glutamatergic
31
what is the class of GABA
GABAergic
32
what is the class of peptide
petidergic
33
what are the 3 types of receptors
-transmitter gated ion channels - GPCRs - enzyme linked receptors
34
what is another name for transmitter gated ion channels
ionotropic receptors
35
what is another name for GPCRs
metabotropic receptors
36
what are examples of transmitter gated ion channels and what do they do
- ion channels such as Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ - depolarize/hyperpolarize the cell
37
what do GPCRs do
indirectly linked to ion channels (still can open ion channels)
38
what is an example of an enzyme linked receptor
tyrosine kinase receptor
39
what happens to the receptor when the NT binds
it changes conformation
40
what does opening of an ion channel result in
increased concentration of the ion inside of the cell
41
what is the receptor type for GABA
chloride channel
42
what does the GABA receptor site also have receptors for
propofol, ethanol, isoflurane, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, opioids
43
what is another name for acetylcholine ionotropic receptor
nicotinic receptor
44
what is an antagonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor/ nicotinic receptor
curare
45
how does a G protein act on its target and what are its targets
diffuses in the membrane to act on its target which may be an ion channel, enzyme, or gene transcription
46
what is the antagonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor/ muscarinic receptor
atropine
47
what is another name for the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor
acetylcholine muscarinic receptor
48
where is the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor found
in organs
49
which has a greater affinity for the beta1 adrenergic receptor: epinephrine or norepinephrine
Epinephrine
50
what is the result of epinephrine binding the beta1 adrenergic receptor
ATP -> cAMP -> PKA -> opens Ca2+ channels -> increased heart rate and cardiac contractility
51
where are nicotinic receptors found
skeletal muscle or nerve or postganglionic neurons
52
where are muscarinic receptors found and what do they do
in target organs, parasympathetic actions
53
what are the 3 fates of NT
reuptake, breakdown, diffusion
54
what happens in reuptake of NT
NT can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
55
what happens in breakdown of NT
enzymes inactivate NTs
56
what happens in diffusion of NT
NT can diffuse out of synaptic cleft
57
what does lidocaine do
VGNa channel blocker
58
what does tetrodotoxin do
VGNa channel blocker
59
what does caffeine do
increase neuronal excitability
60
what do SSRIs do
block reuptake
61
what is an example of SSRI
cocaine
62
what does ecstasy and amphetamine do in the synaptic cleft
increase release, block reuptake
63
what does long term potentiation do
form memories by strengthening synapses
64
how do potentiation of synapses work
-increase the response in the post synaptic neuron either by adding more receptors or phosphorylation of proteins to increase response -increase the release of NT (glutamate) from presynaptic neuron

Biochem (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions