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Biochem > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of synapses

A

electrical synapses and chemical synapses

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2
Q

what is an electrical synapse

A

two neurons are connected by a gap junction which allows electrical current to flow directly from one cell to the other

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3
Q

what is a chemical synapse

A

release neurotransmitters from presynaptic membrane and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

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4
Q

what is quanta

A

the amount of NT packaged into the vesicle

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5
Q

what do EPSPs/IPSPs modulate

A

the postsynaptic cell

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6
Q

what is the mechanism by which transmitters are released through exocytosis

A

SNARE proteins in the SV and plasma membrane help dock the vesicles and then zip together to force the membranes to fuse

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7
Q

what does calcium trigger

A

fusion and exocytosis

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8
Q

what does botulinum toxin work through

A

SNAP-25 and syntaxin

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9
Q

what happens to membrane potential in EPSP

A

it gets more positive

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10
Q

what happens to membrane potential in IPSP

A

it gets more negative

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11
Q

what are excitatory NTs

A

glutamate, aspartate, and nitric oxide

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12
Q

what are inhibitory NTs

A

glycine, GABA, serotonin, dopamine

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13
Q

what are excitatory and inhibitory NTs

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

what channels do EPSPs open

A

cation channels such as Na+ and Ca2+

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15
Q

what channels do IPSPs open

A

anion channels such as Cl- channels

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16
Q

what is the mechanism of an action potential

A

if the graded potential caused by the summation of EPSPs and IPSPs reach a threshold potential at the axon hillock, this opens Na+ channels and induce an action potential in the neuronal axon

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17
Q

what is the major excitatory NT in the CNS

A

glutamate

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18
Q

what is the major inhibitory NT in the CNS

A

GABA

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19
Q

what does glycine do

A

inhibitory NT in the spinal cord

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20
Q

what is serotonins precursor

A

tryptophan

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21
Q

what is acetycholine’s precurosr

A

choline and acetyl Co A

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22
Q

what is GABA’s precursor

A

glutamic acid

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23
Q

what is the precursor “cascade” for catecholamines

A

tyrosine -> DOPA -> dopamine -> norepinephrine -> epinephrine

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24
Q

what are the potential responses to cannabinoids

A

-increase pleasure
- inhibit pain
- inhibit nausea
- decrease learning/memory
-movement

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25
Q

where are small molecule NT made

A

in the terminal

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26
Q

where are peptides made

A

in the cell body

27
Q

what is the class of AcH

A

cholinergic

28
Q

what is the class of DA

A

dopaminergic

29
Q

what is the class of NE

A

noradrenergic

30
Q

what is the class of Glu

A

glutamatergic

31
Q

what is the class of GABA

A

GABAergic

32
Q

what is the class of peptide

A

petidergic

33
Q

what are the 3 types of receptors

A

-transmitter gated ion channels
- GPCRs
- enzyme linked receptors

34
Q

what is another name for transmitter gated ion channels

A

ionotropic receptors

35
Q

what is another name for GPCRs

A

metabotropic receptors

36
Q

what are examples of transmitter gated ion channels and what do they do

A
  • ion channels such as Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+
  • depolarize/hyperpolarize the cell
37
Q

what do GPCRs do

A

indirectly linked to ion channels (still can open ion channels)

38
Q

what is an example of an enzyme linked receptor

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

39
Q

what happens to the receptor when the NT binds

A

it changes conformation

40
Q

what does opening of an ion channel result in

A

increased concentration of the ion inside of the cell

41
Q

what is the receptor type for GABA

A

chloride channel

42
Q

what does the GABA receptor site also have receptors for

A

propofol, ethanol, isoflurane, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, opioids

43
Q

what is another name for acetylcholine ionotropic receptor

A

nicotinic receptor

44
Q

what is an antagonist of the acetylcholine ionotropic receptor/ nicotinic receptor

A

curare

45
Q

how does a G protein act on its target and what are its targets

A

diffuses in the membrane to act on its target which may be an ion channel, enzyme, or gene transcription

46
Q

what is the antagonist of the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor/ muscarinic receptor

A

atropine

47
Q

what is another name for the acetylcholine metabotropic receptor

A

acetylcholine muscarinic receptor

48
Q

where is the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor found

A

in organs

49
Q

which has a greater affinity for the beta1 adrenergic receptor: epinephrine or norepinephrine

A

Epinephrine

50
Q

what is the result of epinephrine binding the beta1 adrenergic receptor

A

ATP -> cAMP -> PKA -> opens Ca2+ channels -> increased heart rate and cardiac contractility

51
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found

A

skeletal muscle or nerve or postganglionic neurons

52
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found and what do they do

A

in target organs, parasympathetic actions

53
Q

what are the 3 fates of NT

A

reuptake, breakdown, diffusion

54
Q

what happens in reuptake of NT

A

NT can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells

55
Q

what happens in breakdown of NT

A

enzymes inactivate NTs

56
Q

what happens in diffusion of NT

A

NT can diffuse out of synaptic cleft

57
Q

what does lidocaine do

A

VGNa channel blocker

58
Q

what does tetrodotoxin do

A

VGNa channel blocker

59
Q

what does caffeine do

A

increase neuronal excitability

60
Q

what do SSRIs do

A

block reuptake

61
Q

what is an example of SSRI

A

cocaine

62
Q

what does ecstasy and amphetamine do in the synaptic cleft

A

increase release, block reuptake

63
Q

what does long term potentiation do

A

form memories by strengthening synapses

64
Q

how do potentiation of synapses work

A

-increase the response in the post synaptic neuron either by adding more receptors or phosphorylation of proteins to increase response
-increase the release of NT (glutamate) from presynaptic neuron

Biochem (34 decks)

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