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Biochem > August 22 > Flashcards

August 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major divisions of the living world

A

bacteria (eubacteria), eukaryotes, and archaea (archaebacteria)

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2
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

selective barrier that allows cells to maintain integrity

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3
Q

function of nucleus

A

store house of information

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4
Q

function of ER (general)

A

lipid and protein synthesis and intracellular calcium store

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5
Q

function of rough ER

A

ribosomes synthesize proteins

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6
Q

function of smooth ER

A

calcium storage, (called sarcoplasmic reticulum)

transport vesicles bud off and transport newly synthesized proteins and lipids to golgi (called transitional ER)

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7
Q

function of golgi

A

major site of carbohydrate synthesis, sorting, and dispatching of products made in the ER

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8
Q

function of mitochondria

A

energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and krebs cycle, also has distinct mitochondrial DNA separate from DNA in nucleus

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9
Q

function of lysosomes

A

intracellular digestion of macromolecules

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10
Q

what performs the degradation of macromolecules in lysosomes

A

hydrolytic enzymes

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11
Q

function of fimbriae (or pili)

A

attachment to surfaces for bacterial cells

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12
Q

function of flagella

A

motility for bacterial cells

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13
Q

function of lipopolysaccharides

A

activate inflammatory responses in bacterial cells

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14
Q

function of capsules

A

may play a role in dental caries in bacterial cells

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15
Q

describe a gram positive bacterial cell wall

A
  • thick peptidoglycan layer
  • teichoic acid
  • one membrane
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16
Q

what color are gram positive bacterial cells

A

purple-blue

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17
Q

what color are gram negative bacterial cells

A

pink-red

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18
Q

describe a gram negative bacterial cell wall

A
  • 2 membranes- outer and inner

- lipopolysaccharide outer membrane

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19
Q

what is a peptidoglycan made of

A

alternating NAM and NAG sugars

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20
Q

what are the chains crosslinked by in a peptidoglycan

A

oligopeptides

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21
Q

what does NAM stand for (the sugar in peptidoglycans)

A

acetylmuramic acid

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22
Q

what does NAG sugar stand for in a peptidoglycan

A

N- acetylglucosamine

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23
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the crosslinking in peptidoglycans

A

transpeptidase

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24
Q

what inhibits transpeptidase

A

ampicillin

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25
Q

how thick is the phospholipid bilayer

A

5nm

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26
Q

what are biofilms

A

a cooperating community of microorganisms within a matrix that is attached to a surface

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27
Q

where do biofilms develop

A

in any fluid environment containing microorganisms that are subjected to stress or fluid flow

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28
Q

where do dental biofilms exist

A

on tooth surfaces and mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity

29
Q

where do bacteria attach

A

a pellicle

30
Q

what does a pellicle form from

A

proteins in the saliva or GCF

31
Q

what are the four stages of dental plaque biofilm growth

A

attachment (lag), growth (log), maturity (stationary), dispersal (death)

32
Q

what type of bacterial cells exist in the lag phase

A

gram positive cocci and rods

33
Q

what occurs in the log phase

A

cross linking via fusobacterium species

34
Q

what type of bacterial cells exist in the stationary phase

A

gram negative

35
Q

how do bacterial within bacterial microcolonies communicate

A

via chemical signals

36
Q

explain the structural complexity of a dental biofilm

A

in order : tooth, pellicle, fluid channels, bacterial microcolinies and intermicrobial matrix

37
Q

what happens in bacterial microcolonies in a dental biofilm

A

they adjust their pH, have varying nutrient supplies, and can induce gene expression

38
Q

what do fluid channels do in a biofilm

A

movement of nutrients, waste products, metabolites, enzymes, and oxygen

39
Q

what do cariogenic bacteria use to produce extracellular polysaccharides

A

sucrose

40
Q

what happens with sucrose in dental biofilms

A

its soluble so it diffuses rapidly into plaque biofilm where it becomes a substrate for extracellular polysaccharides

41
Q

what does sucrose get split into

A

glucose and fructose

42
Q

what does glucose get used for in biofilms

A

it can be built into homopolymers of glucose called glucans such as mutan (water insoluble) and dextran (water soluble)

43
Q

how do extracellular polysaccharides “help” bacteria grow

A

they serve as a nutritional source for bacteria which supports further adhesion and accumulation of plaque

44
Q

what are the main causal agents for caries (bacteria)

A

streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus casei and lactobacillus fermentum

45
Q

where do saccharolytic bacteria derive energy drom

A

glycolysis

46
Q

how do saccharolytic bacteria use glycolysis

A

they convert glucose into pyruvate then pyruvate into lactic acid

47
Q

what do biofilms form on tooth surfaces

A

dental plaque

48
Q

what is calculus or tartar

A

plaque that has been calcified

49
Q

where do dental caries form

A

pits and cavities of teeth

50
Q

in patients with healthy dentition and no periodontal disease, what is the most common bacteria in the dental biofilms

A

gram positive

51
Q

what do gram positive bacteria do to elicit a cavity

A

ferment sugars to a final end product of lactic acid

52
Q

what does the production of lactic acid result in

A

a low pH, which can result in demineralization of the tooth enamel and dentin resulting in a carie

53
Q

what do asaccharolytic bacteria derive energy from

A

amino acids

54
Q

how do asaccharolytic bacteria derive their energy

A

by reducing or deaminating free amino acids

55
Q

what compounds from amino acid reduction and amino acid deamination cause dental plaque

A

ammonium acetate, ammonium propionate, and ammonium butyrate

56
Q

what does dental calclulus promote

A

asaccharolytic fermentaion

57
Q

what happens in assacharolytic fermentation

A

cysteine and methoionine are fermented to produce hydrogen sulfide which causes oral malodor

58
Q

what does saliva contain

A

99% water, Na, K, Ca,Mg, bicarbonate and phosphates, immunoglobulin proteins, enzymes, mucins and nitrogenous products such as urea and NH3

59
Q

what are the types of saliva

A

serous, mucos, and mixed serous and mucos

60
Q

what creates serous saliva

A

parotid glands

61
Q

what produces mucos saliva

A

minor glands

62
Q

what produces mixed serous and mucos saliva

A

sublingual and submandibular glands

63
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A
  • lubrication and protection
  • buffering
  • maintains tooth integrity
  • antibacterial activity
  • taste and digestion
64
Q

how much saliva is produced per day

A

750-1000 mL

65
Q

how much GCF is secreted per day

A

1-2 mL

66
Q

where is GCF secreted

A

into the space (gingival sulcus) between the surface of the tooth and the free mergin of the epithelium lining of the gingivia

67
Q

what are the functions of the GCF

A
  • cleansing the sulcus
  • improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth
  • antimicrobial properties
  • antibody defense of the gingiva
68
Q

what does the protein rich environment of GCF provide

A

fermentation of amino acids causes a high pH that prevents caries from developing but can lead to precipitation of calcium and phosphate on a dental biofilm (plaque) and eventually calculus

Biochem (34 decks)

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