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Biochem > Diabetes and its effect on metabolism > Flashcards

Diabetes and its effect on metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is type 1 diabetes caused by

A

caused by an autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas

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2
Q

what happens in type 2 diabetes

A

occurs when cells become resistant to the effects of insulin and the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to overcome the resistance

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3
Q

what are the risk factors for type 1 diabetes

A

family history and age

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4
Q

when are you likely to develop type 1 diabetes

A

at young ages

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5
Q

which type of diabetes is insulin dependent

A

type 1

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6
Q

what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes and prediabetes

A
  • overweight
    -over 45 years of age
  • immediate family member with type 2
  • not physically active
    -had gestational diabetes
  • certain ethnic groups
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7
Q

which form of diabetes is more common in americans

A

type 2

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8
Q

what are common symptoms of diabetes

A

-urinating often
- thirsty
- feeling hungry even though you are eating
- extreme fatigue
- blurry vision
-cuts/ bruises are slow to heal
- weight loss even though you are eating (type 1)
- tingling, pain , numbness in hands and feet (type 2)

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9
Q

what is the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic fasting plasma glucose levels

A

normal: under 100
pre: 100-125
diabetic: over 125

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10
Q

what is the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic concentration for oral glucose tolerance test

A

normal: less than 140
pre: 140-199
diabetes; greater than 200

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11
Q

what do prolonged high blood glucose levels lead to

A

production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs)

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12
Q

what is HbA1c

A

glycated form of hemoglobin

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13
Q

how often do we take HbA1c and why

A

every 3 months because that is the time of RBC turnover

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14
Q

what does HbA1c measure

A

blood glucose over a long period of time

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15
Q

what happens in the insulin binding pathway when the insulin receptor doesn’t recognize insulin or cant bind it

A

glut4 transporters are not moved to the membrane to transport glucose into the cell so circulating levels of glucose remain high

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16
Q

what pathway is blocked when insulin cant bind to its receptor

A

PI3K/Akt/mTOR

17
Q

what effect does diabetes have on other organ systems

A
  • cardivascualr disease
  • neuropathy
    -nephropathy
  • retinopathy
  • poor wound healing
    -skin conditions
    -hearing impairment
  • alzheimer’s disease
18
Q

what inflammatory response is increased in diabetic patients

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1 levels are increased

19
Q

what causes the inflammatory response in diabetic patients

A
  • glycemic control
  • AGE’s
    -periodontal disease
20
Q

what happens to fatty acid production if you don’t produce enough insulin or receptor does not recognize insulin

A

FA production increases

21
Q

what substance causes vasodilation

A

eNOS

22
Q

what substance causes vasoconstriction

A

angiotensin 2

23
Q

what are the 2 forms of diabetic retinopathy

A

dry and wet

24
Q

what are the 2 phases in diabetic retinopathy

A
  1. nonproliferative retinopathy
  2. proliferative retinopathy
25
Q

what happens in the nonproliferative retinopathy stage

A

forms cotton wool spots that obstructs the retina and creates blurred vision

26
Q

what happens in proliferative retinopathy

A

abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye that are irreversible

27
Q

what form of retinopathy is more common

A

dry

28
Q

what are the various forms of insulin available for type 1 diabetes

A

rapid acting, short acting, long acting

29
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled

A

diet, exercise, maintain healthy weight, medications

30
Q

how does insulin medication work

A

lowers blood glucose by stimulating cellular uptake and glycogen synthesi

31
Q

how does metformin work

A

works on the liver to reduce the release of glucose in type 2 diabetes

32
Q

how do sulphoylureas work

A

increase insulin release by pancrease

33
Q

how do GLP-1 receptor agonists work

A

incretin receptor agonists

34
Q

how do DPP-4 inhibitors work

A

increase incretin levels

35
Q

how do thiazolinediones work

A

reduces fatty acid oxidation and thereby increases use of glucose as fuel

36
Q

what other pathways does insulin increase the rate of

A

glycogen synthesis and lipogensis

37
Q

what do angiotensin and renin do

A

peptide hormones that cause vasoconstriction and subsequent rise in blood pressure

38
Q

what is the mechanism of action of the angiotensin/renin pathway

A

renin cleaves angiotensin into angiotensin 1 which is then used to form angiotensin 2 from ACE

39
Q

what does NO do

A

powerful vasodilator with a short half life

Biochem (34 decks)

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