Hormones and Receptors

Question 1

what are. genomic effects

Answer 1

altered gene expression

Question 2

what are non genomic effects

Answer 2

altered cell shape or movement, and altered metabolism

Question 3

what does a lower concentration at KD indicate

Answer 3

higher affinity for binding that hormone

Question 4

describe how the short loop negative feedback works

Answer 4

hypothalamus produces releasing hormone which acts on anterior pituitary to release a tropic hormone, which then acts back on the hypothalamus to stop the releasing hormone

Question 5

what are the types of mechanisms of ligand to receptor binding

Answer 5

-contact dependent (juxtacrine)
- paracrine
-synaptic
-endocrine

Question 6

what happens in contact dependent signaling (juxtacrine)

Answer 6

the signal molecule is on a cell and the receptor is on a target cell and they bind

Question 7

describe paracrine signaling

Answer 7

a cell releases a ligand to bind with a receptor on another nearby cell

Question 8

describe synaptic signaling

Answer 8

chemical synapse down an axon to target cell

Question 9

descirbe endocrine signaling

Answer 9

an endocrine cell releases the hormone into the blood stream to bind a target downstream

Question 10

describe GPCR second messenger pathway`

Answer 10

adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP. OR PLC is activate which cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG thus releasing Ca2+ ions

Question 11

describe the primary structure of amino acids

Answer 11

linear sequence of AAs

Question 12

describe the secondary structure of amino acids

Answer 12

local region of folding of a primary sequence (alpha helix of beta pleated sheet)

Question 13

describe the tertiary structure of AAs

Answer 13

3D arrangement of polypeptide sequence

Question 14

describe the quaternary structure of AAs

Answer 14

sum of multiple polypeptide units

Question 15

what is a protease

Answer 15

an enzyme that cleaves protein substrates into different parts

Question 16

describe steroid hormones

Answer 16

a mutli ring organic structure which imparts the characteristic of water insolubility on these material

Question 17

describe polypeptide hormones

Answer 17

water soluble protein hormones like insulin glucagon

Question 18

what are nuclear receptors responsible for

Answer 18

recognizing and binding to steroid hormones and thyroxine

Question 19

describe how the long loop feedback works

Answer 19

hypothalamus produces releasing hormone which acts on anterior pituitary to release a tropic hormone, which then acts on an endocrine gland to release a hormone that acts back on the hypothalamus to stop releasing the hormone

Question 20

describe hydrophilic second messengers with examples

Answer 20

water soluble located in cytoplasm. examples: cGMP, IP3, Ca2+

Question 21

describe hydrophobic second messengers

Answer 21

water insoluble, membrane associated and diffuse from the plasma membrane and bind to membrane associated effector proteins involved in a variety of signaling cascades
examples: DAG and phosphatidylinositols

Question 22

describe second messengers that are gases and give examples

Answer 22

diffuse through both cytosol and across cell membranes
ex: NO, CO, and HS

Question 23

what is mcCune Albright syndrome caused by

Answer 23

a mutation in GNAS which results in a G protein which is always on that activates adenylate cyclase. this leads to an over production of several hormones resulting in abnormal bone growth, unusual skin pigmentation, and endocrine problems
- not inherited

Question 24

how do genomic actions of hormones affect gene transcription

Answer 24

Nuclear receptor with a bound hormone binds to a response element (a DNA sequence) that activates or suppresses transcription factors such as RNA polymerase