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Biochem > Cell signaling pathways: growth factors > Flashcards

Cell signaling pathways: growth factors Flashcards

1
Q

what are growth factors

A

substances capable of inducing cell growth, proliferation, healing, and/or differentiation

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2
Q

what are the major types of growth factors

A

proteins and steroids

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3
Q

where do proteins bind

A

on surface of cell membrane

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4
Q

where do steroids bind

A

on cytoplasmic, nuclear receptors

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5
Q

what are the major families of growth factor receptors

A

tyrosine kinase activity, serine/threonine kinase activity, and GPCRs

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6
Q

what role do growth factors play in the body

A

embryonic growth, cell survival, and in wound healing in adults

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7
Q

what can the nerve growth factor (NGF) bind to

A

tropomyosin(TrkA) receptor or p75MTR

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8
Q

what are the effects of NGF binding to trkA

A

involved in neuronal differentiation and preventing cell death

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9
Q

what is the pathway for epidermal growth factor signaling

A

activation of EGFR leads to dimerization and recruitment of proteins like PLC and STAT transcription factors or PI3K binds with adaptor proteins. both of these pathways go to the nucleus to affect gene transcription

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10
Q

what are the 4 subfamilies of the TGF beta superfamily

A

-TGF beta subfamily
- decentaplegia (Dpp) related subfamily
-actin and inhibin subfamily
- fourth subfamily of diverse members

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11
Q

what is included in the decapentaplegic (Dpp) subfamily

A

BMPs and growth differentiation factors

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12
Q

what do activin and ibhibin subfamily of TGF beta superfamily do

A

regulate sex and organ development

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13
Q

what do proto-oncogenes do

A

encode growth factors and transcription factors to carry out normal growth, proliferation and survival

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14
Q

how are the majority of growth factors translated

A

as a pro-form and then undergo proteolytic processing steps by members of the proprotein convertase family of enzymes

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15
Q

what is furin

A

a proprotein convertase

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16
Q

what is furin involved in

A

-neuronal innervation
-control of juxtacrine and paracrine signaling
- cartilage breakdown
- tumor metastasis

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17
Q

what happens in neuronal innervation the pro beta NGF is cleaved by furin

A

neuronal innervation and survival

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18
Q

what happens to pro beta NGF when it is not cleaved by furin

A

apoptosis

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19
Q

what happens in signaling when EDA-1 is cleaved by furin

A

paracrine signaling

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20
Q

what happens in signaling when furin does not cleave EDA-1

A

juxtacrine signaling

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21
Q

what happens in cartilage breakdown with furin

A

furin cleaves and leads to the degradation of cartilage proteins

22
Q

what happens in tumor metastasis with furin

A

furin cleaves a protein and results in tumor metastasis

23
Q

how is TGF beta synthesized and released

A

the precursor undergoes dimerization and cleavage that results in a small latent complex and a large latent complex. the large complex in stored in ECM through the binding of the RGD motif to integrins and active TGF beta is released

24
Q

what happens when TGF beta binds to its receptor

A

they bind to a specific type 2 receptor subunit which recruits a type 1 subunit. this results in phosphorylation of the recruited type 1 receptor which then phosphorylates a receptor regulated SMAD protein in the canonical/classical pathway

25
Q

what does the canonical/classical pathway do

A

initiates a SMAD dependent intracellular signaling cascade that activates or inhibits gene transcription

26
Q

describe the active structure of TGF beta ligands

A

homo or heterodimers, two polypeptide chains linked by a single disulfide bond

27
Q

describe the type 2 TGF beta receptor

A

a serine/threonine kinase

28
Q

what do SMAD complexes bind to in TGF beta signaling pathway

A

co factors on DNA

29
Q

what are the 4 steps in wound healing

A

-hemostasis
-inflammatory phase
- proliferative phase
-remodeling phase

30
Q

what happens in hemostasis phase of wound healing

A

within minutes post injury, platelets aggregate at the injury site to form a fibrin clot to control bleeding

31
Q

what happens in the inflammatory phase of wound healing

A

bacteria and debris are phagocytosed and removed from the wound site. factors are released that cause migration and division of cells involved in the proliferative phase

32
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase of wound healing

A

angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction

33
Q

what happens in the remodeling phase of wound healing

A

collagen is remodeled and realigned along tension force lines and cells no longer needed are removed by apoptosis

34
Q

describe what happens in canonical BMP signaling

A

dimerization of receptor upon BMP binding and autophosphorylation which phosphorylates SMADs to move into nucleus to affect gene transcription

35
Q

what does temporal and spatial restrictions of growth factors mean

A

GFs are expressed in different sites in tissue at different times

36
Q

what is reciprocal induction

A

in tooth development growth factors jump back and forth from mesenchyme to ectoderm to build up structures in the tooth

37
Q

what does TNF do and how

A

mediates death pathways by inducing caspases that induce apoptosis

38
Q

what are treatment options of periodontal defects

A

bone grafts, enamel matrix derivative (EMD), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) or platelet rich plasma (PRP)

39
Q

what are some growth factors that can undergo mutations

A

BMPs, TGF beta, PDGF beta, IGF1RI, NGF

40
Q

what is IBS caused by

A

overproduction of TNF alpha

41
Q

what are the types of IBS

A

chron disease and ulcerative colitis

42
Q

how is IBS treated

A

monoclonal antibodies, infliximab and adalimumab, which prevent TNF alpha from binding to its receptor

43
Q

what is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis

A

antibodies against TNF alpha or etanercept (Enbrel)

44
Q

what does etanercept (Enbrel) do

A

used in RA. it is a recombinant fusion protein between the TNF alpha receptor and the constant region of the IgG1 antibody which bind to TNF alpha to prevent its actions

45
Q

what does myostatin do

A

inhibitory factor that regulates muscle mass

46
Q

what growth factors play a role in embryonic development of the craniofacial region and teeth

A

TGF beta and BMPs

47
Q

what is the important growth factor in wound healing

A

TGF beta

48
Q

what are platelet alpha granules good for

A

they are a rich source of a variety of growth factors

49
Q

how are growth factors activated

A

proteolytic fragmentation

50
Q

what family does myostatin belong to

A

TGF-beta superfamily

51
Q

what does TNF do

A

mediates death pathways by inducing caspases that induce apoptosis

Biochem (34 decks)

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