Reform And Challenge 1851-1886- Political And Social Flashcards
1874 election- votes vs seats
Liberals 52% and tory 44% vote
Liberals 242 seats/37% seatS
TORY 54% seat/350
Colourable employment
Giving people ficticous or nominal jobs as a cover for paying them to vote for a particular candidate
Treating
Giving or offering food and drink in order to influence how poeple vote
Bagehot quote against parliamentary reform
-liberal political journalist
‘The masses are infinitely too ignorant to make much of gvernment themselves and they do not know their mind when they see it’
Influence of charles darwin in arguments against parliamentary reform
Hereditary genius 1869
-argued that intelligence was inherited
-showed through familu trees of britains notable families (including his own)
-therefore ‘great’ aristocratic families were ‘fitest torun the gov
Good example of social mobility at this time
In Peel family
Moved from yeomen famre to baronet (as leading industrialist) to PM in three generations
Example of poor distribution of seats after 1932 reform act
10 counties in south
Combined opp of 3.3 mill had 156 sears
Whilst middlesex, lancashire, west yorkshire has 3.7 mill but only 58 serass
Borough seats vs votes
62% seats with only 43% voters
Repeal
Removal of a law
Free trade
Low or no tarrifs on foreign imports
Allow for competition
Monarch in 1851
-had soveriegn power
-influenced elections
-could appoint and dismiss mnisters
-summoned parliament to meet
-not involved in day to day business of governing the country
Example of abuse of power by mocnarch
1839- bedchamber crisis
-where queen vic tried to keep earl of melbourne even though peel had been elected
Landowning classes
Made up of aristocarcy and landed gentry
Aristocracy
-made up of approx 200 wealthiest families
-had titles
-mansions and may have house in london
So had 2 votes
-leadership in politial matters
-set standards in taste and manners
Which were copied by lower classes
Landed gentry
-made up of approx 13000 families
-had a leisured way of life
-many MPs or Jps
But werent payed until 1911
Middle class 1851
-0growing in number
-many gained walth from industry
Factory owners ,lawyers, doctors
-Educated
-Free trade and minimal gov interference
-attempted to move up socialclasses
Through benefiting land or marrying
-many nonconformistts
Working class 1851
-atisans (skilled workers) to unskilled worers
-manual labour
-long hours, low pau
-unemployment and distress during trade depression
-poor harvests
High bread prices
-industrial action
Trade unions
Church
-established church
Anglican cofe
-monarch is the head of state
-strong in rural richer areas
-clergy- get money from tithes- 10%
-seating in church reflect social heirachy
Non conformist
Eg. Methodists
-growth
-life after death better
Appealed to the working classes
House of lords 1851
-aristocracy
-inherited position
-power to veto laws passed in house of commons
House of commons 1851
-allow aristocracy
-had to be a land owner
600 pounds/year income county, 300 in boroughs
-elected chamber
But onl 8% pop could vote
-passed laws
Constituencies 1851
Little even distribution of seats and pop
-north under-represented
South over
Example south and north representation
Some ‘rotten boroughs’ has 2 mps
Whilst manchester, birmingham and leeds had only 1 each
franchise
Who could vote
Contested seets
-in boroughs
-1806-31
Fewer than 40% contested
-corrupt manner
‘Treating’ and coloured employment
-no secret voting
Uncontested seats
-county seats
-dominated by peers and landowners
Result a given
12 month residency- how party politics
Discriminated against significant proportion of working class males
Possibly as high as 30%- moved frequently from one rented accomodation to another
What did creation of 3 member constituencies mean
-in birmingham and leeds
-each elector vote 2 candidates
-lead to creation of local organisation to direct distribution of liberal votes to ensure all 3 candidates votes
Conservatives followed suit
Temperance movements
-against alcohol so wanted ban
Esp methodists and religious peolpe
-licencing act attempt to appease this movement- but seen as not going far enough
‘Better England free than England sober’ bishop of Peterborough’
Religion in liberal party 1868
Anglicans 282
Nonconformists 64
Also support ‘radical celtic fringe’ in ireland (36)) and scotland
However liberal organisatinos outside parliament many driven by nonconformists
Liberal non-conformist organisations
Liberation society
The Liberator- newspaper
United kingdom alliance (temperance organisation)
Alliance News- 25,000 weekly copies sold
National education league
Newslete 20,000 subscriptions
How constituencies more equal sized 1885
Should be around 50,000 people
Independant boundaru commissions set up to ensure
Example of villatoryism sucess
Sheffiled hallam set up
Vote for conservatives always 1885-1997
Apart from 1916-1918
Despite sheffield not being typical conservative county
Quote for support of conspiracy and protection of property act 1875
Robert blake
‘Satisfactorily settled the position of labour for a generation’
Trade unionist quote for support for Disraeli’s reforms
Alexander macdonald
‘The conservatives had done more for the working classes in 6 years than the Liberals had done in 50’
Quotes about improving public health
Manchester speech 1872
‘Public attention’. ‘Be concentrated upn sanitary legislation’
‘Pure air, pure water’ ‘the inspection of unhealthy habitations’ ‘adultarion of food’
‘First consideration of the people should be the health of the people’
Dissing gladstone on empire
Disraeli crystal palace 1872
‘Attempt of liberalism’ ‘effect the disintegration of the empire ‘
Quote for appealing to working classes - disraeli
Crystal palace speech 1872
‘Elevation of the condition of the people’
criticising gladstone on what hes done badly
Manchester speech 1872
‘Despoil churches and plunder landlords’
‘Every instition’
Foreign office was excluded why?
As foreign minister, Lord granville refused to accept army and civil service reforms
How many involved in hyde park riots
200,000
Proportion of men in boroughs excluded from vote
40%
Disraeli critical of whigs
Whig ‘oligarchy’
‘Small knot of great families who have no object but their own aggrandisement,’ ‘seek to gratify it by all possible means’
Conservative quotes shwoing how they appealed tomore
Disraeli both quotes
‘It appeals with a keener sympathy to the passions of the millions’
Reforms lead to ‘secure the social welfare of the people’
Gladstone opinon to wealth
Wealth a ‘trust’ which should be increased to ‘fructify the pockets of the people’
Disraeli impact on other parties
Hirst
‘Usurped Radicalism’ ‘dished Whiggism’
‘Educated toryism’
Quote suggesting disraeli poor at coming up with own ideas
Blake
‘His mind was like a catherine wheel shooting out sparks. Most of them fell on damp earth’
But ‘excelled in art of presentation’
Gladstone’s reliigious beliefs became less imposig/more relaxed
Butler
He moved ‘from a belief in a Christian commonwealth towards the liberal ideal of a freechurch in a free state’
Disraeli jewishness significance
Moneypenny and buckle
Good as meant always ‘a little detached when in he act of leading;always the spectator, almost the critic, as well as the principle perfomer’
Enabled him to preside over it
university tests act
1871
Gladstone withdrew exclusive rights of anglicans to teach,administer or hold scholarships at oxbridge
Judicare act
1873
Consolodate existing 7 courts into supeme courts
Removed power of house of lords as final court of appeal
Length of service overseas reduced
12-6 years aborad
6 years in reserves at home
Improvements to army
Commander in chief uner secretaryfor war
Divided country into 96 districts
Each with regiment
Factory and workshops act
1878
Shift duty of factory expectorates from local authorities to central gov
Married womens property act
1882
Restored to marry women their property rights they had possessed when signal
Defence on permissive nature of artisans dwelling act
Cross on own law
Did not ‘infringe the laws of political economy;
Alternative opinion- gladstone didnt care about social reform
Adelmen
‘The aim was primarily efficiency and economy’
Disraeli cared about people
Wilkinson
‘Throughout his career in Parliament he consistently supported all measues of social reform;
Tory democracy not serious policy/idea
Adelmen
‘Windy rhetoric’`
Gladstone principled in approach to ireland
Feuchtwanger
;the irish church disestablishment and irish land bills were the work of gladstone’ noth in principle and detail’
After 1885 how many constituencies 2 mps
23/670
Rest single member
Why disreali want to expand electorate
Moneypenny and buckle suggest that disreali thought electorate truly consevrvatie``
Hyde park riots not that bad compared to
Events in bristol and nottingham in 1831
Motive behin gladtsone 1884 reform
Gash
Wanted to ‘round off his term of office on a creditable reforming note’
Compensate for gov’s unpopularity over egypt
Why redistribution act 1885 and 1884 reform
-liberals 1877 formally committted to extend suffrage
-quen worried aout prospect of major constitutional crisis
Requested a meeting between sailsbury and gladstone- agreed
Group who couldnt vote after 1884 third reform act
Women
12 month residency
Domestic servants
Quote that gladstone upset everyone
‘Harasseed every trade, worried every profession, and assailed or menaed every class, instition and species of property inthe country’
Gladstone’s use of morals
Stansky
‘Equation of private morality with public action’
Wealth as ‘trust’ which shuld be conserved and increased so can ;fructify in the pocketys of the peoplle’
Forster’s education act and religion motive
Gladstone aimed to spread christianity by extending literacy
Imporvements in military equipmemt
Martini henry rifle
Who could grant licences to pubs
Magistrates
Example of adulterated food
Graphite and black lead in tea
Friendly sociteies act
1855
Friendly societies held large amounts of money, given greater protection
-registered w/ gov and make regular reports
Consumer cooperatives
1851-1875
140-oveer 1200
-owend by the members, paya weekly subscription nd then recieve a ‘dividend’ from the profits made
-could buy food sold there, generallly cheaper, gaurenteed to be ‘pure’
Nationally coordinated in england in 1863
Chidlrens’ employment commissio
1862
Set up to investigate conditions children were working in
Why call for pubic health reform
Edwim chadwich- wrote about terrible conditions in 1840s in por areas of towns and cities
Over 50,000 people died of cholera 1849-50
Dr john snow- showed borad street pump cause of local cholera epidemic and showed carried in water
What helped to increase political literacy
-improvements of transport- increased speed in distribution of info/media
Increase railways
-inrease daily newspapers
Abolish tax on paper- newspapers more affordable
-spread liberies
What did the increase in no of libraries mean
-provide newspaper and discussion rooms
-public could meet to spread political ideas
Abolition of property qualification
1857
-mps didnt have to own certain value of property
Liberals
Founded in 1859
Combined several political groups
Whigs, peelites, liberals and radicals
Whigs- who were they
-largest group in liberals
-aristocratic
-non-conformist and roman catholic lords
Whigs- beliefs
-constitutional monarchy
-reserve to conserve
Limit who had ote
-free trade
Problems w/ whigs
-clsshed w radicals
Whigs too slow pace of reform
-decrease no, whigs
Junior whigs increasingly becoming liberal
liberals- hwo were they
Middle class- eg. Businessmen, lawyers
Growing in number
Non-conformists
Liberals-beliefs
-individual liberty
-free trade
-low taxes
—freedom of press-reduce paper duties
-religious freedom
Seperte church and state
Liberals- prblems
Want to seperate church and state
Raidcals clash
Liberals didnt want working class voting
Peelites who were they
-group seperated from conservatives after the repeal of corn laws
As followers of peel
-wealthy industrialists
-gladstone was leading peelite
Peelies-beliefs
Free trade
Against corn laws
problems with peelites
After 1859 no. Decreased
Clashed raadicals
Radicals- who were they
-free thinking middle class people
-john bright-influential
-utilitarianism
Greatest good for greatest no. People
Radicals- beliefs
Parliamentary reform.
Want to be more representativem,, more to vote
Free trade
Removal gov economic restrictions
Radicals problems
Disliked aristocratic whigs
Reformed to conserve
Disliked privilege of CofE
Small no of them
Similarities w’/in liberals
-free trade, low taxes
-liberal and nationalist movements in europe were supported by them
-non-conformissts- seperate church from state (less so whigs)
Corn law
1851
Foreign imports of corn taxed at high levels in order to protect british farerS
Must be over 8 shillings per quater tonne for foriegn imports to be allowed
Kept bread artificially high prices
Protectionists
Wanted to retain corn laws
-against peel - ‘treason’’ as used whigs to repeal law
Peelites
Conservatives who supported peel in the repeal of corn laws
Supported free trade
Split 1848
1852
Conservatives dropped policy of protectionsism
Gaining support of middle class who benefitted from free trade
Why was the split in 1848 so damaging
-many talented politicians left such as gladstone
-left with ‘’who who’ ministry
As only 3 members had previous experienc
Deaf and aged lord said ‘’’who who’ as names of ministers read out
Impact of palmerston on conservatives
-took more conservative stance
General support cofe
Opposition to reform in civil service and parliament
More diff for conservatives to offwr something diff
-sucessful and popular foreign policy
Patriotic
Clear anti-russian stance against their percieved threat in ottoman empire
-strong economy
Previous chancellor exchequer- free trade policy
- manufcaturing sector- coal, iron, textiles
Railways continue to grow
Large scale investment abroad
Disrali 1859
-moderate parliamentary reform against tory
Moderate bill to extend franchise of hoc
-believed reform inevitable
Should use in order to manipulate
-regarded w/ suspicion
Unprincipled opportunism
+ conservatives 1851-67
-no lnger divided
Dropped protectionism 1852
-disreali introduced parliamentary reform and extend franchise
- conservtives 1851-67
-lack of talented and experienced politicans eg. Gladstone
-out of office for 20y
-strength of palmerston
-economy doing well
No need to change
-still associated w. Protectionism
1867 reform act- qualifications
-12 month qualification fro householders and logers
-boroughs
All male housholders over 21
Male logers paying over 10 pinds/year in rent
-counties.
Owned property 5pound/year
Rented worth 12p pounds/ year in england or 14 in scotland
1867 reform act-extend franchise…
-size electorate almost doubled
1..36-2.46 mill
-new voters inc male industrial workers in towns
Long term implications of 1867 reform act
-greatr party organisation
As in large member constituenceis
-had to justify policies
Could no longer bribe/infleunce. as too many people
How 1867 reform act fell short of democracy
-agricultural workers and miners didnt have vote
As want to ensure power in counties remains w. Wealthy farmers-conservatives
-voting in public
So working class in town-pressured by employers
-12 month residency- exclluded those moving to find job
-house of commons dominated by landowners and wealthy
As didnt get paid
Why was the 1867 reform act passed
-party politics- most improtant
-principle (less importnt_
-pressure
Secret ballot act
1872
Hustings replaced w/ plling ooths
Complete privacy
Pros secret ballot act
Most prominant in areas with lost of voters- less swayed/pressured
Voters more poliical and lss social event
Cons secret ballot act
Seen as cowardly and unenglish to be secret
Why did the liberals lose 1874 - liberal weakness
-new model unions angry of CLAA
Act said no ‘intimidation, molestation or obstruction’
-swing away from liberal party fof middle class with views
Concerned w. Reforms
-failed to solve problem of chronic poverty
Samuel smiles ‘self help’ principle
-UK alliance
Disapprove over licensing 1872- too lenient
-libertarian society
Wanted liberals to destablish coe and scot after CoI
-land owners in land act
Challenge property rights
-anglicans
Annoyed by disestablishment of CoI
-imperlialists
Withdrawal of troops
-officer and armed services
Purchase of comissions
-brewers, distilleres ect
Licensing act
Why libertarian society annoyed
Wanted liberals to disestablish CoE and scot
Quote that liberals lost of licensing act
‘We have borne down in a torrent of gin and beer’
Why di the liberals lose 1974- conservative strength
-national education league
No national system so ran candidates against liberal candidates in 1874
-disraeli popular policies
-maintain constitution
- imporvements in ‘condition of the people’ thorugh social reform
-national prestige emphasis on foriegn policy
-greater organisation
-speech and electoral campaign
-national union 1867- propaganda arm of conservatives
Quote for disraeli good speech
‘Confident conviction’
Greater orgnisation in conservatives
1873- gorst
69 new conservative associations- over 400 in country
Conservative candidate for every reasonable constituency
Britain democratic by 1886- voter participation
2/3 men hold vote
Uniform franchise countys and boroughs
Undemocratic by 1886- voter participation
-no women could vote
Only 18% pop
12 month qualification
Democraticby 1886- increased representation
Redistribution of 142 seats
Mainly 1mp constituencies
Equal size pops
Now north and osuth more representaive
Undemocratic by 1886- increased representation
-still some 2 member constitunecies
-no labour party till 1900
No party for working class
-many Mps not willing to represent working class as werent themselves
democratic by 1886- political literacy
-increase transport- increase spread and distribution of information
-spread of libraries
-newspapers more affordable
-education acts
Undemocratic by 1886- political literacy
-many iliterate
-larger concern for survival and work over politics
Knife and fork issue
-many families didnt send children to school
Democratic by 18860 fairness and equalities fo elections
Corrupt and illegal practises act
Undemocratic 1886- fairness and equality of elections
Plural voting still permitted
Bribery not completely gone
Seen as cowardly to hide vote
Democratic 1886-increased opportunity of participation
-abolition of property qualification 1857
Mps dont have to own property
Undemocratic by 1886- increased opportunity of participation
Mps stilll unpaid
Democratic by 1886- making parliament accountable
People could vote diff mps if didnt fulfill promises
Undemocratic 1886- making parliament accountable
House of lords- unelected
Had influnence over veto laws
Gladstone’s first ministry aims
Wanted a meritocracy- improvement iin societal positition based on how hard you woked
Society in 1808
-poverty
Poor wages and long hours- little to no regulations
High infant mortality rate
Cholera- 4 buots- 1849,54,66
-privilege- aristocracy
-laissez-faire approach- gov shouldnt interefere
1867 reform act- pressure
-hyde park riots- working and middle class protests and ritoting
Aiming to ‘create a disturbance’’’’’’’- trade union newspaper- beehive
Middle class involvement- support conservatives over free trade- feared loose support
Fear revolution if classes work together
-formation Reform Union 1864 Manchester
Midle and working classes united
-Garibaldi visit- role in unification of italy 4 years before
-in parliament- radicals
Garibaldi role 1867 reform
Role in unification of italy 4 years before
Visist london 1864
Linked to creation of refomr league
Liberalism and democracy
Fear of revolution if classes work together- evidence
R. Harrison- underestimate fear of revolution
French revolution late 1700s
American civil war 1861-5. - symbolic freedom (onorth) who were trying to free itself from slavery (south)
Significance of radicals in parliament
John birght (leader) series of speeches in 1850s- mass support for a system similar democracy as in usa
Quote for pressure
R blake
‘Had the wide franchise forcing them as the price of staying in power’
Principle- 1867 reform
-loosly based on gladtsons bil proposed in 1866 (which was based more on principle- gladstone visit industrial towns, want grant artisans vote- ‘’people’’’s william)
-population change 1831-61 +4mill
Mass movement to more industrial areas- need redistribute of seats
-disraeli sympathise with working class- himmelfarb sybil
Not principle- 1867 reform
-himemelfarb outdated- 1920s
Recent suggest sybil shows out of touch
-disraeli vote against gladtsone reform bill so just using for other reasons
Party politics- 1867 reform
=break up liberal party ;dishing to whigs’ and then change to support radicals- disunity
Accept ammendments to make more radical
-manipulate terms of act- 12 month residency
-hyde park riots 1866- ‘constant opportunism’- convince parliaemnet genuine threat
Not party politics- 1867 reform
R. Harrison - threat of revolution on mind of many
American civil war and french revolition
Not principle 1867 reform
-composition of ‘’pressure groups
-hyde park riots
Shambling man boys - times 1866
Not revolutionary
-working class no vote no threat
-radicals -seen as too readical by own party- liberals
-6 moth delay between riots and reform bill
‘Capitulation to popular presssure’ ‘cynical party politics’ ‘consitstant opportunism’ m.cowling
Liberals strength -1880 election
-1877-chamberlian helped to establish national liberal federation- nitingover 100 local liberal organisations by 1880
Under secrytaryship of schnadhurst- v effective campaign
-better camparison- relax laws of settlement and enatil (laws property act)- help appeal farmers
-want to extend franchis
-gladstone campaign- critical of disraeli
Had just been made earl of beaconsville
Midolothian campaign 1879-80- talked about foreign policy
-trade inions now content ith the recession of the criminal law ammendmenta ct and so return to support liberals
Conservatives failure- 1880
-timing-
-party organisation
Argicultural depression
Creation farmers alliance
Great depression
Ignored land wars
Disraeli imperial issues
Ineffactive campaign
Increase incmoe tax
Increase income tax- 1880
2d-5d 1874-80
Conservatives ineffectiv campaign
Disreali earl of beaconsfield 1874
Coulnt campaign as peer
-didnt mention’ elevation of the condition of the people’’
-1880 referred to ‘maintaining the empire and preserving the constitution’
Disreali imperial issues- 1880
-indulged in pointless costly foriegn wars- afghanistan and zulu
-defeated- british forces were barberous towards foreigners
-treaty of berlin-equitted britain to defent turkey’s asian terrirtory
Great depression 1873- 1880
-1873-79- real wages fell by 5%
-unemployment rose from 1-2% in 1871-74
To 11.4% in 1879
Creation farmers alliance
1879
-campaign against conservaive candidates- costing 19 county seats
agricultiral depression -1880
1877
Lost support mainly from farmers
Lost 25 county seats
Party organisation- c loss 1880
-j e gorst left
Replaced skene- criticiseed as being incompetant
Timing- 1880
A b forwood- leader liverpool conservatives said to call an election
Shouldve called election after traty of berlin sucess
Rich 1851-86
-lots of servants
-wealth inherited from lan
-lots of free time- shooting
-london ‘season’’
Introduce unmarried daughters (w dowry) to single men
-holiday abroad
Rich women role
Order servants
Didnt look after children- governess and wetnurse
Middle class living standards
-varied from clerks (less than 100 pounds) to chairmen of board (1000)
-holiday to brighton and margate- steamboat/train
-low taxes
-superior morals- church, respectable
-real incomes increased 1851-71
Cheap imports and falling prices of industrial and manufacturiong goods
-stat to limit family size- social mobility
-moved south and west of cities to be out of smoke from city centre
Why middle class move
South and west
Out of city smoke from factories
Middle class women role
-didnt work- as showed man could provide
-shopping
-mrs beetos - book of household managaement
Education for middle class
More affluent would send children to grammer and public schools such s eton
Junior clerks numbers increased
As boom in industry meant each bfactory and business needed clerks
44,000 to 119,000
1851-1871
Number of domestic servants increased
750,000 to 1.2 mill
1851-71
Working class living standards
-healthcare- had to pay
-high infant mortlity- no healthcare and unhygenic conditions
-poor diet- meat luxury, bread and potatoes staple
-overcrowding
-poor working conditions
-no state support- pension, sick pay, unemployement
-working mens colleges set up
-workhouse- poor law
-seasonal workers- decresse unemployemehnt- london season dressmakers
-artisans workers threatened by increase industry
-north often better living conditions- moree industry, lower rents
-other means to suplement income- poachingm pension, prostitutuoon(2 pouds/week- 2x coalworker)
Poor working coditions examples
1860-97
Nealry 24,000 men die in mining accidents
204 miners trapped
Matchmaking- phosphoroous fumes wear away jaw and teeth
Working men’s colleges
Set up 1854
Lessons after work in science,latin, mechanics
Workhouses
1834 poor law
-blamed for being poor and so would be punished like prisoners- eg. Uniforms
-split up family-a s punisment for men not being aple yo provide
Cost of mp begore paid
Alisa Fortune estimates the
yearly costs of an MP were £500, with an election campaign costing between £1000 and £3000,
depending on how generous one is with their bribes
Why crystal palace glass
d disputes with bricklayers and woodworkers who the establishment deemed too
combative and too demanding to co-operate with. The establishment preferred the type of skilled
workers that steel and glasswork brought in from the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. T
Liberals known as
Vanguard of the working class breakfast table
Lower price staple foods
Free trade
Radicals beliefs
Urban reformers who believed in teh extension of the franchise, granting of civil liberties, supremacy of town over countryside
Self help
Samual smiles book
Gladstone supported- t is the duty of government to make it difficult for people to do wrong, easy to do right.”
Dividing factor for voting
before this, rather than being the division between the upper, middle and working classes, it was
the division between the Church of England (or the Anglican Church) of the Conservatives and the NonConformism (Baptism, Methodism etc.) of the Liberal Party. Predictably, religious differentiation was
largely geographical. The Anglican Church ruled in the countryside whereas in the towns NonConformism was more popular. The split was roughly 50/50, the 1851 census showing that 52% of
church goers on a Sunday were Anglican and 47% were Non-Conformist
Liberals sucess with reputation as free traders
Vanguard of the working class breakfast table
With peelites oppose corn laws
Lack fo willlingness to extend franchise
1854- russell reform bill- 2/4 attempts
Derby’s ministry irrlevant
Who who ministry
Palmerston forceful in russia
Alexander ii 1855 wanted to make peace to end the crimean war
Palmerston Ensured peace negotaions were delayed until sevastopol had been taken by allie
At congress of paris- a demilitarised black sea was achieved as palmerston had demanded
But wish for crimea to be returned to ottomans was not
Palmerston ministry toppled
1858 over conspiracy to murder biill
Make delony to plot in britain murder of someone else abroad
Bill failed on second reading and palemrston forced to resign
Liberals good for working class
Gladstone as chancellor under lord aberdeen
First budget 1853 abolished 123 duties and reduce 133
Reluctance of individ to reform
Lowe - introduction of working class to the electorate would lower the quality of parliament and british gob
Bagehot- there are no ideas among our ignorant poor
Attempt for women to have the bote
S Mill proposed an amendment for the female vote off the back of his essay The Subjection of Women
but it only received 73 votes in favour
Impact of plural voting
1867-84 7% of votes in boroughs made using plural votes
Bribery before secret ballot act
he 1868 election in Bradford, a Liberal candidate spent £7,200 hiring rooms and
buying drinks for supporters while his Conservative opponents spent £3,400 hiring 127 rooms. T
Press support impact
Daily telegraph and most of british press support gladstone
Stead - the daily telegraph founded the people,especially william
National reform union
1864
3y parliaments, secret ballot, equal franchises
Pressed universal manood suffrage
Divisions in liberals
Radicals- borough working class- a few o fthem working class themselves, joseph chamberlain
Whig- lord harrington
Gladstone a radical in public and a whig in private
Why did reform act 1867 please
Chamberlain
County and bourough franchise equal
Strog views on unearned privileges of the landed aristocracy
Reduction in powero f landlords
County councils act as count not dominate local area
Landowner deprived of a large sphere of ninfluence in local affairs
County councils run by justices of peace instead of
Amount of electoraet who could vote post 1867
27% pop
500,000 plural votes
