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7-British History > Interwar Period- Econ > Flashcards

Interwar Period- Econ Flashcards

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1
Q

End of war -coal

A

Mine oworkers believed that demand for coal would cont post war and profits would be good
Miners had hoped that gov would cont to help cont to help control and hoped for complete nationalisation
Sankey commission

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2
Q

No coal boom

A

Lack investment new tech- private businesses- old 18th and 19th out by axe- nationalisation may increase- high production costs
Former prewar british markets had started to choose other power sources such as electric and oil
Former customers had gone elsewhere during war for imports
Coal mine owners threatened to decreae min wages

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3
Q

Sankey commission

A

Industry should be natioonalisised
Lg ignored- look not for workers, for mine owners
Mine owners influential and powerful and wanted to avoid taking control of industry facing serious conflict
Looked siding with tories- esp in coalition

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4
Q

Samuel commission

A

1926
Royal commission headed by sir samuel recommended small wage cuts, not longer hours
Reccommendations not accpeted by miners or employers
Ty congress threatened a strike of key industry 4 may

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5
Q

Miners strike

A

1919
2.4 mill on strike
Lancashire
5,000 against price cut
S wales- 7000 men against increased hours

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6
Q

Black friday

A

1921
Threat of mine owners to impose pay cuts that increase working hours when coal miners were returned to private ownership 1921 mar- miners had to accept new conditions or lose jobs
Called on railwaymen and transport workers to join strike apr 1921- formed triple alliance
But railwaymen and transport workers felt not tried hard enough to negotiate, balck friday although miners cont with a bitter strike they were evnetially forced back after accept wag ecut
Destroyed triple alliance- created in 1914

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7
Q

Econ changes ww1

A

Need for state intervention
Free market would not be rleied upon to manage econ
Army needed men and munitions
New lkib started to change attitudes prior to war

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8
Q

Munitions ww1

A

1915 shell scandal- inefficiency- minister of munitions- lg controleld 20,000 munitions factory
250 shel factories built by state
Profits limited and prices kept down
New tech- electricity
Better standards health and safety
Led to nationalisation in other areas- such as pubs in munition producing areas closing early
Fund 2,000 mill to fund expansion production

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9
Q

Railways ww1

A

Quickly under state control
Highlighted inefficiencies
Not nationalised after war but did lead to structural changes
By 1921, only 4 railway comanies as opposed to 130 at start of war- inefficient to have lots

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10
Q

Shipping in ww1

A

Gb world leader- producing 60% of worlds ships 1909-13
1917- crisis, 4 mill tonnes of ship was struck by u boats- overcome by convoy system- battleships with emrchant ships, food shortage 1917- 6w still london starved
Lr- britain never recovered to pre waar dominance

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11
Q

Mining in war

A

Bought under gov control agfter stike in 1915
Price controlls introduced 1917 to ease supply
Coal mines remianed in private hands
Industrial relations remained poor- managers focused on profit
Hand out- no technical innovation

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12
Q

Rations- in ww1

A

Due to dependancy on imported food, shipping of fod by 1916
Ministery of food set up in 1916, subsidies were given to decrease bread prices, some voluntary practises- propaganda posters
Full rations 1918- can sugar, meat, butter, jam, margernine

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13
Q

Agriculture in ww1

A

Gov knew had to increase production duet to reliance on imported food
Cultuvation production act 1917 meant farms coul dbe forced to change land use, though rarely used- pasture to araable
Corn production act 1917 gave min price for grain and min wage agricultural labourers
Women land army provided extra labour
Due to tensions in con party, gov aaimed to persuade rather than fofrce
Daylight savings introduced

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14
Q

Gold standard

A

A monetary system by which paper money is backed by gold in the bank
Sets fixed price gold, buys and sells gold at that price

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15
Q

Why goldstandard introduced

A

Churchill as chancellor saw that return to gold standard would help econ to its pre war standards- as strong econ in 19th c

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16
Q

How gold standard introduced

A

Opted pre-war valuation, seen as 10% too high

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17
Q

problems with gold standard

A

Exports v expensive comp competition
Less borrowing for investment- high interest rates
Hit coal shipping, iron and steel- staple industres

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18
Q

Interest rates-gold standard

A

Had to be kept high to maintain gold standard
Without foreign money/gold deflation- increased incentive foriegn investment with high interest rates
Discouraged borrowing and preventing innovation in industry

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19
Q

Gold standard- avoid budget deficit

A

Which would destory confidence of foriegn investors
Gov limit on spending- old age pension and spending cut
1929- wall st crash and depression, unemployment increased benefits

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20
Q

Labour gold standard

A

1931- left
Banking crissi over
Macdonald abandon gold standard as had ruined econ
Recommended cut unemp by 10%, deficit threeaten another banking crisis
But lab wouldnt- work or maintenance
1931- lab split cabinet 11v9

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21
Q

General strikes date§

A

4-12 may

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22
Q

general strikes- gov sucess

A

Seemed to win- tuc called of the strike without achieving their objectives
Baldwin prepared for 9 months- subsidy
Oms- organisation for management of supplies- trained middle class volunteer strike breakers eg uni boys police, set up stores of food and fuel, women cooking
1927- trade disputes act, baned sympathy strike actions- so no repeat

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23
Q

General strike - gov failure

A

Return to gold standard 1925 major cause- depressed econ, made exports nmore expoensibe, increased unemp of 1920s worse
Tension increase samuel comm- siding with mine owners
State ignited when gov alled off talks with tuc 4 may
Gov striking armed repsonse unpop
Glasgow- fights w police
Army
Lab victory in 1929

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24
Q

General strikes- strikers won

A

Capable of organising
4 may 1.75 mill out on strike, transport on knees, cars flooded roads to make up for it, chaoes for 9 days
Labourers across british industry in tuc called to arms
King george v- sympathise dwith strikers- ‘try living on their wages before you judge them’
Coal sector boomed- as return to work, increaed later 30s reamamrment- production increased to 3000tonnes/month/man by 1939- cost high- unemp fell by third
Employwers reluctant to cut wages
Unions spring up new industries such as automative and electricity in late 1920s
Strikes discourage employment from cutting wages in future

25
Q

General strike- strikers failed

A

Didnt achieve aim
Baldwin pm- ‘general strike is a challenge for parliament and a road to anarhcy and ruin’
Roman catholic church = striking a sin- 9 may
12 may- tuc stike deal with mine owners and strike called off- admission had been beaten by gov, superior organisation and financial resources
Miners continued to strike for 6 months, eventually hunger drove back to work- accept longer hours, lower pay, decreased power of miners
Membership tuc fel 5.5mill 1920- 3.75mill 1925
Av no days lost to strikes fell- 1919-21- 2.1 mill, 1926-2.75mill, 1927-39- 300,000

26
Q

Wall st crash

A

Impact international trade decreased ipmorts
Loans recalled and trade with usa slumped
President hoover used high tarrifs- stop amecian consumers buying goods other nations- made non us goods expensive,d ecline in demand and profit
When america sneezes- the whole world catches a cold
Sped yp econ downturn

27
Q

Unemployment wall street crash

A

Rapid growth
6-15% 1929-32
Meant over 3 mill people couldnt buy consumer goods- less demand british goods, more businesses go bankrupt

28
Q

Import duties- depression

A

Usa after wall st crash
1929-32 exports halved
Decreased demand ships to transport goods, decreased steel and coal

29
Q

savings in depression

A

Even those in employment may be more careful with spending and investment due to econ uncertainty
More business struggle

30
Q

Staple industries in depreession

A

Us overtok on steel, ger on coal (saarlands), india cotton
Britain still using outdated labour intensive techniques- hand cut coal
Mid 1920s- us over half price uk coal per tonne
Steel making to an end in ebbw vale 1929- steelworks in dawlais closed 1930- resulting in 3000 unemployed

31
Q

How gov dealt with depression

A

Decrease interest rates
Means test 1931
Unemp at 1934
Left gold standard 1931
Import duties 1932
Special areas act 1935

32
Q

Decrease interest rates- details

A

Attempt and encourage to spend and invest
Decrease rates from 6.25 to 2% 1929-31

33
Q

Decrease interest rates- sucess

A

Investment incrase- fund construction boom in south
Increase spending- hire purchase cars and vaccum cleaner

34
Q

Decrease interest rates- failure

A

May not increase unemployment

35
Q

Means test 1931- details

A

Assess what you need

36
Q

means test sucess

A

Limited gov spending- balance budget gov not in deficit

37
Q

Means test 1931- failure

A

Waste of resources0 number of unemployed
Decrease consumer spending, made depression worse
Cut in consumer spending
Dole act 1931

38
Q

unemployment act 1934- details

A

Set up unemployment assistance boards- uab
Unemp benefit rate set national not local
Seperate doke from insurance payment

39
Q

Unemp act 1934- sucess

A

Reverse 10% cut
Uab less harsh and severe than officials ran public assessment comm
Uab set up training schemes programmes to help to move to another area to another area for work
More fair rates- national not local

40
Q

Unemp act 1934- failure

A

Many didnt want to move
Doesnt reflect cost living in area- politicians lack perspectie
Many didnt want to move

41
Q

Left gold standard details and sucess

A

Britian no longer backed by gold
Prices exports fall- esp in s and home counties

42
Q

Left gold standard failures

A

Did so too late
Shouldnt have gone in first place
Impact minimal as other countries left too

43
Q

Import duties details

A

1932
Aim protect heavy industry
Non-british goods more expensive
20% tarrifs but 33% for cars

44
Q

Import duties sucess

A

Protect new industry in s and home counties

45
Q

Import duties- failure

A

Decrease impact, decrease international market and made deppression worse
Exports hampered but empire xports increased didnt make much diff
Affected cargo shipping

46
Q

Special areas act- details

A

1935
Aimed to provide help to the worst hit areas

47
Q

Special areas act- sucess

A

Growth of 2mill£ to encourage companies to invest more in special areas

48
Q

Special areas act failures

A

By 1938 over £8mill spent- only 14900 jobs created
Many industrial areas did not qalify

49
Q

Did british suffer decade depression in 30s- regional- yes

A

Beveridge- found long term unemployment was found in areas of traditional industry- motor vehicle industry 20% 1932 whilst shipbuilding over x3
Jb priestly- 3 englands with depressed heavy industry- midlands and north- not being added to and has no new life paired into it
Merthyr tydfil removes 62% male pop unemployment in 1934
440,000 left wales 1921-38
Galiger 1903 cont epidemic of scarlet fever
Special areas act 1934- s wales, tyneside, scotland as areas of special employment requirmenet- sir stewart commisar- ‘generously speaking we have failed’
O’callaghan- two britains- one depressed old industry
O’morgan- in wales dpression, trad view, whole society crucified to mass unemployment

50
Q

Britain suffer decade depression in 1930s- unemployment-yes

A

Labour historian laybawm looks at human traditions of larger scale unemployment and waste of resources that lt seen- didnt need to be as bad as it was
Trad historians- ‘devils decade’, tune social deprication and mass unemployment
Wall st crash increased unemp 1-3mill 1929-32
Diff to determine extent of unemp in period as lots workers self employed, domestic servants outside of national insurance scheme until 1936- so not counted- may be worese
Contantine- lt unemployment rose- 1929 less than 5% out of work for more than a year, by 1933 risen to 16.4% before 1939 halved
Means test- lack of generosity and intrusiveness

51
Q

Britain suffer a decade of depression in 1930s- yes jarrow march

A

200 unemp men walked jarrow to hoc
Closure of palemers hsipyward left 72% unemp (compared to high wycome 3% in buckinghamshire)
10,000 unemp
Failed but raised national consciousness- led 1945 lab landslide
Gained weight on march as being fed- showed how deprived

52
Q

Britain did not suffer decade of depression in 1930s- regional

A

Se eng new light industries- chemicals, electrical, automobiles had been developed- home counties hampshire eg, 80% new factories set up here and 65% new jobs
S vibrant suburban and consumer culture
Miles of detached bungalos’ little garages (car ownership), periodicles about film stars, tennis raquets
New industry could recover faster eg motor vehicle unemp 20 to 4.8% 1932-1937, whilst shipbuidling 62.2-23.8
Orwell exaggerated in road to wigan pear of level of deprivation in nw england - pearce compared diaries to works and found stories didnt match
Glasgow went to pictures at least 1 per week- 80% unemp, or 40% in liverpool
Ajp taylor- new industry- ‘was the outstanding course of recovery in the thirties’
Neville chamberlian- recovered to 80% of prosperity

53
Q

Britain not suffer decade of depression- leisure activities

A

Classless open air activities such as cyling, hiking and rambling in 1930s, relatively prosperous for manyu- gov invested national parks
Holiday with pay act 1938 entitled workers to take an annual laid holiday common plae to do so- butlins in 1937 skegness for working class
1938 44% wages on food from 76% in 1914- som more spend on consumer durables
1 bill cinema tickets sold in 1938
20 mill people enjjoy seaside holiday
Gambling popular
Prestatin for middle class holiday camp
1930s golden age of cinema
Houses nicer so spend more time inside with familyu

54
Q

Britian did not suffer depression- lifestyles

A

Family size fell, more money- married women 1880s 4.8 now 2.14 in 1920s
Knwolegde contraception, children no longer financial assets, 3 bed houses, teddy bears, less children dying
Hire purchase scheme- boost car ownership
Prices down in depression- meant more money for workers- vaccum cleaners conmmonpace, 1200% increase homes with electricity
Stevenson and cook increased living standards shown as limited extremism polictially
Middle class prosperity with increase bbc licenced 36,000 to 8.97 mill 1922-1939- national consciousness
Mass production of cars made more affordable
National diet imporved- free school milk in 1934, high propertion of army volunteers judged fit to fight in 1939 than in 1914

55
Q

During war changes made to regulations

A

Waiving tu regulations for which many unions esp engineers hd struggled so long and so hard
Strikes forbidden by law

56
Q

Preparedness general sytrike coal

A

1926 had enough coal above ground last year

57
Q

Keynes opinion on churchil

A

The economic consequences of mr churchill - attack on him
Ignorant of econ in technical sense
Patriotism superceded good negotirations and decision making

58
Q

Twe did econ policy of british gov change in years 1914-39

A

Unemp
Nationalisation/gov intervention in war
Land fit for heroes

7-British History (18 decks)

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