Challenges To The Status Quo 1886-1914- Society And Politics Flashcards
Voting sucess for liberals
1900- 44% - 184mps
1906- 49% - 400mps
Voting loss conservative
1900 51.1% 402mps (w support 68 lib unionists-against hr)
1906 43.6% 156mps
Labour sucess
1900 1.8% 2mps
1906 5.9% 30mps
Why lberals more sucessful despite not significant increase in percentage support
-fptp
-higher overall turnout
1906 election in ireland
Conservatives amd unionists more seats than liberals
And took all 9 university setats too
Wales 1906 results
Liberals 32 seats
Conservatives none- despite only just over half going to liberals
Scotland 1906
58/78 seats liberals
Extent of liberal landslide- geographic
-won traditional rural seats
-significant gains in south and east
-even won lancashhire- traditionally conservativ
-balfour lost own manchester east constituency
Lloyd george descriptoin of balfour
‘More a mannerism than a man’
Impact of education act 1902 on non-conformists
Chamberlain
‘Active instead of merely passive opponents’
Stat to show how education act 1902 changed conservative support
1900-1902 9/10 by elections won by conservatives
After failed
Why liberals so successful in wales 1906
Anti-education act most intense there
Tariff reform - impact within conservatives
1903- chamberelian- outline ddebate- ‘imperial preference
-perhaps a third were in favour in conservatives
-sept 1903- joe resigned from gov, as did several free traders- spread message to country
Balfour concerned about party quote
Sep 1905
Chief whip told him that the party machine was ‘sadly in need of repair’
Quote about how free trade unified liberals
‘Ideal party adhesive’ (pearce)
Newspaper support in 1906
Fewer supported conservatives than in 1900 but still more than of liberals
Asquith quote predicting liberal landslide
May 1903
Supposedly said to wife
‘It is only a question when we shall sweep the country’
How man nonconformusts in britain
4mill 1906
600,000 had vote
Hpw many catholics in england who could vote 1906
200,000
Tend to vote liberal
Why may jews vote liebral
Protest gov aliens act 1905
Why may trade unionists vote liberal
Taff vale judgement
Cartoon against tariff reform
Taxation would ‘flattening him out’ him being the working class- ‘larger share upon the masses’ ‘broadening the basis of taxation’
‘Tory rat’ ‘nibbling at the big loaf’ ‘in the poor man’s cupboard’ to make it a little loaf
How many in conc camps boer war
26,000 died
Mostly women and children
200,000 women and children died generally
By 1902- boer war
Less of a success
Kipling- ‘no end of a lesson for britain’
How many recruits were malnutritioned boer war
40%
Narrow chest
Stunted groth
Chamberlain quote on home ruke
‘Absolutelt opposed to such a policy’
Felt that it had drawn the partys attention away from urgently needed social reform
Liberal attempt to win back defectors
1887 round table conference
Liberal unionists
Split from liberals with own whips and organisation
60-80 mps
Home rule
Liberals who joined conservatives
Chamberlian
Colonial secretary 1895-1903
Trend followed by other upper middle class businessmen
Liberal decision to try to gain support when conservatives in power 1890s
With ‘speaker’ party mouthpeace- oppose everything that conservatives say
Distinguish between ‘the party of progress and the party of reaction’
Alternative approach to gaining support when conservatives in power 1890s
Haldane
Preferred a period of consolidation and regrouping
Until ‘the ground is cleared of the rubbih which covers it’
Roseberry attitude to gaining more support 1890s
Need single issue to unite
After anti-imperialist and removing glastonians
Dual vote for conservative support
7% of electorate had dual vote- where worked and lived
Defected from liberals
How many seats did conservatives loose in 1907
201
Quote for impact of tariff reform splitting party
‘This split the conservative party as fundamentally as home rule had split the liberals’
Impact of education act 1902
‘Stirring the hornets’ nest of nonconformist opinion’
Free trade side of liberals how helped to appeal working class- quote
‘Focus on a fundamental bread and butter issue which was bound to attract more working-class votes’
Was the liberal party dead or alive in 1914- diff perspectives
Liberals died 1910-1914
Healthy liberal party knocked out y ww1
More balanced interpretation
Liberals died 1910-1914- historian approach
Dangerfield
‘The strange death of liberal england’ 19335
Argued liberals couldnt handle agitation by ty, suffragettes and diff groups in ireland
Died ‘from disillusion over the inefficacy of the word ‘reform’’
Healthy liberal party knocked out by ww1- historian perspectie
Rjected danngeerfields view-wilson- ‘the downfall of the liebral party 1914-35’
Tu, labour, suffragettes- symptoms of illness
But ‘involved in an encounter w a rampant omnibus (ww1)’ ‘never to rise again’
More balanced approach to liberal decline- historian approach
Lemieux- 19965
Iin 1914- ‘cannot. Be gven a clean billl of health; many worrying signs were there’
Worst of unon militancy over
Suffragettes attracted publically but not threat
Hol tamed b6y parliament act
Labour party initial sucess
29 labour mps in 190066 due to lib lab pact, gained experience in parliament, liberals 397 mps, massive majority
Trade disputes act 1907660- based on labour party billl- meant tu peacefully picket without fear legla avyion draining their finances- proving more viable act
Miners federation of gb (mfgb)) affiliated to labour party
12 sponsored mps
Amalgamation of regional mnors union founded in 1888- hghly involved ndustrial action
Featherstone 1893, tonypandy 1910
Membershp over half mill
1911- helped labour- mps paid- no evidence as next election mid war 1915
Labour party decline in support
Ideological closeness of labour to liberals ‘tsole the labour party clothes’0- new ‘social democratic’ appeal
Labour managed to influence iwth workmens compensation act
Acts regarding school meals and medical inspections but input limited to mnor amndments
12 by-elections 1910-1914- failed to win ovver, lost 3 to liberals
Osborune judgement 1909- couldnt be dunded by tu- lost 8 seats n by elections and in 2 1910 elections
Labour lack of progress nationally
Came 3rd in contest with lib and con- relied on lib lab pact- no recognisable politicians
Even lacked in mining regions- between lib and lab most vote lib
progress locally- labour
Local councils- gained more each year up to 1914
91 councils in 19066 and 171 in 1913
Local support in lancasihre and yorkshire- 90 constituencies with working class majority
Signs that labour may be a threat in future 1914
Tu movement ncrease 2.660-4.1 mil 1910-14, 1.66mill union members affiliated to labour
Socilaist hstorians eg, pelling claim problems created by unon vilence show liberals out of sympathy wth working class- so demand labour
Mfgb affiliated- coal mining comm many now could vote
Under 1913 ty act- unions which wanted to raise funds for political partes hold ballot on this - overall members vote almsoot 300k to 125- win for
Judgement of threat of labour party 1910-14
1910-1914- not a serious threat0 lib still powerful and entreched
Aftter 1914 more so- tu act 1913- funds political party, mps now paid
19066 trade disputes act
Reveersed taff vale judgement
No case could be bought against a union for damages caused by strike action and making peaceful picketing legal
Tu strong legal position looking forward
Osbourne judgement 1909
Tu couldnt fund political parties
Lab mps not afford to take seats without funding by strong tu
1911 parliament act
Mps now paid
1913 tu act
Reversed osbourne judgement- tu had to vote to fund
1914- increase indusrial action
Great unrest
1910- 3 people killed miners strike s wales- police shot nto crowds- disputes over payment for miners
1911- 1 killed tonypandy
Liverpool- shot 2 dea
June 1911- seamons union went on strike and doctors and railways came out n sympathy
Why did the great unrest take place
Economy thriving and unemployment low- workers could agree to better wages
Tu members increase to 4 mill- more powerful
Russian rev 19065- class warfare, fighting against dictatorship, inspired chage
Trade disputes act- strike without fear of picketing
‘Sympathy strikes’ frequently employed- triple alliance of railwaymen, miners and transport worker foormed to give mutual sipport during strike action
How far syndicalsm threat to status quo
Offshoot socialism— unions run country, overthorw capitalism- status quo
Popular in europe- esp france
But not a considerable threat
People strike for economic not poliitcial reasons
Lack revzeal- germany france spain
Labour party against- macdonald claimed ‘the impatient, frenzied, thoughtless child of poverty dsappointment and responsibility’
How well was the great unrest adressed - yes
National insurance act 1911- health uneemployment
Miners given min wage
Lloyed george from wales- understood more about ordinary poeple
No rev- sundicalism didnst catch on
How well liberals respond to great unrest- badly
Heavy handedness
How much tu threat 1910-1914 to liberals
Moderate threat
Heavy handedness
Legislation
Security of gov
Heavy handedness- how much tu threat to liberals- yes
Gov brutal and illiberal over fatalities in tonypandy and liverpool
So called ‘workers rebellion’ of 1910-1914 another area for whch lib gov recieve criticism over as reaction
How much tu threat to liberals 1910-1914- heavy handedness- not
1912- lloyd george used threat of egrmands to offset potential strike
Lg effective mediator between employees and unions and often managed to avert strikes on national level
Legislation- tu threat to liberals- yes
Gov shouldve acted more swiftly to reverse osbourne judgement
Donald reid claims that ‘the gov had pushed an unemployment policy but had not atttempted to follow an overall labour policy’
Legislation- tu threat to liberals- not
Ni act 1011- aliviated worst effects unemployment
Min wage and limit hours
Introduced mechanisms to settle disputes such as industrial council and arbitration
Security of gov- tu threat to liberals- yes
Fears of syndicalism and general strike to bring down gov
The times described national miners strike as ‘the gretaest national catastrophe since the spanish armarda’
Security of gov- tu threat to liberals- not
Syndicalism threats dd not happen
Vast majority of strikes over economic rather than polictial issues
Arguments that women SHOULD have the vote
Women contribute more to society0- femal doctors cant but male drunkards could- illogical discrimination
Already pay taxes and rates but cant bvote
More likely. To get qual pay, politicians have to listen to their electerate- lookig at women who were opressed
Women should NOT have the vote
Too emotional
Too radical- ‘let the. Babies bote’ from gentlemans journal
Hgoes against nature, women disigned to have childen
Vote could lead to demand more- job when cant do the housework
Women are ignorant
Liberals concerned as women can by nature and not labour- male working calss
Suffragist
1897-
Fawcett- nuwss
United many women organisations
Democratic organisation
Men could join
Methods- lecture, write, organise more petitions, poster, leaflets
Suffragette
1903
Emmeline pankhurst and christabel and sylvia
Wspu
Branches all over country leaders not elected, dictated by pankhurst, men not allowed to join
Methods of suffragettes
Impatient wth peaceful methods ‘deeds not words’
1905 christable p and annie kennedy attend liberal party meeting shout - ‘willl the liberal gov. Giv women the vote
Police tried to remove them- christabel spat tin their face, chose prison over fine- publicity
Chain to buckingham palace railings
Attack property- toffee hammers
Lloyd george house bombed
Suffraggettes helped granting of female vote
At first many newspapers support- daily male- ‘no class have ever got the vote except at the risk of something like revolution’
Suffragettes convinced that violence helped the cause- ‘the arguemnnt of the broken pane of glass is the nmost valueable arguemnt in modern politcis’ pankhurst 1911
Presented as heros retrospectively- sufragette movement developed nto a tremendous force’- boyd
Suffragettes hinder granting of female vote
Damage causeed annoyance- ‘unwomanly tactics like heckling and pestering politicians’ ‘had alienated the more cautious sympathetics’- atkinson- historian
‘Nothng could indicate more plainly their lack of fitness to be entrusted with the exercise of political power’ mroning post 1912- hight of window breakiing campaign
‘Havent the suffragettes the sense to see that the worst way’ ‘is to’ ‘intimidate a man into giving them what he would gladly give otherwise- lloyd george 1912
How well did the lib party deal with suffraggettes
Tactics sucessful
Public opnion
Lib sucess/actions
Tactics suffraggettes- lib party sucessful in dealing with
Incrase suffragette militancy after 1910 signo f their desperation rather than sucess
Butler mlitant suffragettes ‘over reached’ themselves, raised fears of what may happen if women were gievn the vote
Suffragettes dealt with by lib- no- tactics suff
L1913 saw emily davidson die at derby
Arson attempt on post bozes, houses of politicains such as lloyd george
Public opinion- lib party deal wth suffraggets- yes
Pankhurst forced to flee country and contnue campaign from france
Defeat in 1923 of labour politican- lansbury by unionist anti-suffragette
Bow and brimley by election, stood on pro-suffragette ticket suggests not supported
Pubic opinion- not- dealt well with suffragetes
Force feeding of female politicaal prisoners who attempt hunger strikes destroy reputation of gov
Treatment of sufrfagettes often burtal and harsh- infamous cat and mouse act
Surely liberals active supporters of campaigns- political reform, mass of ndividuuals , attain injustifces
Lib sucess/actions- deal with suffragettes
By 1914- lib weathered storm of suffragette campagn
Most con eg. Lord curzon opposed women suffrage, illusion liberals not on a limb n terms of their stance and hd backing of parliament as a whole
Lib success/actions- lib party with suffragettes- no
Lab discredited in their refusal to grant women the vote before 1912
Leading lb feared concilliation billls gave rise to new breed of future con voters- gov backed out of conciliation bill 1912 as suffragette villnece increased
Factors which attributed to conservative domnance 1886-19065
Wom 3/4 ge
Dvisions within liberla party
Middle class support
Attitudes towards imperialism
Improved conservative party organisation
How divisions withn lib party attributed to con dominance 18866-190005
Over hr- gladstone convert to hr
Strateing point for ‘conservative ascendancy’
Split was shattering- defection of liberal unions strengthen position in parliament- eg churchill, moderate whigs and radicals left
Diff groups with diff ideas0 temperance00 unpopular undeer electorate- attempting to wn over non conformsts
Empiire- boer war- split 3 ways, pro, no, abstain
Miiddle class support- conservative dominance 1886-19065
Moving gradually to conservatives- party ‘ressted’ too much change
‘Villa tores’ 3rd reform act- redistribution
18665- no sonervatve for london boroughs
1900- 67/75 london seatss tory
Attitudes towards imperialism- how contribuetd to conservative dominance 18866-19056
Slum toryism
Liberals no conservatives- boer war
Conservatibves trumpeted ‘age of imperliasm’- patritoic party- popular sentiiment, pride in nation
In recession- income from empire needed
1900 election- conservative huge majority
Success in boer war- khaki election, vctory over majekins 1900, battle of ordum
Name uuionsit, oppose breaking up of empire
Improvements in conservative party organisation
Under control richard middleton- advice on tming of election
Increased constituency agents and organised on regional basis- in half of constituencies
Revamped national union- effective propaganda tool- conference but no power- party leaders not expected to follow rresolutons
Primros lagal structure- 19000 membership in millions more than tu combned
Aim to spread political messages and mobailise a workforce rep of local people. Organised social propoaganda,
Wealth to afford- prosperity,(given peerages)), donatiions
Conservatiive social reform- how help win 18866-1905
Sailsbury limited no of reforms- better than liberals
Liberals became a one issue party- hr- little appeal to working middle classes
Abolish schhool fees 1891- free education act
Election leaflet listed
What the conservatives have done for the british people’
1897- workmens compensation act
1902 education act
1888 creation of frst county councils
Role of lord sailsbury- how help conservative dominance 18866-19065
Combine role of pm and foreign secretary
Imperialist party, rhodesia, europe power over afriican territories
Well loved
Chamberlain in cabinet
Frst party leader n hol to abandon the tradition that peers didnt take part in ge campaign
Con social policy 18866-1905 - housing
The housng of the working class 1890
Extention of working class dwelling act 1885
Some authorty to local authorties to purchase slum areas and buld better quality housing
General imporvement in quality houses- running water and outsider toilet, less overcrowding according to census
Con social policy 18866-19065- health
Public health act 1891
Allowed nusnacnes to be removed which cause diseases- foul sewage, driet, dangerous buildings
Overcroding limited-
Qualifications needed public health oofficials
Working conditions- con social policy 18866-1905
Factory and workshop act 1891
Consoludation of factores act in past
Under 11 not to work
Max 12h/day for women
Allotment and small holdings act
1887 1892
Gave labourers plot of land to make own living
Education- social pollicy 188660-1905
Public libraries act 1892- con pre gldstone
Loca lbodies set up public libraries
Meaning widespread free acess to newspapers, reading materieal- many families could not afford
Increased literacy rates
Education act 1902- balfour
Established state responsibiility for secondary education
140 local education authorty- could gaurentee new s schools
Robert morant came up with this
Local gov refomr- con social policy 18866-1905
Local gov act 1888
New county councls
London own country
Raise rates, maintain roads
Amalgimation society of engineers
1851 formed
Mprove pay and conditions within existing social and economic system thorugh negotiation with employers
New model unions
18665
Skilled workers of carpenter, shoemakers, miners- inspired by ase
Pressure political change- long term case 18667 reform act
Trade union congress formed
1868
United- more power- only sklled workers
Harder to fire as skilled- use as bargaining chip
Trade union act 1871
Recognise as legal bodies and right to strike
Criminal law amendment act
1871
Picketing made illegal
Impossible to strike
Growth of new unionism
1880s
Unskilled workers joining trade union
Militaristic approach- striking first option
Sucessful strikes
Bryant and may match girl strike
Gas workers union strike
Dockers stirke
May day demonstration- 8hr day- 1890
Bryant and may match girls strike
1888
Match girls- east london
Poor condtions and deangerous- dip sticks into yellow phosphorous- wear away jaw
Reemployed after strikes, paid more and meals sepreate place to phopsohrous- improve safety
Gas workers union strike
1889
Acheved 8hr day
Metropolitan gas company quickly agreed
Dockers strike
1889
West iindia dock worers
Irregular and poorly paid work
Depression- rates cut- demand 66d/day
Strikek 5 weeks- eventually employers gave in
Why strikers. Less ucessful after 18900s
Blackleg labour from 1893- national free labour association
Lyons v wilkins
Precdet for anti picketing
18966
Why did new unionism develop lateer 1800s
Economic changes
Spread of socialism
Failure of new model unions
Gov legislation
New unionism develop- ecoomiic changes
Increase real wages, decrease cost bread, afford to join unions- union fees
Great deppression 1872-966- decrease prices
Employers vulnerable - steady emigration- improve bargaining power of those left behind
Spread of socialism- new unionsim develop later
Daas capital- marx english translation
Sdf and dabian society promoto socilaist ideas
New union leaders- ben tillet and wiill thorn0- promote use of strike action to account imporved conditions for working class
1905- french socialist— george and sorel publsh- ‘reflections on violence’
Focus on revolutionary society by trade unions- class war- syndicalism- labour party condermned- not socialst revolutionary
Failure of new model unions- new unonsm develp
Protection of own positions- ddnt identify with mass unskilled workers- as skilled workers have greater power- dont want to be diluted
Agriculture and domestic servants- bbiggest workers scattered, not attracted to new mordel unions, exclusive and nward looking
No commitment to a particular industry- lack education
No cash to support union funds
Too exclusive
Urbanism and spread of machinery
Enlarged class sentiment- less ga p between aristocracy of labour
Mass of workers and workforce
Ideas spread faster
More prepared to stand up to employers and fight for better pay
Gov legislation- new unioniism develop later
Extention oof franchise 18667 and 188400 workers now self confident and interests in politcial metatters
Repeal of 1875 claa allowing picketing peacefully- more confidence
Employers and workment\s act- prevent prson sentences given to emplyees who broke contracts
Llocal gov act 1894- liberal
Organised counties into more manageable unites
Smaller rural comm- parish councils
Women could vote on
Origins and development of labour party up to 190066
1893- independant labour party formed- independant not with liebrals
1892- hardie elected mp- indpendant labour candidate for west ham
1893- conference at bradford- kier hardie, other trade unions, socialist leaders
Ilp not socialist , aim ‘to secure the collective’
1900- labour rep comm formed- meet memory hall, farringdon st, london, hardie ilp
‘A distinct labour group in palirament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policies’
19066- 29 labour mps elected
Labour socialist n origin- yes
Sdf and fabien society first attempted organised groups to promote the socilaist ideal- part of ilo- followed teaching sof marx and engels
Newspaper ‘jdustice’ printed sdf views- popilar london and lancashire- compulsory education, more can read, more skilled workers
Fabien society aimed to promote peacfful, gradial change leading to socialiism
Ilp reflects aim of soiiclaism trhough commitment to ‘secure the collective and communial ownership of all the means of production, distribution and exchange’ clause 4- commitment to public ownership at heart ilp, until 1997- permenant plegde labour party
Labour socialist in origin -no
Labour party called ‘labour’ rather than ‘socialist’ didnt want ot seem ike trying to overthrow
Membership of sdf never more than 12,000
‘Its real legacy was preparng the way for a communist party of great britian’ pearce abd stewart
Fabiens prefernece for ‘permeation’ of other institutions rather than forming a political party of their own
Trade unions as origins of labour partyy
Ernest bevin ‘labour party was born out of the bowels of the tuc’- tuc skilled labourers not socialism
1884- sdf and fabien society- membership 2000 whislt tu 75k
Demand for poltical rep from inside unions greater than that of socialist groups
Tu adopt prgamatic apporach- 8hr day and more welfare refomrs
Trade unions present at bradford conference- ilp formation
Socialist and tu worked together- new unionist leaders- will thorne and be tillet00-member sdf
Both ty movement and socialist societies coop to form ilp
Once ilp formed, sdf and fabiens refused to affiliatee
Dees financed to support mps libing
Lrc- labour rep comm
Formed after lyons and wilkins deciison- picketing not allowed- political action
Lrc aims to rep the interest of labour by imporving workers conditions, bring about reversal of taff vale and social welfare legislation
Compared to origional definitions of socialist- lrc was not
Composed of 7 tu, 2 ilp, 2 sdf, 1 fabien
Taff vale judgemnt
Turning point
After membership increased from 350k to 8661k by end 19002- embership overwhelmingly ty
Socialist doctrine made- increased populatarity due to reactions of tu6
Importance liberal patrty with formation of labour party
Some argue labour emerged from labour party
Lib lab pact part hol some time before 19066
Many leladers in labour converted from liberals eg. Macdonald
19066 lib lalb pact- lab 50 candidates, 30 unoposed by liberals
29/30 liberal
Tariff reform
1903- joseph chamberlain speech in favour tarff refomr
‘Proetction’ took political issue
Man proponents- developed in later speeches
Taxes- tarffs)) should be charged on foreign imports
Taxes not on goods from britihs clonies- imperial preference
Treaties must be negotiated with foreign ncountries to lower taxes on goods if they refduce tariffs on british imports
Taxes already levied on some imported goods- tea, sugar, coffee, bring in moeny for gov- promsed that. These taxes lowered to compensate for duties on other food stuffs- but coffee not consumed by working class
Chamberlian resigned from cabinet- so could take messgae to country- balfour develioped compormised version of chamberlians porposals to official party line
Balfour apporach to tariff refomr
Retaliation
Double election pledge
Retaliation- balfour apprach to tarrif reform
Gov should threaten to introduce taxes on production some countreis which taxed britihs goods
Try to get commercial treaties which would lower foreign duties
Double election pledge- tariff refomr
If conservatives won next ge
Hold colonial conference to work at imperial preference schme- not introudced unless got public approval for the schem at another ge
Splts in con party over tariff refom
Whole hoggers- tarrif reform
Free fooders- against tariff reform
Balfourites- middle ground
Hughligans- free traders- organised by lord hugh cecl
losses to con party over tariff reform
Winston churchill to liberals
Many of ‘liberal unonist’ groups opposed to chamberlian proposals
Lord hartingdon- duke of devonshire- resign oct 1903
Leading liberal free trader- underlined deeper crisis
Chamberlain speech on tariff refomr
Gained majority support from conderence
Tarrif refomr league set up to support his views
Challenge by smaller unionsit free food legaue- splilt many local con associations
Arguments for tariff refomr
Germany and usa hahd those tarffs creating negoting powers
Uphold british empire- free trade within, raw materials sold cheaply and manufactured goods old back, closer relationships with future wars
Protest british industry and bosting domestic industry- create employement power- without gb industry decline as cheaper german and usa products
Help british farmers- boost to self sufficient at a time when worsening scenario
Taxes could be used to fund social benefits esp old age pensions
Decline in indusrial violence- tend to emigration
Against tarrif reofmr
Imports become expensive
Food esp- staple diet wheat
Increase price- big v little loaf debate, politics knife and fork issue
Would empliyers beneift in passing on benefits to workers
Canadian corn and nx could enter gb- due to imperial prefernece- gb farming unliciley to receed
Less choice- canned meat imported, health implications
Colonies- should uphold- autrocties of boer war, spending on old age pensions or boer war- military
Why did the liberals win 19066 election
Tariff reform
Chinese slavery
Education act 19002
Taff vale judgement
Gladstone- macdonald pact
Campbell-bannerman lib leader
Electoral system boer war revelations
Tarrif reform- how helped liberals
Lib propaganda- criticise con
Lib offer big loaf, c portrayed as greedy rat in poor mans cupboard
Divided c- whole hoggers, free fooders, balfourite, hughligans- churchilll deafeated liberals as increased resigniions
United liberals against tarrif reform
Chinese slavery
After boer war- gb rebuild sa so use chinese workers for gold miiners- cheap labour, terrible conditions in labour camps
Chinese slavery- how helped liberals
Moral criticism of labour camps0- lack of compassion
Jobs could be given to white emigrants- labour shortage in gbb
Fear chinese labour could be used in gb- hostile labour crisis- esp eiht taff vale
‘The conservatives cant talk of class war: they started it’ eliminating the effect of workmenss compensation acto r progressive legislation
Education act 1902
Extneded education provsion to secondary schoools
Schurch schools to recieve fincinaial support from rates for teachers pay- anglican and catholic church provide building
how education act helped liberals
Non anglican outraged- rome on the roots
Had hoped church schools would lose support instead of being strengthened
Gladstone/macdonald pact- how helped liberals
Lib lab papct
Ensured that voete not split
29 labour seast 1902
Electoral system- how helped lib 1906
Got majority in right places
Landlside victory
Without fptp not landslide election
Campbell bannerman lib leader
‘Britains first and only radical pm
Believer of free trade, irish hr, improve social conditions
Campbell bannerman- how helped liberals
Helped to unify liberals
Opposed education act 1902- non conformist
Conservative party tarrif reform- opposse
Poverty huge problems- social reforms appeased
Roundrtree0- 30% yorj, issue boer war, stunted growth and small chested- malnourished
Criticise british ‘methods of barbarism’ in boer war and ‘chinese slavery’
Us journalist put his straightforwardness as ‘a lesson to shuffling politicians the world over’
Boer war revelations- how helped liebrals
Con to blame0- morality of holding up empire
Victory revealed autrocities- emily hobhouse
Women and children in conc camps expensive
Peoples budget
Increase income tax on rich- supertax on income over 5k, only affecting about 10k peple
Decrease iincome tax on those with children
Increase estate duty and other death duties
Start land valuation- if sell pay 20% of profits made on land0- selling price-bought prce
Increase tax on alcohol and tobacoo- spirits tax increase 35%
Increase cost of pub licences
Response to peoples budget
Aristocracy attacked0- supertax and land tax- hol conservative
Hol rejected budget, denounce as agaunst christians and civilisation
Mr balfours poodles- hol in 10900s0
Lords selective about which bill passed when liberals in power
Education bill 1906, licensing bill 19066, 19009 budget offend wealthy landowners
Why were two elections called in 1910
Hol stood in way of taxation- liebrals argue that reform of hol needed- flood with liberal peers
Dreadnaughts and other social reforms meant wealthy pay more
Inheretince peers- self interested dont want
Edward 7th said 2 elections
1st for budget to be passed
2nd to create liberal peers- asquith wanted 400-500
Result of 2 x 1910 electtions
Jan- lib 274, con 272, labour 400, irish national 82- balance of poower
Dec- 272 lib, 272 con, 84 irish nationals0-balance of power, 42 labour
Terms parliament act 1911
0hol delay not veto bills- 2years
Mps paid
Cant interefere with moeny bills
Did liberals win from constitutionla crisis- yes
Budget passed- increase income from tax
Eager to pas future legislation- hr
Gave mps saleries- more middle class and working class
Parliament act passed
Still held power by 1910
Lib increased support esp working class
Could afford welfare
Did liberals win from constitutional crisis
Didnst pack lords with liberal peers
Still not democratic lords
Lost majority- irish nationals helf balance of power
Labour better chance
Seen as socialist to lords and wealthy
British post 1911- democratic
Mp salery- financially viable for working class
Commons more power as elected body
All men could vote- inc wokring class
Election every 5y not 7y
Secret ballot
Labour power- working class
Library act- increase literacy
Not democratic- post parliament act
Unelected hol
Domestic servants cant vote
12 month residency qualification
No women can vote- suffragettes, suffragists
Why did the liebral gov pass social reforms 190066-19140
Political
Economic
Social
Political reasons liberal social reform 1906-1914
Rise of socialism- lib saw reform as way of fighting socialism, labour threat- policies pensions, education, unemployment benefits, small party 19066-29 seats
Political rvalry- lib main threat con party- started to introduce some of own reforms in 1905, libs hoped could establish themselves as part of working classes,
Churchill- had seen leading conservative, switched after 1906 to liberals- claimed impressed of porgramme of reform, influenced by research of booth and rowntre
Critics argue didnt want to be part of opp
Economic reasons why lib gov pass social reform 1906-1914
Industrial decline- from 1870, britain status as world leading industrial power challenged usa and germany, 1900 overtaken
Germany introduced welfare reofmrs0- accident ta work scheme- rapid development linked to healthier better more educatied and efficient workforce
Charles booth
Studied poor of london
25% lived in poverty, 85% of these poor due to unemployment and low wages- not their fault
Social reasons why liberal gov passed social reform
William booth- leader of salvation army, argued not fault poor are poor
Described poverty and poor in 3 circles- largest contained the honest poor- the starving and homeless
Lloyd george- had risen to chancellor by 19008
His family cane from background of peverty in wales- sympatheetic and friend of rowntree
Boer war 1899-1902, britain at war to defend its territory in sa
Half of recruits who volunteered found unfit ffor service due to ill health, stunted growth and small chested
Gov set up comm on phsyical deterioration to invstigatee this- recomemendations influenced liberal programme of reform
Rowntree
1901 published ‘poverty: a study of town life’
Poverty generally not result of alziness or careless with moeny
York 27^% lived below poverty line
Argued gov shold introduce measures to protect v young, old, ill and unemployed
New liberalism
Developed th green
Active memebr lib party
Emphasisesd role of community- taxation
Liberal party overcame how to attract working class suprot
Who were the new liberals
Herbert asquith- taught th green- oxford
Chancellor lloyd george- develop practical schemes to increase welfare
Churchil0- influence policy from 190008 as president of board of trae
New liberalism v socialism
Step up, happy life
Enable people to make their own happiness
Equal opportunities= positive freedom
Socialism focused complete equality for all thhrough state conrtol and ownership
Churchill quote on labour exchanges
‘The honor of introducing them into england would be itself a rich reward
Churchill quote on school meals 1900
‘Thousands of children grew up not nourished sufficiently to make them effective citizens’
Churchill quote on poverty line
‘We will draw a line under which will not llow persons to live and labour
Policies to focus on the old 1906-1914
Old age pensions act 19008
Person over 70 with no other source of income could recieve 65 shillings per week
Non contributory no need to pay in
From gov not local rates
Well recieved ‘lord george
Chancellro
Decrease workhouse, relaiance on charity and familu
650,000 people collect pensions
Decrease outdoor relief by 80k people
Old age pensions act bad
V expensive
Inadequate for many- gov assumed people had saved when worked- but many unable to if under poverty line
Excluded if didnt have birth certificate, not worked hard enough or not lived in gb for 20y
How far did liberals create a welfare state after 1906
Shift laissez fair to some state intervention
Layed foundations for welfare state
Definition- universal, adequate, cental control
Cradle to grave
Children workers old people
Children- create welfare state- yes- 1906
Before- no real system- support from charities, banardoes- orphans
Free school meals 19066
14 mil provided by 1914
School medical inspections
Children and young persons act
Children- no welfare state
Largely permissive
Free school meals varied local authorities
Limited
Didnt tackle causes poverty- children and young persons act-
Old persons- liberals create welfare state- yes
Before charities family workhouses
Non contributory pensions
Reduced reliance on famileis anc charities
Central control- not local rates
Old people- welfare state after 1906- no
Inadequate for many- no savings
Excludable if not live 20y in country, not work hard, had to be over 70, need birth certificates
Workers- welfare state after 1906
Before charity family workers, outdoor relief
Central control- labour exchanges
National insurance pt 1 and 2 1911
Workers no welfare state post 19066
Inadequate and not universal
Labour exchanges not compulsory
Cap on length of health insurance
Only certain trades- skilled- national insurance applied for
Often not enough money as no provisions for rest of family
V expensive if living on or below poverty line
Social change 1886-1914 - trade unions-
Beneficial
Many strikes sucessful, high profile, sympathy sstrikes
Employwers take btteer care of employees- benefit
Influencing society to think workers should have rights- fair wages, decent working standards
Not
Taff vale judgement- compensation to employwer
Expansion of unions- ideas of socialism and synicalism- affect intellectual climate- what people are thinking and concerned about
Syndicalsim- social change beneficial or not 18866-1914
Littel appeal to tu and labour party
Struggle gaining any traction
More conservative- limited change- britian not revolutionary like france
Caught on more in europe- france
Issue of womens emancipation - change beneficial or not yes
1880s married womens property act- more equal rights and more independant, more drastic, start to enforce, no place in national politics
Could vote local council elections 1888
Greater access to educationa nd more swiftly trained workers- uni- some medicine- male presence
Woomen teach as long as unmarried
Qualification of womens act 1907- womens right to be elected into local councils and have position of mayor
1910 asquith- free vote on female franchise bill didnt get pased- 2nd readng thrown out due to technicality
1912 to acceot principles of female emancipation
Growth of urban population- change beneficial or not
Yes
Grwoth in civic pride- make towan look nicer- important for trade
Rise suburbs - middle class
No
Bad housing esp scot and north- overcrowding
Lower life expectancy
Infant mortaliity rates high
Increase urban dwelling 51 to 77% 1851-1901
Expansion of services industries
Railway- widespread travel-0 cheaper
Leisure- increased hotels in brighton
Chain stroes started- boots
Department stores- selfriges- shops aimed at women
Banks, banking societies, accountants and clerks- more neww jobs, non manual, offices, lower middle class
Expanded post and press- more politically aware and communications, ffamily communicate better
Petrol stations and garages- increased cars
Standards of living 18866-1914- change
Science and technoogy increased healthcare increaseing life expectancy
National insurance act 1911- old age pensions
More food, - cannet meat, corned beef, fray bentos
Women and children in sweeated industries- noty0– poor pay and conditions
Booth and rowntree investigations
Still self help wven with new healthcare
1910 general electtion result
42 seats labour
Greater fears syndicalism
1912 welsh miners
‘The miners’ next step’- british syndicalist pamphlets
Asquith on unionist leaders
Like carson
‘Grammar of anarchy’
Sucess of asquith pre war
No real challenge to his leadership
W his leadership- ‘they provided a massively effective partnership)
Why socialist revival 1880s
Growing disillusionment of many radicals with record of official liberalism- gladstone ‘tenderness to the whigs’ and ‘relutance to embark on. Aporgramme of further social and political reform’
Gov suppost coercian in ireland
Henry george- progress and lieverty published gb 1880- world best seller- ills of society are due to exploitation of landlord- inspired individ such as keir hardie, webb
Movement v middle class- hyndman who founded 1884 social democratic foundation and william morris edited and owned newspapr jsustice
First attempt elect labour
1888 with kier hardie in mid lanark by election
Sdf contribution to lab patry
Hobsbawm- ‘greatest achievement was to provide an introduction to the labour movement
And a trianig school for a succession of the most gifted working class militants
Fabien society makeup
Middle class
Not marxist- marginal utility theories jevons
Srational factiall socialist argument- painless and effectiev transistion to socialism without radical uprisings
Parliamentary committee tuc
Former d1871
In 1886 had undersec at home office- broadhurt as well as sec of parliamentary comm of tuc
New unionism sucess
Small 100-200,000 members in 1890s
Small unit in growing tu movement in 1900 numberes 2 mill members
Why. Bradford signif for lab
Partly as a result of american mckinley tarriff of 1890 strikes occured over wage cuts
Small lab and socialist clubs develiped joined in 1891 to form bradford labour union
Loss of ilp sucess
1895 election
All 28 candidates including hardie defeated
Fear socialism
Set up 1893 of national free laour association- blackleg labour- protect the ‘general body of labour from the tyranny and dictation of socialitisc tu leaders’ said by leader collison
Local bodies
1882-1892 labour members on loacl bodies increased 12-200 by 1895 600 labour members many socialist
West ham 1898 first local authroity to go labour
Sucess of labour on lack of money
Despite tu controlled funds 1900 3mill
Hardie elected in merthyr tydfil in 1900 with only £300
How labour aided candidates
Raised compulsory parliamentary fund for eh payment of mps
Also helped to keep party more united and loyal as being paid by them
Ex lib to labour
Henderson and shackleton
1906 labour party makeup
18/30 socialist
Proposal of labour bills
Macdonald right to work bill- made compulsory for la provide work for unemployed rejected by lib
Yet was sucessful with trade disputes act 1906 and supported and improved workemns compensation act school meals and medical inspection act
Quote for lab and lib connection
The labour party were unable to break away from the gravitational pull of the liberal party- clarke and douglas
Worsening living conditions first decade 20th century r
Real wages declined by at least 10% in n first decade of 20thc
Labour unrest 1911-14 caused by
Syndicalism
Although pelling argues more with better wages, conditions of work and union recognition
Uncompetitive politics
1900 ge 243/670 seat suncontested
What was the coupon election
Where lg gave apporval for particular candisate through letter
Use of honours scandal money
To support lib party and cmampiagning
