Horrible Histories Pt1 Flashcards
1867 reform act
12 month residency qualification for households and logers
Qualifications higher in counties than boroughs- higher value house
Reasons why 1867 reform act passed
Principle
Pressure
Party politics
1867- principle
loosly based on gladtsons bil proposed in 1866 (which was based more on principle- gladstone visit industrial towns, want grant artisans vote- ‘’people’’’s william)
-population change 1831-61 +4mill
Mass movement to more industrial areas- need redistribute of seats
-disraeli sympathise with working class- himmelfarb sybil
1867 not princil
himemelfarb outdated- 1920s
Recent suggest sybil shows out of touch
-disraeli vote against gladtsone reform bill so just using for other reasons- chancellor
1867 party polictics
break up liberal party ;dishing to whigs’ and then change to support radicals- disunity
Accept ammendments to make more radical
-manipulate terms of act- 12 month residency
-hyde park riots 1866- ‘constant opportunism’- convince parliaemnet genuine threat
1867 party politics no
R. Harrison - threat of revolution on mind of many
American civil war and french revolition
1867 not principle
composition of ‘’pressure groups
-hyde park riots
Shambling man boys - times 1866
Not revolutionary
-working class no vote no threat
-radicals -seen as too readical by own party- liberals
-6 moth delay between riots and reform bill
‘Capitulation to popular presssure’ ‘cynical party politics’ ‘consitstant opportunism’ m.cowling
Lib strength 1880 election
1877-chamberlian helped to establish national liberal federation- nitingover 100 local liberal organisations by 1880
Under secrytaryship of schnadhurst- v effective campaign
-better camparison- relax laws of settlement and enatil (laws property act)- help appeal farmers
-want to extend franchis
-gladstone campaign- critical of disraeli
Had just been made earl of beaconsville
Midolothian campaign 1879-80- talked about foreign policy
-trade inions now content ith the recession of the criminal law ammendmenta ct and so return to support liberals
Con failure 1880
timing-
-party organisation
Argicultural depression
Creation farmers alliance
Great depression
Ignored land wars
Disraeli imperial issues
Ineffactive campaign
Increase incmoe tax
Lib non ocnformist organisation
Liberation society
The Liberator- newspaper
United kingdom alliance (temperance organisation)
Alliance News- 25,000 weekly copies sold
National education league
Newslete 20,000 subscriptions
Disrali appeal working class
Elevate the condition of the people- crystal palace speech 1872
Abolition of porperty qual
1857 mps didnt have to own certain value of property
Bliberals
Founded 1859 combining several politcal grousp- whigs, peelits, libs, radicals
Impact palmerston on con
took more conservative stance
General support cofe
Opposition to reform in civil service and parliament
More diff for conservatives to offwr something diff
-sucessful and popular foreign policy
Patriotic
Clear anti-russian stance against their percieved threat in ottoman empire
-strong economy
Previous chancellor exchequer- free trade policy
- manufcaturing sector- coal, iron, textiles
Railways continue to grow
Large scale investment abroad
Why libs lost 1874
working class
-non conformists
-wealthy
-anglicans
Con strnegth
Libs lost 1874 con strnegth
national education league
No national system so ran candidates against liberal candidates in 1874
-disraeli popular policies
-maintain constitution
- imporvements in ‘condition of the people’ thorugh social reform
-national prestige emphasis on foriegn policy
-greater organisation
-speech and electoral campaign
-national union 1867- propaganda arm of conservatives
Greater organisation in con leading up to 1874
1873- gorst
69 new conservative associations- over 400 in country
Conservative candidate for every reasonable constituency
Democratic by 1885 political literacy
increase transport- increase spread and distribution of information
-spread of libraries
-newspapers more affordable
-education acts
Con ineffective campaign 1880
Disreali earl of beaconsfield 1874
Coulnt campaign as peer
-didnt mention’ elevation of the condition of the people’’
-1880 referred to ‘maintaining the empire and preserving the constitution’
Disrali imperial issues 1880
indulged in pointless costly foriegn wars- afghanistan and zulu
-defeated- british forces were barberous towards foreigners
-treaty of berlin-equitted britain to defent turkey’s asian terrirtory
Great fdepression con failure 1880
1873-79- real wages fell by 5%
-unemployment rose from 1-2% in 1871-74
To 11.4% in 1879
Creation farmers alliance con failure
1879
-campaign against conservaive candidates- costing 19 county seats
Party organisation con loss 1880
j e gorst left
Replaced skene- criticiseed as being incompetant
Forster education act cons
parents prefer children in worl
-national education league- non conformist
Didnt meet demand
National- not united, diff boards
Compulsory- not, many prefer to worl
Non-sectarian- whilst not anglican boards competed for conrol
Free-still had to pay so remain parent’s responsibility
Reasons for forster education act
1867 reform act- increed need for education of working lass
-gladstone’;s belief of ‘’equality and options’
-economy booms, gov had more money to spend
-pressures from campaigners eg. Joe chamberlian
-rapid pop growh- voluntary system coudlnt cope
-britain behind russia and northern states usa
Who had better education- great economic and military sucess
Factory act
1874
-reduce working day 10.5 to 10 h
-age employment 8 to 10
Full employment 13 to 14
-gov inspectorates introduced
Emplyers and workmen act
1875
Contract for both employer and employee who could breach
Boosting position of worker
Failure of employers and workmen act
Copying lib
Reversal claa
Conspiracy and protection of property act
1875
Why were disraeli social reform so limited
stopped in 1876
-gesturs
Wanted to be voted again, do minimum, had promised to ‘elevate the condition of the poeople’
-cutting taxes
So less money on reform
Wanted to appease middle class
Cut from 3d to 2d
-justification
Working with context of laissez-faire
Claimed permissive legislation ue to ‘characterisation fo a free people’
-not interested
Left with richard cross- home secretary
Sime laws already thought up by liberal party
Employers and workemnt act
-foreign policy priority
Focus on eastern q
Mundellas education act
1880
-made education compulsory for 5-10 (primary
-no. Children- recieving an education doubled
1.5 to 3 mill 1870-1880
Cin expand basis support
Local ssocations grew each constituency- pool and cheep beer
Appeal working classes eg. Working class
Romise to ‘elevation of the condition of the poeple’ 1872 crystal palace speech
Disrali key beliefs and principles
Preservation of the establishment
Anglican church, aristocracy, monarchy
Create an alliance between aristocracy and working classes hwilst maintaiing class structure
Defend and even expand empire
Compete w/ usa and russia and germany
Gladstone had ‘attempt’ pf libelism to effect the disintergration of the empire’
Dates gladstone first ministry
1868-74
Dates disrali gov
1874-80
Dates gladston e seconf ministry
1880-85
Merhcant shipping act weakness corrected
1890 introduced inspectorates before permissive
Gladstone di dmore for workers tahn disraeli
Yes although employers and workmens act 1875
Education
Health
Working conditions
Disrali more than gladstone workers health
Licencing act controvesial- temperance movement non confromist not far enough, many workers felt unfair as private clubs open
Disraeli public health act- consolidated exiting laws ensure met with inspectorate
Artisans dwelling act 1875- enabled la clear slums and build new homes- joseph camberslian in brimingham- only used 10/87
Disraeli not behind ideology richard cross— disrali home sec, disreali more interested im foriegn policy
Rivers pollution act littel affect- not committed
Free school meals act
1906-
Allowed local authorities to provide free school meals
Meant children would eat atleast one decent meal per day
1914- 14 mill meals had been served- most served
Better teachers pay- based on performance in 3rs
Childrens and young persons act
1908
Children givenm special status as protected persons
Parents could be prosecuted for neglect
Made illegal to insure a childs life- as before parents would kill children for pay outs from insurance company
Set up special courts to deal with child crime and special homes/borstals- house youth offenders so not sent to adult prisons
Children and young persons act failures
Had little to do with causes of jeuvanile criminal activity- poverty
Neglect as a crime was subjective
Old age pensions act
1908
Person over 70 with no other income would recieve state pension- 5t shillings
Non contributory- dont need to pay in before
Directly funded from gov not from rates
650,000 collected pensions
Reduced the workhouse usage and the reliance on charities and family
Why was old age pensions not good measure
V expensive
Inadequate level of money given- as many had not saved during working livbes
Had to live 20y in britian- didnt apply to everyone
Many didnt have birth certificate to claim and show how old they were
Could be excluded if not worked hard enough
Labour exchanges
1909
Gov set up labour exchanges
Workers could sign up to register when unemployed tyo find availablel work
1913- labour exchanges were putting 3,000 people int owork every day
Abour exchanges act failure
Not compulsory for employers to register vacancies
Nat insurance act part 1
1911- health
Provided compulsory helath insurance for workers earning under 160 pounds/year
If ill- employers payed for 13 weeks- llimited time
Employee, employer ans state contributed money to the scheme
Nat insurance atc part 1 failures
After 25 weeks absence form work, benefits were stopped
No provision was made for workers families- for breadwinner only
Many objected to compulsory payments they had to make- mafde them worse off
Only certain trades
Often not enough money
Nat insurance part 2
1911- unemploymenyt
Insured worker losing their job- would recieve 7 shillings/week for 15 weeks
Recieved from wmployee, employer and state
Trades involved shipbuilding and mechanical engineers for example
Factors casuing problems econ 1873-1914
Britains early start
Declining demand aborad
Low wages
Supply side factors
Small family run firms