Horrible Histories Pt1 Flashcards
1867 reform act
12 month residency qualification for households and logers
Qualifications higher in counties than boroughs- higher value house
Reasons why 1867 reform act passed
Principle
Pressure
Party politics
1867- principle
loosly based on gladtsons bil proposed in 1866 (which was based more on principle- gladstone visit industrial towns, want grant artisans vote- ‘’people’’’s william)
-population change 1831-61 +4mill
Mass movement to more industrial areas- need redistribute of seats
-disraeli sympathise with working class- himmelfarb sybil
1867 not princil
himemelfarb outdated- 1920s
Recent suggest sybil shows out of touch
-disraeli vote against gladtsone reform bill so just using for other reasons- chancellor
1867 party polictics
break up liberal party ;dishing to whigs’ and then change to support radicals- disunity
Accept ammendments to make more radical
-manipulate terms of act- 12 month residency
-hyde park riots 1866- ‘constant opportunism’- convince parliaemnet genuine threat
1867 party politics no
R. Harrison - threat of revolution on mind of many
American civil war and french revolition
1867 not principle
composition of ‘’pressure groups
-hyde park riots
Shambling man boys - times 1866
Not revolutionary
-working class no vote no threat
-radicals -seen as too readical by own party- liberals
-6 moth delay between riots and reform bill
‘Capitulation to popular presssure’ ‘cynical party politics’ ‘consitstant opportunism’ m.cowling
Lib strength 1880 election
1877-chamberlian helped to establish national liberal federation- nitingover 100 local liberal organisations by 1880
Under secrytaryship of schnadhurst- v effective campaign
-better camparison- relax laws of settlement and enatil (laws property act)- help appeal farmers
-want to extend franchis
-gladstone campaign- critical of disraeli
Had just been made earl of beaconsville
Midolothian campaign 1879-80- talked about foreign policy
-trade inions now content ith the recession of the criminal law ammendmenta ct and so return to support liberals
Con failure 1880
timing-
-party organisation
Argicultural depression
Creation farmers alliance
Great depression
Ignored land wars
Disraeli imperial issues
Ineffactive campaign
Increase incmoe tax
Lib non ocnformist organisation
Liberation society
The Liberator- newspaper
United kingdom alliance (temperance organisation)
Alliance News- 25,000 weekly copies sold
National education league
Newslete 20,000 subscriptions
Disrali appeal working class
Elevate the condition of the people- crystal palace speech 1872
Abolition of porperty qual
1857 mps didnt have to own certain value of property
Bliberals
Founded 1859 combining several politcal grousp- whigs, peelits, libs, radicals
Impact palmerston on con
took more conservative stance
General support cofe
Opposition to reform in civil service and parliament
More diff for conservatives to offwr something diff
-sucessful and popular foreign policy
Patriotic
Clear anti-russian stance against their percieved threat in ottoman empire
-strong economy
Previous chancellor exchequer- free trade policy
- manufcaturing sector- coal, iron, textiles
Railways continue to grow
Large scale investment abroad
Why libs lost 1874
working class
-non conformists
-wealthy
-anglicans
Con strnegth
Libs lost 1874 con strnegth
national education league
No national system so ran candidates against liberal candidates in 1874
-disraeli popular policies
-maintain constitution
- imporvements in ‘condition of the people’ thorugh social reform
-national prestige emphasis on foriegn policy
-greater organisation
-speech and electoral campaign
-national union 1867- propaganda arm of conservatives
Greater organisation in con leading up to 1874
1873- gorst
69 new conservative associations- over 400 in country
Conservative candidate for every reasonable constituency
Democratic by 1885 political literacy
increase transport- increase spread and distribution of information
-spread of libraries
-newspapers more affordable
-education acts
Con ineffective campaign 1880
Disreali earl of beaconsfield 1874
Coulnt campaign as peer
-didnt mention’ elevation of the condition of the people’’
-1880 referred to ‘maintaining the empire and preserving the constitution’
Disrali imperial issues 1880
indulged in pointless costly foriegn wars- afghanistan and zulu
-defeated- british forces were barberous towards foreigners
-treaty of berlin-equitted britain to defent turkey’s asian terrirtory
Great fdepression con failure 1880
1873-79- real wages fell by 5%
-unemployment rose from 1-2% in 1871-74
To 11.4% in 1879
Creation farmers alliance con failure
1879
-campaign against conservaive candidates- costing 19 county seats
Party organisation con loss 1880
j e gorst left
Replaced skene- criticiseed as being incompetant
Forster education act cons
parents prefer children in worl
-national education league- non conformist
Didnt meet demand
National- not united, diff boards
Compulsory- not, many prefer to worl
Non-sectarian- whilst not anglican boards competed for conrol
Free-still had to pay so remain parent’s responsibility
Reasons for forster education act
1867 reform act- increed need for education of working lass
-gladstone’;s belief of ‘’equality and options’
-economy booms, gov had more money to spend
-pressures from campaigners eg. Joe chamberlian
-rapid pop growh- voluntary system coudlnt cope
-britain behind russia and northern states usa
Who had better education- great economic and military sucess
Factory act
1874
-reduce working day 10.5 to 10 h
-age employment 8 to 10
Full employment 13 to 14
-gov inspectorates introduced
Emplyers and workmen act
1875
Contract for both employer and employee who could breach
Boosting position of worker
Failure of employers and workmen act
Copying lib
Reversal claa
Conspiracy and protection of property act
1875
Why were disraeli social reform so limited
stopped in 1876
-gesturs
Wanted to be voted again, do minimum, had promised to ‘elevate the condition of the poeople’
-cutting taxes
So less money on reform
Wanted to appease middle class
Cut from 3d to 2d
-justification
Working with context of laissez-faire
Claimed permissive legislation ue to ‘characterisation fo a free people’
-not interested
Left with richard cross- home secretary
Sime laws already thought up by liberal party
Employers and workemnt act
-foreign policy priority
Focus on eastern q
Mundellas education act
1880
-made education compulsory for 5-10 (primary
-no. Children- recieving an education doubled
1.5 to 3 mill 1870-1880
Cin expand basis support
Local ssocations grew each constituency- pool and cheep beer
Appeal working classes eg. Working class
Romise to ‘elevation of the condition of the poeple’ 1872 crystal palace speech
Disrali key beliefs and principles
Preservation of the establishment
Anglican church, aristocracy, monarchy
Create an alliance between aristocracy and working classes hwilst maintaiing class structure
Defend and even expand empire
Compete w/ usa and russia and germany
Gladstone had ‘attempt’ pf libelism to effect the disintergration of the empire’
Dates gladstone first ministry
1868-74
Dates disrali gov
1874-80
Dates gladston e seconf ministry
1880-85
Merhcant shipping act weakness corrected
1890 introduced inspectorates before permissive
Gladstone di dmore for workers tahn disraeli
Yes although employers and workmens act 1875
Education
Health
Working conditions
Disrali more than gladstone workers health
Licencing act controvesial- temperance movement non confromist not far enough, many workers felt unfair as private clubs open
Disraeli public health act- consolidated exiting laws ensure met with inspectorate
Artisans dwelling act 1875- enabled la clear slums and build new homes- joseph camberslian in brimingham- only used 10/87
Disraeli not behind ideology richard cross— disrali home sec, disreali more interested im foriegn policy
Rivers pollution act littel affect- not committed
Free school meals act
1906-
Allowed local authorities to provide free school meals
Meant children would eat atleast one decent meal per day
1914- 14 mill meals had been served- most served
Better teachers pay- based on performance in 3rs
Childrens and young persons act
1908
Children givenm special status as protected persons
Parents could be prosecuted for neglect
Made illegal to insure a childs life- as before parents would kill children for pay outs from insurance company
Set up special courts to deal with child crime and special homes/borstals- house youth offenders so not sent to adult prisons
Children and young persons act failures
Had little to do with causes of jeuvanile criminal activity- poverty
Neglect as a crime was subjective
Old age pensions act
1908
Person over 70 with no other income would recieve state pension- 5t shillings
Non contributory- dont need to pay in before
Directly funded from gov not from rates
650,000 collected pensions
Reduced the workhouse usage and the reliance on charities and family
Why was old age pensions not good measure
V expensive
Inadequate level of money given- as many had not saved during working livbes
Had to live 20y in britian- didnt apply to everyone
Many didnt have birth certificate to claim and show how old they were
Could be excluded if not worked hard enough
Labour exchanges
1909
Gov set up labour exchanges
Workers could sign up to register when unemployed tyo find availablel work
1913- labour exchanges were putting 3,000 people int owork every day
Abour exchanges act failure
Not compulsory for employers to register vacancies
Nat insurance act part 1
1911- health
Provided compulsory helath insurance for workers earning under 160 pounds/year
If ill- employers payed for 13 weeks- llimited time
Employee, employer ans state contributed money to the scheme
Nat insurance atc part 1 failures
After 25 weeks absence form work, benefits were stopped
No provision was made for workers families- for breadwinner only
Many objected to compulsory payments they had to make- mafde them worse off
Only certain trades
Often not enough money
Nat insurance part 2
1911- unemploymenyt
Insured worker losing their job- would recieve 7 shillings/week for 15 weeks
Recieved from wmployee, employer and state
Trades involved shipbuilding and mechanical engineers for example
Factors casuing problems econ 1873-1914
Britains early start
Declining demand aborad
Low wages
Supply side factors
Small family run firms
Standard of living improved regional variations
More factories established
Better paid jobs available for urban workers
Living standards imporved 1914
Family size drceease
1861-669- av 6.166 children down to 4.13 in 1890-99
18800-1991 middle class reduce children by 30^%, working class by 66%
Able to purchase soap and chocolate
Diet improve- canned meat and corned beef- imported
More lower classes aftford meat before mostly bread
Holidays to brighton by train- middle class
Education
1870 and 1880 act meant children less financial asset
1906 free school meals
Old age pensions and national insurance
Housing imporved by 1914
Stopping back to back houses
Individual toilet per houshhold- by laws, stipulations- improve public health
Regional variations- living did not improve
Emigration from rural to urban areas- halved from 15 to7.5% 1871 to 19001 rural ddepression
Wages and unemp- living standards worsen
Unemployment steady
Married women employed very poorly paid- sweated insury
Booth saw irregularity of work- miliner turned to prostitution in the slack season- morality tested
18709 and 1886- unemployment reached 10%
Depression 1873-1914
Foreign competition
Lack of demand
Agriculture
But relative decline and worrying signs future
Loa- no
Foriegn comp indicating not depression 1873-1914
New industry set up
Lever brothers0- soap, boots chemist, cadbury
Invisable exports- visable balance of trade- loan, insurance, shipping and transproting
Long term implications0- Funding industrialisation
Agricultural depresiosn 1873-1914
Sailsbury gov- major concern- set up royal commission to invest in depression of industry and trade 1886
Agricultural prices fall since 1873 and demand trend continue
Sfall in prices due to grain iports usa- opening up priaries
Lack of profitability meant many agricultural workers leaving to cities for find work
1871-1901 decrease 15%^ to 7.5%
Lack of demand- not a depression 1873-1914
Increase real wages av worker 60^% higher in 1900 than in 1860
18730-966 fall 30-40% price levels00- increasing standards of living
Exports from increased coal production- 19000-1913 223 mill toonnes to 287m
Inrease export machinery- long term implications
60% world merchant ships built in britain
Voting sucess lib
1900 184
1906 400mps
Lab sucess
1900 1.8% 2mps
1906 5.9% 30mps
Importance of ecuation act 1902
non conformists
Chamberlain
‘Active instead of merely passive opponents’
Stat to show how education act 1902 changed con support
1900-1902 9/10 by elections won by conservatives
After failed
How many non conformists in birtain
4mill 1906
600,000 had vote
How many war recruits malnutritioned boer war
40% narrow chested stunted growth
Lib died 19010- 1914
Dangerfield
‘The strange death of liberal england’ 19335
Argued liberals couldnt handle agitation by ty, suffragettes and diff groups in ireland
Died ‘from disillusion over the inefficacy of the word ‘reform’’
Lib died war
Rjected danngeerfields view-wilson- ‘the downfall of the liebral party 1914-35’
Tu, labour, suffragettes- symptoms of illness
But ‘involved in an encounter w a rampant omnibus (ww1)’ ‘never to rise again’
More balanced approach lib decline
Lemieux- 19965
Iin 1914- ‘cannot. Be gven a clean billl of health; many worrying signs were there’
Worst of unon militancy over
Suffragettes attracted publically but not threat
Hol tamed b6y parliament act
Lab patry decline in suport
Ideological closeness of labour to liberals ‘tsole the labour party clothes’0- new ‘social democratic’ appeal
Labour managed to influence iwth workmens compensation act
Acts regarding school meals and medical inspections but input limited to mnor amndments
12 by-elections 1910-1914- failed to win ovver, lost 3 to liberals
Osborune judgement 1909- couldnt be dunded by tu- lost 8 seats n by elections and in 2 1910 elections
Lab lack of progress nat
Came 3rd in contest with lib and con- relied on lib lab pact- no recognisable politicians
Even lacked in mining regions- between lib and lab most vote lib
Progress locally -lab
Local councils- gained more each year up to 1914
91 councils in 19066 and 171 in 1913
Local support in lancasihre and yorkshire- 90 constituencies with working class majority
Signs that lab may be future threat 1914
Tu movement ncrease 2.660-4.1 mil 1910-14, 1.66mill union members affiliated to labour
Socilaist hstorians eg, pelling claim problems created by unon vilence show liberals out of sympathy wth working class- so demand labour
Mfgb affiliated- coal mining comm many now could vote
Under 1913 ty act- unions which wanted to raise funds for political partes hold ballot on this - overall members vote almsoot 300k to 125- win for
1906 trade disputes act
Reversed taff vale judgement
No cas eboughht against a union for damages caused by strike action and making peaceful picketing legal
Osbourne judgement 1909
Tu couldnt fund political parties
Lab mps not afford to take seats without funding by strong tu
1913 tu act
Reverse osbourne judgement- tu had to bote to fund
Why did the great unrest take place
Economy thriving and unemployment low- workers could agree to better wages
Tu members increase to 4 mill- more powerful
Russian rev 19065- class warfare, fighting against dictatorship, inspired chage
Trade disputes act- strike without fear of picketing
‘Sympathy strikes’ frequently employed- triple alliance of railwaymen, miners and transport worker foormed to give mutual sipport during strike action
How well was great unrest adressed- y
National insurance act 1911- health uneemployment
Miners given min wage
Lloyed george from wales- understood more about ordinary poeple
No rev- sundicalism didnst catch on
How much tu threat 1910-14 lib
Moderate threat
Heavy handedness
Legislation
Secuirty of gov
Sufraggettes helped granting of female vote
At first many newspapers support- daily male- ‘no class have ever got the vote except at the risk of something like revolution’
Suffragettes convinced that violence helped the cause- ‘the arguemnnt of the broken pane of glass is the nmost valueable arguemnt in modern politcis’ pankhurst 1911
Presented as heros retrospectively- sufragette movement developed nto a tremendous force’- boyd
Sufffragettes hinder grnating of female vote
Damage causeed annoyance- ‘unwomanly tactics like heckling and pestering politicians’ ‘had alienated the more cautious sympathetics’- atkinson- historian
‘Nothng could indicate more plainly their lack of fitness to be entrusted with the exercise of political power’ mroning post 1912- hight of window breakiing campaign
‘Havent the suffragettes the sense to see that the worst way’ ‘is to’ ‘intimidate a man into giving them what he would gladly give otherwise- lloyd george 1912
How well did lib party deal with suffragettes
Tactics sucessful
Public opinoin
Lib sucess/actions
Loa- whilst threat removed by 1914, did damage ‘liberal’ reputation
Tactics suff lib party succ dealing with
Incrase suffragette militancy after 1910 signo f their desperation rather than sucess
Butler mlitant suffragettes ‘over reached’ themselves, raised fears of what may happen if women were gievn the vote
Suff dealt with by lib no tactis sff
L1913 saw emily davidson die at derby
Arson attempt on post bozes, houses of politicains such as lloyd george
Oublic opinion lib party deal with suff y
Pankhurst forced to flee country and contnue campaign from france
Defeat in 1923 of labour politican- lansbury by unionist anti-suffragette
Bow and brimley by election, stood on pro-suffragette ticket suggests not supported
Oublic opinoin not dealt well w suffragettes
Force feeding of female politicaal prisoners who attempt hunger strikes destroy reputation of gov
Treatment of sufrfagettes often burtal and harsh- infamous cat and mouse act
Surely liberals active supporters of campaigns- political reform, mass of ndividuuals , attain injustifces
Lib sucess/actions deal with suff
By 1914- lib weathered storm of suffragette campagn
Most con eg. Lord curzon opposed women suffrage, illusion liberals not on a limb n terms of their stance and hd backing of parliament as a whole‘
Lib sucess actions lib party with suff no
Lab discredited in their refusal to grant women the vote before 1912
Leading lb feared concilliation billls gave rise to new breed of future con voters- gov backed out of conciliation bill 1912 as suffragette villnece increased
Factors which attributed to con dominance 1886-1905
Wom 3/4 ge
Dvisions within liberla party
Middle class support
Attitudes towards imperialism
Improved conservative party organisation
Con social reform- dominance 1886-1905
Sailsbury limited no of reforms- better than liberals
Liberals became a one issue party- hr- little appeal to working middle classes
Abolish schhool fees 1891- free education act
Election leaflet listed
What the conservatives have done for the british people’
1897- workmens compensation act
1902 education act
1888 creation of frst county councils
Cin social policy 1886-1905 housing
The housng of the working class 1890
Extention of working class dwelling act 1885
Some authorty to local authorties to purchase slum areas and buld better quality housing
General imporvement in quality houses- running water and outsider toilet, less overcrowding according to census
Con socila policy 1886-1905 health
Public health act 1891
Allowed nusnacnes to be removed which cause diseases- foul sewage, driet, dangerous buildings
Overcroding limited-
Qualifications needed public health oofficials
Allotment and smalll holding act
1887 1892
Gave labourers plot of land to make own living
Education social policy 1886-1905
Public libraries act 1892- con pre gldstone
Loca lbodies set up public libraries
Meaning widespread free acess to newspapers, reading materieal- many families could not afford
Increased literacy rates
Education act 1902 balfour
Established state responsibiility for secondary education
140 local education authorty- could gaurentee new s schools
Robert morant came up with this
Lab gov reform con social policy 1886-1905
Local gov act 1888
New county councls
London own country
Raise rates, maintain roads
New model unions
18665
Skilled workers of carpenter, shoemakers, miners- inspired by ase
Pressure political change- long term case 18667 reform act
Tuc formed
1868
United- more power- only sklled workers
Harder to fire as skilled- use as bargaining chip
Bryant and mayu match girls stirke
1888
Match girls- east london
Poor condtions and deangerous- dip sticks into yellow phosphorous- wear away jaw
Reemployed after strikes, paid more and meals sepreate place to phopsohrous- improve safety
Gas workers union strike
1889
Achieved 8hr day
Metropolitan gas company quickly agreed
Lyons v wilkins
Precedent anti picketing
1896
Why did new unionism devellop late 1880s
Economic changes
Spread of socialism
Failure of new model unions
Gov legislation
Origins and devleopment lab party up to 1906
1893- independant labour party formed- independant not with liebrals
1892- hardie elected mp- indpendant labour candidate for west ham
1893- conference at bradford- kier hardie, other trade unions, socialist leaders
Ilp not socialist , aim ‘to secure the collective’
1900- labour rep comm formed- meet memory hall, farringdon st, london, hardie ilp
‘A distinct labour group in palirament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policies’
19066- 29 labour mps elected
Labbour socialist in origin y
Sdf and fabien society first attempted organised groups to promote the socilaist ideal- part of ilo- followed teaching sof marx and engels
Newspaper ‘jdustice’ printed sdf views- popilar london and lancashire- compulsory education, more can read, more skilled workers
Fabien society aimed to promote peacfful, gradial change leading to socialiism
Ilp reflects aim of soiiclaism trhough commitment to ‘secure the collective and communial ownership of all the means of production, distribution and exchange’ clause 4- commitment to public ownership at heart ilp, until 1997- permenant plegde labour party
Labour socialist in origin no
Labour party called ‘labour’ rather than ‘socialist’ didnt want ot seem ike trying to overthrow
Membership of sdf never more than 12,000
‘Its real legacy was preparng the way for a communist party of great britian’ pearce abd stewart
Fabiens prefernece for ‘permeation’ of other institutions rather than forming a political party of their own
Tu as origins of lab patry
Ernest bevin ‘labour party was born out of the bowels of the tuc’- tuc skilled labourers not socialism
1884- sdf and fabien society- membership 2000 whislt tu 75k
Demand for poltical rep from inside unions greater than that of socialist groups
Tu adopt prgamatic apporach- 8hr day and more welfare refomrs
Trade unions present at bradford conference- ilp formation
Socialist and tu worked together- new unionist leaders- will thorne and be tillet00-member sdf
Both ty movement and socialist societies coop to form ilp
Once ilp formed, sdf and fabiens refused to affiliatee
Dees financed to support mps libing
Losses to con party over tariff reofmr
Winston churchill to lib
Why did dlib win 1906 elections
Tariff reform
Chinese slavery
Education act 19002
Taff vale judgement
Gladstone- macdonald pact
Campbell-bannerman lib leader
Electoral system boer war revelations
Peolpes burgdet
Increase income tax on rich- supertax on income over 5k, only affecting about 10k peple
Decrease iincome tax on those with children
Increase estate duty and other death duties
Start land valuation- if sell pay 20% of profits made on land0- selling price-bought prce
Increase tax on alcohol and tobacoo- spirits tax increase 35%
Increase cost of pub licences
Why were two elections called in 1910
Edward 7th said 2 elections
1st for budget to be passed
2nd to create liberal peers- asquith wanted 400-500‘
Did lib win constitutional ciris yes
Budget passed- increase income from tax
Eager to pas future legislation- hr
Gave mps saleries- more middle class and working class
Parliament act passed
Still held power by 1910
Lib increased support esp working class
Could afford welfare
Did lib win constitutional criis no
Didnst pack lords with liberal peers
Still not democratic lords
Lost majority- irish nationals helf balance of power
Labour better chance
Seen as socialist to lords and wealthy
Why did the lib gov pass social reforms 1906 1914
Political econ social
Political reasons lib socila reform 1906 14
Rise of socialism- lib saw reform as way of fighting socialism, labour threat- policies pensions, education, unemployment benefits, small party 19066-29 seats
Political rvalry- lib main threat con party- started to introduce some of own reforms in 1905, libs hoped could establish themselves as part of working classes,
Churchill- had seen leading conservative, switched after 1906 to liberals- claimed impressed of porgramme of reform, influenced by research of booth and rowntre
Critics argue didnt want to be part of opp
Econ reasons lb social reofmr 1906 14
Industrial decline- from 1870, britain status as world leading industrial power challenged usa and germany, 1900 overtaken
Germany introduced welfare reofmrs0- accident ta work scheme- rapid development linked to healthier better more educatied and efficient workforce
Social reaosns lib gov passed social reofm
Charles booth
Studied poor of london
25% lived in poverty, 85% of these poor due to unemployment and low wages- not their fault
Social reasons lib gov passed social reform
Boer war 1899-1902, britain at war to defend its territory in sa
Half of recruits who volunteered found unfit ffor service due to ill health, stunted growth and small chested
Gov set up comm on phsyical deterioration to invstigatee this- recomemendations influenced liberal programme of reform
Rowntree
1901 published ‘poverty: a study of town life’
Poverty generally not result of alziness or careless with moeny
York 27^% lived below poverty line
Argued gov shold introduce measures to protect v young, old, ill and unemployed
Position of aristocracy 1800s - bad
Cannadine
Not flexible as little alternative to reform, did to save position 1884 1885 as with disraeli reofmrs- palace is safe if the cottage is hapy
Demise of aristocracy through continuing rural depop and urbanisation shift away form landed genrty
Mjddle classs dominatinb as urban based industries taking power
Church- non confomrists middle class saw themselves as morally superior to anglicans
Trad perspective why galdstone convert hr
J. Hammond
1938
Gladstone and irish nation
-genuine u=interest in what he saw as legitimate irish grievences
-hr ‘only concievable long-term solution to the irish questoin’.
‘Conversion through conviction’
-‘forced’ to convert through ‘acts of parnell’
Self determination motivation for conversioon hr
Steel
Eg support itlain unification
And published pamphlet on question of teh eat advocate for gowth of independent baltic states from ottoman empire
Reogrnatising ppaprty motivation hr
Cooke and vincent
Dish the whigs
Unit eparty motivation hr
Hamer
Kilmainham treaty- impact
Forster reigned as irish chief secretary as not told
Invincibles made responsible for pp
New coercive act passed
Home rule movement
1870 isaac butt foudned home rule association
73 home rule league became political party
Supported by catholic church, fenians
1874 ge- 60 irish mps claimed to support movenement
-butt unable to convince disraeli that hr a priority- more moderate
18760 fenians withdrew support- new leader needed- parnell
More confrontational
How important was parnell to hr- was
Formed inl
Kilmainham treaty
‘Crowned king’ of ireland- pubic support
Listened to in parliament0 protestant and aristocrat- filibuster
Catholic church- increase support and education
Distanced himself from davitt- too extremist and violent
How important parnell was to hr- other factors
Political reform- 3rd reform act and secret ballot act- allowed
Potato famine- fenians
Agricultural demise- increase in evictions
Land act failure 1870-1881
Inl balance of power 1888- pressure liberals to support hr
Second land act sucess
1881
Grant 3fs
Set up land courts- fair rents
Over next 4y- rents decrease by 25%
Evictions made
1880 10,000 (5x as in 1877
