Raphes, cartilage and muscle (dave's notes)

Question 1

Define a raphe

Answer 1

An interdigitation of short tendinous ends of fibres of flat muscle sheets

Question 2

Give four examples of raphes

Answer 2

Pterygomandibular, mylohyoid, pharyngeal, anococcygeal

Question 3

List three types of cartilage

Answer 3

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

Question 4

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Answer 4

Covering the articular surface of typical synovial joints and growth plates

Question 5

Give two properties of hyaline cartilage

Answer 5

Avascular

Capable of small amounts of deformation. Repair is by fibrous tissue

Question 6

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 6

Fibrocartilage resembles tendons of ligaments but has small islands of cartilage

Question 7

Give five example of fibrocartilage

Answer 7

Intervertebral discs
Labrum
Menisci
Clavicle
Mandible

Question 8

Give two properties of fibrocartilage

Answer 8

Tends to calcify in old age

Has an ordinary blood supply

Question 9

Give two properties of elastic cartilage

Answer 9

Is easily distorted

Never calcifies or ossifies

Question 10

Give three examples of elastic cartilage

Answer 10

Pinna
Auditory tube
Epiglottis

Question 11

List three types of muscle

Answer 11

Skeletal
Cardiac
Visceral

Question 12

Define skeletal muscle

Answer 12

Striated, multinucleate, non-branching

Question 13

What types of fibres does skeletal muscle contain? What are the properties of these fibres?

Answer 13

Red fibres - slow and aerobic

White fibres - fast anaerobic

Question 14

What does each muscle fibre receive?

Answer 14

A motor nerve fibre

Question 15

What is skeletal muscle bound by?

Answer 15

Condensed connective tissue

Question 16

What are muscle spindles?

Answer 16

Up to about ten cells bound in a connective tissue capsule

Question 17

Where are muscle spindles more common?

Answer 17

In muscles concerned with fine movements

Question 18

What are muscle spindles innervated by?

Answer 18

The gamma motor neurone of the anterior horn from primary and secondary endings

Question 19

Define cardiac muscle

Answer 19

Striated, single nuclei, short branching cells with elaborate interdigitations

Question 20

Define visceral muscle

Answer 20

Smooth single celled nuclei, spindle shaped cells in parallel.

Question 21

How is visceral muscle in tube structures organised? Where are impulses transmitted?

Answer 21

With circular and longitudinal layers. Impulses are transmitted at gap junctions.