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Linglis OOW Module study > RADAR > Flashcards

RADAR Flashcards

1
Q

What is RADAR

A

Radio Detection And Ranging

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2
Q

Principle of operation of radar?

A

Echo ranging principle ( SPEED x TIME) / 2

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3
Q

What shape is a radar and why

A

Rectangular, so that the leading edge of the transmitted and returned pulse is vertical

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4
Q

X band characteristics

A

3cm 9-10 GH/z
High resolution picture for precise Navigation
(Better definition of land)

More accurate bearings

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5
Q

S Band characteristics

A

10cm 3GH/z
Sacrifices High resolution for relative freedom from Sea and Rain clutter

Improved range

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6
Q

What does the transmitter do?

A

Produces short, high powered pulses of RF
Modern Transmitters are sited at or near the site of the scanner to minimise the waveguide length

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7
Q

Function of the Scanner/ Antenna

A

Propagates radio energy in a highly directional manner. Should be sited to avoid blind sectors

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8
Q

Function of the Receiver

A

Amplifies the weak pulses and produces them as video pulses for eventual display. Usually sited close to transmitter

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9
Q

What does the Display do?

A

Screen (plan view)

Should be sited with and near nav bridge equipment

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10
Q

Function of Time synchronised circuits

A

syncs transmission with the method of display and generation of timing marks on the display

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11
Q

Waveguides

A

Copper pipe for Radio energy.
Dimensions are critically related to wavelength in use
Long waveguide means high loss of energy

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12
Q

What determines the Pulse length

A

Determined by range scale in use

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13
Q

What determines the Pulse Repetition frequency?

A

Determined by range scale in use.
Can be fine tuned once at desired range, for need of function.
Short ranges have a high PFR
Long ranges have a low PFR

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14
Q

Principal of Range discrimination

A

Ability to detect discriminate between two targets on the same bearing and closely spaced in range

2 targets on the same bearing must be separated by half a pulse length

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15
Q

Bearing discrimination

A

Ability of the radar to discriminate between two targets at the same range but closely spaced in bearing

Narrow horizontal beam width is required for bearing discrimination

Greater the length of the scanner, the narrower will be the beam width

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16
Q

What is the Sea clutter function?

A

Suppresses the gain, applies this to the area near to the ship. Never extends the whole range

Also known as Sensitivity Time Constant (STC)

Only to be used if sea conditions require it

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17
Q

What is Side lobe error and at what range is it more likely?

A

Dick and balls
Side Lobes extending from the main beam catch targets close by, displaying them at the same range, extending out from the main target

Usually with large targets at close range

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18
Q

What is Radar interferance, and at what range is it more pronounced?

A

Near other radar instillations within the same frequency
Curved or spiralling dashed lines which change in shape and position with each revolution of the trace

Can be minimised by the interference rejection function. Slightly modulates the frequency. This should be changed back after use.

Most pronounced in Long ranges

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19
Q

Equations for range of targets on radar

A

Range = speed x Time/ 2
Range = speed x Time / ( 2 x 1852 )

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20
Q

Speed value for radar

A

Speed = 300m/Us1(Speed of light)

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21
Q

How do we check and correct heading misalignement

A

take visual bearings at different points on the compass, compare these with RELATIVE compass bearings. Any difference in radar bearings is the error.

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22
Q

Bearings vs ranges in accuracy

A

Ranges are more accurate, bearings suffer from half beam width error.

Half beam width error, due to the width of the pulse the painting of a target is not the centre line from which the bearing should be measured from.

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23
Q

What two inputs should you check when setting up a stabalised radar?

A

Heading input (Gyro)
Speed input (STW/SOG)

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24
Q

How do we set up Brilliance, Gain, Tuning

A

Brilliance: Increase to a level which allows the OOW to see the display clearly

Gain: adjust so that a lightly speckled background of clutter can be seen

Tuning: adjust for best response from a small target on the edge of the display

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25
Q

What is Rain Clutter on a radar and how dows it work

A

Cuts through range clutter and interference.

Does this by trying to cut off the trailing edge so that just the leading edge is seen.

Also known as FAST TIME CONSTANT (FTC)

26
Q

5 features in determining a good radar conspicuous object

A

1.Material
2. Aspect
3. Size (height and breadth above horizon)
4. Texture of surface
5. Shape

27
Q

What are multiple echoes

A

When an object close by, be it a ship or a building, sends the pulse back before the receiver is open.

This results in multiple false echoes, extending behind the original echo. can happen multiple times at close range

28
Q

What is an Indirect Echo

A

Pulse bounces off an object on board own ship before hitting the target.

The radar thinks the target is in the direction of the obstruction, but at the range of the target.

29
Q

What is a Second Trace Error?

A

False targets may appear on the same bearing but up to half the distance, i.e. target is at a greater range than the range scale in use but is still displayed on PPI

Increasing range scale (therefore reducing PRF) and visual observations will help

Occurs due to extra super refraction on very fine days

Occurs commonly and is hard to detect

30
Q

SART

A

X band 3 cm radar, Used for detection of casualties in SAR situations

31
Q

True vector

A

Indicates the direction the target is moving (heading on a sea stabilised radar)

32
Q

Factors to consider when setting CPA/ TCPA alarm on radar

A

Sate of visibility
Traffic Density
Manoeuvrability of vessel
Proximity of navigational hazards
Masters standing orders

33
Q

In order, 6 pieces of information ARPA gives about a target

A
  1. present range
  2. present bearing
  3. Predicted CPA
  4. predicted TCPA
  5. Calculated True course
  6. Calculated True speed
34
Q

Time gap between target acquisition and reliable information

A

3 minutes based on steady state tracking

35
Q

What happens when two targets are moving close to each other, and what action should the OOW take

A

Their tracking gates may overlap. the radar may get confused and stop tracking one target with the other on given its vector.

One vector should be deleted from this target
Target should be re acquired

36
Q

Why is sea stabilised mode important for collision avoidance?

A

If there is current present the sea stabilised mode will more accurately show the heading of targets on the display and therefore aspect. Important for ColRegs which are mainly based on aspect.

37
Q

What is Attenuation?

Which radar suffers more heavily from attenuation?
X or S band?

A

The scattering and absorption of the energy in a radar beam as it passes through the atmosphere. Attenuation is greater at the higher frequencies or shorter wavelengths.

X band suffers more heavily in heavy rain

38
Q

How many targets can an OOW expect to have selected for ARPA?

A

20-40

39
Q

characteristics of Head Up Orientation

A

Heading marker fixed to 000

Information relative to own vessels movement

“Unstablilised Course up”

In case of Gyro failure, Radar will revert back to Head up mode as default

Will be effected by ‘yaw’ and smear targets across the screen

40
Q

Characteristics of Course up Orientation

A

Similar to head up, but will take yawing into account with a cleaner image

Similar to head up but the heading marker will make small changes instead of the entire screen

User must ‘reset’ the display after an alteration of course

41
Q

Characteristics of ‘North up’ Display

A

Compass stabilised, 000 is at the top of the screen and the heading marker is positioned relative to true north

Land and targets stay fixed and heading marker moves during a turn with no ‘smearing’

This view also corresponds best with the Chart and ECDIS/ECS and therefore better for Navigation.

Can take more time to become accustomed to especially when headed South.

42
Q

3 Main factors determining range

A

Vertical Beam Width (VBW)

Height of Antenna

Pulse length

43
Q

How to setup a RADAR

A
  1. Check for Obstructions
  2. Turn on Radar (allow magnetron to warm up)
  3. Press transmit (turn controls to 0)
  4. Brilliance
    Range
    Gain
    Tune ( Auto tuning )
    Clutter ( rain and sea )
44
Q

How does a radar determine bearing?

A

It continuously sends pulses throughout a 360 degree arc of the horizon, and compares received signals to a fixed heading marker

45
Q

How is True bearing determined?

A

Through a compass stabilised radar, converting relative bearings to the Ships head, to True

(In TRUE MOTION mode)

46
Q

What is the function of the magnetron?

A

Sited in the Transmitter, it determines the Radio frequency of the pulse

47
Q

What is the function of the transmitter?

A

The Transmitter will generate the pulse

Trigger controls the PRF

A modulator will define the power, length and shape of the pulse

A magnetron will determine the radio frequency of the pulse

48
Q

What is the purpose of the waveguide?

A

Channels the pulse from Transmitter to T/R Cell and then to Antenna and then from Antenna to T/R Cell and on to Receiver

Ensure minimal loss of energy

49
Q

Function of the Duplexer?

A

Acts as a one way gate valve

Opens and closes for transmitting and receiving

Also aids to protect electronic equipment from high energy levels on the TX side reaching the RX side

50
Q

Function of the Antenna?

A

Radiates the pulse out into space in a highly directional manner through 360⁰ of arc

Catches return echos

Most common type is ‘Slotted Waveguide’. Slots are precision engineered to IMO Standards

51
Q

What is the Function of the Receiver/Amplifier?

A

Receives signals and amplifies them to send to the display

Rain and sea clutter are also a function of the receiver

Protected from high energy by the TR Cell

52
Q

Function of the display?

A

Indicates the presence of detectable objects to the user

Heading marker displayed to indicate the fore and aft direction of the vessel

53
Q

What determines Maximum Detection Range?

A

Height of Antenna

Target characteristics

Refraction

Pulse length

54
Q

How often should we run the performance monitor function

A

Once per watch and record

55
Q

What are blind and shadow sectors?

A

Blind and shadow sectors are fixed areas that the radar’s view is partially (shadow) or totally obstructed (blind).

Vessels should have a blind and shadow sector card posted next to the radar display clearly indicating where these areas are.

Likely causes are any objects visible to the radar’s horizon such as:

Funnels, Masts, Cranes and super structure/Bow structure, etc.

56
Q

How can we find our Shadow/Blind Sectors?

A

In the instillation Manual, in the Yellow booklet provided

By turning up the gain and looking for these sectors when operating the radar.

57
Q

How do we Tune our radar?

A

Adjust until we have the best visual picture
NOT AUTO for the sake of the exam

58
Q

How do you know if it is correctly tuned?
In coastal nav?
At sea?
At sea with no swell?

A

Tune to a conspicuous object/point of contact

At sea, tune to the sea clutter

If no swell, turn vessel to create wake and tune to the vessels own wake

59
Q

Pre departure checks of a RADAR

Seen in MGN 379

A

Visual check for damage/obstruction

PM function

VRM against rings

EBL of a point, compare this to compass bearing of said point

Check heading marker, fore and aft centreline of the ship
(pick a target as close to the edge of the display as possible. Check this against the compass bearing of said object

Check heading marker alignment against compass course

Then check….BRGTC

60
Q

ARPA alarms

A

Target has breached user-set CPA and TCPA

Tracked target is lost

An input failure (gyro, speed etc)

A target enters a guard zone (one that is not already tracked)

Picture freeze

Linglis OOW Module study (43 decks)

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