quiz 8 Flashcards
where does fatty acid synthesis occur?
the cytosol, not the mitochondria
what is the first committed step of fatty acid synthesis
acetyl CoA carboxylase
what does palmitate synthesize
16 carbon chain
how many carbons are added in elongation
2 at a time, so it can stay even
where does elongation occur
the ER
what donates to elongation
malonyl CoA
what portion does elongation occur at of the palmitate
the carboxyl side
what does desaturation form
monosaturated fatty acid
where does desaturation occur
ER
define desaturation
the addition of double bonds to certain carbons
how many carbons are added during elongation
2, to stay even
where does elongation occur? what allows it to occur?
er
malonyl CoA
what side does elongation occur on
the carboxyl end
what does desaturation form
monosaturated fatty acid
where does desaturation occur
the ER
what are the 3 enzymes for desaturation
∆5 desaturase, ∆6 desaturase, and ∆9 desaturase
what are the 2 omega enzymes used
w3FA and w6FA
where does TAG synthesis occur
ER
what does TAG synthesis allow for
transport and storage of fatty acid
what are TAGs stored in
VLDLs
what are TAGs stored by
extrahepatic tissue
what are TAGs facilitated by
lipoprotein lipase
what are TAGs used for
energy
what breaks down TAGs in adipose tissue?
hormone-sensitive lipase
what is hormone-sensitive lipase inhibited by
insulin
what is glycerol used for
gluconeogenesis
what do FAs bind to? why?
albumin, so it can move freely through the blood
define oxidation
breakdown of oxygen
what is the rate of oxidation
rate is proportional to the concentration of plasma
oxidation is _______ in starvation and _____ in fed state
high; low
where does oxidation occur
mitochondria
what does FA turn to in the cell
FACoA
what does carnitine cycle allow for
the transportation of FACoA
where does oxidation occur
the mitochondria
define CPT-1
converts FACoA to FA carnitine
describe carnitine
similar to amino acids
define CPCT
transports FA carnitine into mitochondria in exchange for a free carnitine
define CPT-2
reverse of CPT1, converts FA carnitine to FACoA
define β-oxidation
the mitochondrial breakdown of FA to acetyl CoA
supplies energy
reverse of FA synthesis
how many ATP are created from both FADH2 and NADH+H synthesis in β-oxidation
28 ATP
how many ATP are created from acetyl CoA
80 ATP
how many ATP are created from the breakdown of palmitate
108 (80+28)
define ketone body
the breakdown of fat in the liver during fasting/starvation and acts as an energy replacement
what are the 3 ketones created? which ones can be utilized
acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be utilized and turned into energy
what causes ketosis
insufficent feed intake
define ketonemia
ketone bodies are acidic and change the pH of blood
define ketonuria
body tries to remove ketone bodies through urine, leading to them being in urine
define ketoacidosis
decrease in blood pH due to ketone bodies
how can ketosis be stopped/reversed
by feeding the animal straight glucose
what is the major problem with ketosis and milk production
at calving, energy demand and feed intake increase, but energy decreases, but the body make think it’s starving
