quiz 6 Flashcards
what is the citric acid cycle
the central pathway of metabolism
what are the 3 fates of pyruvate
fatty acid synthesis
lactate
citric acid cycle
where does the citric acid cycle occur
mitochondria
is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic
aerobic
what are the two regulations for the cac? describe them
pyruvate dehydrogenase- activated by insulin
isocitrate dehydrogenase- inhibited by increased NADH+H+ and NAD
how many ATP are created in the citric acid cycle
10 ATP
how many ATP are created with 2 pyruvate
25 ATP
how much ATP is created from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose
32 ATP
how many membranes does the mitocondria have?
2
what does the inner membrane control
what can enter and leave
define inter membrane space
space between the inner and outer membrane
define matrix
center of mitochondria and location of metabolic pathways
what is electron transport used for
synthesizing H2O
what happens as electrons pass through
H+ are pumped from the matrix to create a protein gradient in inter membrane space
define oxidative phosphorylation
synthesis of ATP
how much H does oxidative phosphorylation need
4 H
describe NADH+H+ ATP synthesis. how much is produced
e- transport results in release of 10H into inter membrane space
10 added/4 used= 2.5 ATP
what does oxidative phosphorylation cause
ATP synthase starts spinning
describe FADH2 ATP synthesis. how much is produced
e- transport results in release of 6H into inter membrane space
6 added/4 used= 1.5 ATP
what are the three feedstuffs
concentrates
roughages
feed additive
define concentrates
carbohydrates
low in fiber
defien roughages
high in fiber, low in nutrient density
define feed additive
any substance intentionally added to feed/ a diet
name the energy sources
cereals
corn
millet
sorghum
buckwheat
wheat
barley
oats
rye
define cereals
grass family
primary energy source for humans and nonruminants
describe corn
most important
inexpensive
highly digestible energy content
what is the energy content of corn
high in starch, low in fiber
4% oil
high in unsaturated fat
low in Ca, high in unavailable phosphorus
what is the CP of corn? why?
9%, because zein
what vitamins are found in corn
vit A
xanthophylls (color pigment)
small amount of niacin (B)
why is the phosphorus unavailable? how does it become available
phytate
phytase
what are mytoxins in corn
aflatoxin from aspergillus flavus (mold)
reduces growth and feed intake
causes diarrhea and liver damage
describe millet and sorghum
major feedstuff grown where corn is not
millet- bird seed
sorghum- milo
what is the energy of sorghum
similar to corm (requires some processing)
what is the protein of sorghum
10% (poor)
what is the deleterious factor in sorghum
condensed tannins, which react with protein and decrease feed intake
describe wheat
mostly used for human consumption because it’s so expensive
poor quality
poor digestibility (causes diarrhea)
good pelleting quality
what is the energy and protein of wheat
similar to corn
13%
what is associated with wheat
pentosan (5-carbon sugar)
describe barley
energy is lower than corn
contains B-glucans
protien: 12%
minerals: phosphorus bound in phytate
what does Bglucon do
reduces digesta flow and lipid absorption
causes stick excreta
glucanases can assist with digestion
describe oats
low in energy
processing improves digestibility
high in soluble fiber
protein: 12% (high)
no deletorious factors
expensive
describ rye
12% CP
similar to barely and wheat
what are the negative characteristics of rye
ergot- causes necrosis of tips of extremities, reduces growth, causes abortion, and agalactia
pectin- causes poor growth and sticky extcreta
pentosans- causes diarrhea
describe buckwheat
not cereal grain
11% CP (high)
contains fagopyrin
define fagopyrin
causes photosensitization in light-skinned animals leading to skin leasions
