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ANS 328- Nutrition > quiz 6 > Flashcards

quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the citric acid cycle

A

the central pathway of metabolism

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2
Q

what are the 3 fates of pyruvate

A

fatty acid synthesis
lactate
citric acid cycle

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3
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occur

A

mitochondria

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4
Q

is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobic

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5
Q

what are the two regulations for the cac? describe them

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase- activated by insulin
isocitrate dehydrogenase- inhibited by increased NADH+H+ and NAD

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6
Q

how many ATP are created in the citric acid cycle

A

10 ATP

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7
Q

how many ATP are created with 2 pyruvate

A

25 ATP

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8
Q

how much ATP is created from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose

A

32 ATP

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9
Q

how many membranes does the mitocondria have?

A

2

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10
Q

what does the inner membrane control

A

what can enter and leave

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11
Q

define inter membrane space

A

space between the inner and outer membrane

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12
Q

define matrix

A

center of mitochondria and location of metabolic pathways

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13
Q

what is electron transport used for

A

synthesizing H2O

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14
Q

what happens as electrons pass through

A

H+ are pumped from the matrix to create a protein gradient in inter membrane space

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15
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP

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16
Q

how much H does oxidative phosphorylation need

A

4 H

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17
Q

describe NADH+H+ ATP synthesis. how much is produced

A

e- transport results in release of 10H into inter membrane space
10 added/4 used= 2.5 ATP

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17
Q

what does oxidative phosphorylation cause

A

ATP synthase starts spinning

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18
Q

describe FADH2 ATP synthesis. how much is produced

A

e- transport results in release of 6H into inter membrane space
6 added/4 used= 1.5 ATP

19
Q

what are the three feedstuffs

A

concentrates
roughages
feed additive

20
Q

define concentrates

A

carbohydrates
low in fiber

21
Q

defien roughages

A

high in fiber, low in nutrient density

22
Q

define feed additive

A

any substance intentionally added to feed/ a diet

23
Q

name the energy sources

A

cereals
corn
millet
sorghum
buckwheat
wheat
barley
oats
rye

24
Q

define cereals

A

grass family
primary energy source for humans and nonruminants

25
Q

describe corn

A

most important
inexpensive
highly digestible energy content

26
Q

what is the energy content of corn

A

high in starch, low in fiber
4% oil
high in unsaturated fat
low in Ca, high in unavailable phosphorus

27
Q

what is the CP of corn? why?

A

9%, because zein

28
Q

what vitamins are found in corn

A

vit A
xanthophylls (color pigment)
small amount of niacin (B)

29
Q

why is the phosphorus unavailable? how does it become available

A

phytate
phytase

30
Q

what are mytoxins in corn

A

aflatoxin from aspergillus flavus (mold)
reduces growth and feed intake
causes diarrhea and liver damage

31
Q

describe millet and sorghum

A

major feedstuff grown where corn is not
millet- bird seed
sorghum- milo

32
Q

what is the energy of sorghum

A

similar to corm (requires some processing)

33
Q

what is the protein of sorghum

A

10% (poor)

34
Q

what is the deleterious factor in sorghum

A

condensed tannins, which react with protein and decrease feed intake

35
Q

describe wheat

A

mostly used for human consumption because it’s so expensive
poor quality
poor digestibility (causes diarrhea)
good pelleting quality

36
Q

what is the energy and protein of wheat

A

similar to corn
13%

37
Q

what is associated with wheat

A

pentosan (5-carbon sugar)

38
Q

describe barley

A

energy is lower than corn
contains B-glucans
protien: 12%
minerals: phosphorus bound in phytate

39
Q

what does Bglucon do

A

reduces digesta flow and lipid absorption
causes stick excreta
glucanases can assist with digestion

40
Q

describe oats

A

low in energy
processing improves digestibility
high in soluble fiber
protein: 12% (high)
no deletorious factors
expensive

41
Q

describ rye

A

12% CP
similar to barely and wheat

42
Q

what are the negative characteristics of rye

A

ergot- causes necrosis of tips of extremities, reduces growth, causes abortion, and agalactia
pectin- causes poor growth and sticky extcreta
pentosans- causes diarrhea

43
Q

describe buckwheat

A

not cereal grain
11% CP (high)
contains fagopyrin

44
Q

define fagopyrin

A

causes photosensitization in light-skinned animals leading to skin leasions

ANS 328- Nutrition (15 decks)

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