end exam 1 Flashcards
who regulates the amount of drugs in feedstuff
FDA
what are the regulations for drugs
the degree of potential risk to humans
is feed most often mixed on the farm or purchased commercially
manufactured on the farm
what is the order of feedstuff to be mixed
feedstuff that makes up majority should be mixed first
slowly add wet ingredients to avoid clumping
add any ingredient that makes up less than 2.5% of the ration
define premix
allows for accurate measuring and correct amount of nutrients
define pelleting
forcing mixed feed through a pellet die
what are the four advantages of pelleting
increases bulk density
increases feed intake
prevents sorting
reduces dust
what is the main concern of pelleting
the quality
what is feed preconditioned with before pelleting
steam
what feedstuff has good functional property? bad?
wheat (gluten)
corn, sorghum, rice and oats
what must be added to make up for poor functional properties
pellet binders
define pellet binders
a gelatin-like, non-nutritive substance
define feed intake
make sure animals are eating the correct amount of nutrients
what is the equation for feed efficiency
product output / feed input
what shows feed efficinecy is effective
it is close to 1
what is the feed efficiency of chickens:
Swine:
Cattle
2:1
3:1
8:1
what is the equation for predicting feed intake
daily rations - not eaten
what are properties that may affect feed intake
palatability, energy, protein/amino acid concentration, and forage composition
what are other factors that may affect feed intake
temperature, pregnancy, conditioning, body size, smell, illness and fatigue
what makes up palatability
taste, olfaction, and texture
define feed preference test
one animal is fed 2 foods and whichever it eats most of is the most preferred food
describe dissension feedback
relies on stretch receptors in the stomach to stop the brain from eating more
describe low energy diets
requires more food to fill up the stomach, so is often used for weight loss
describe chemostatic feedback
signals to satiety centers that animal has enough energy and can stop eating
glucose, VFAs
what does energy concentration determine
voluntary feed intake
what do NDFs do for forage composition
measures the true fiber in the stomach
what does high NDF cause
more time in the rumen for digestion
what does low NDF cause
more fibers feedstuff
what layers does the rumen contain
gas
forage mat
and grain/yesterdays feed
describe what feed intake in monogastrics can be affected by
essential amino acids
describe what feed intake in ruminants can be affected by
the bypass protein and nitrogen
describe the bypass protein
does not go through microbial digestion
to produce more, what do animals need to do
eat more
define comfort zone
doing nothing extra to maintain body temp; metabolic rate is at a minimum
define heat increment
extra heat produced due to metabolism of a nutrient
what has the highest heat increment and why?
metabolism, nitrogen
what does more protein cause
more heat production
what does feed intake decrease during late digestion?
because there is less room in the stomach
why does feed intake increase during peak lactation?
to continuously produce milk
define conditioning
what experience an animal has with certain food
define neophobia
fear of new foods
define aversive conditioning
training animals not to eat certain foods
higher metabolic rate=?
higher feed intake and energy
metabolic body size=
BW^0.75
how can smell affect feeding
certain odors, whether from the food or not, may cause food to become unpalatable to an animal
how can fatigue affect feeding
animals may become fatigued in seeking, ingesting, chewing, and ruminating feed
