end exam 3 Flashcards
where does cholesterol synthesis occur
all nucleated cells
where is cholesterol found
lipoproteins
what are the 2 major sites of cholesterol synthesis
liver and intestines
why are fats and oils fed
to increase palatability and reduce dust
what is fat
animal byproduct
what are types of fat
tallow- beef or lamb fat
lard- swine
grease- from restaurant
what is oil
plant products or marine products
define rancidity
oxygen reacts with bonds of FAs which give a strong odor
very toxic
how much fat/oil is usually fed
3-5%
what does a non-ruminant diet cause
high fat in swine and poultry
why are ruminants less tolerable to fats
because they contain PUFAs
where does carbohydrate digestion occur
the rumen
what do microbes in the rumen do
digest carbs into VFAs
what are the 3 VFAs
acetate, propiante, and butyrate
where are VFAs transported to
through the rumen wall, to the hepatic portal system, and then to the liver
what is the fate of acetate
acetyl CoA
FA synthesis
energy in the CAC
what is the fate of propionate
succinyl CoA
glucose for gluconeogenesis
energy to produce ATP
whatis the fate of butyrate
B-hydroxybutyrate
energy
a ketone body
what are roughages
bulky, high in fiber, low in energy
what are types of roughages
pasture
hay
silage
crop residue
byproducts
what are proteins in roughages
amino acids
nitrates
ammonia
what vitamins are in roughages
B vitamins
what do minerals depend on
the plant species and soil content
what minerals are in legumes
Ca and Mg are high
what minerals are low in legumes and grasses
P
what minerals are high in forages
K
what are cool season grasses
timothy
orchard grass
tall fescue
rye grass
define fescue toxicity
fescue is contaminated with ergot
define summer fescue toxicity
heat stress, rough hair coat
define fat necrosis
hard clumps of fat constrict internal organs
what are warm season grasses
bermuda
bahiagrass
describe legumes
rhizobia bacteria associates with the roots and forms nodules
superior in protein, energy, Ca and Mg
what do legumes do
fix N in the atmosphere
convert to nitrates and incorporates into plants
increases CP
what are the types of legumes
alfalfa
red clover
white clover
alsike clover
sweet clover
define sweet clover disease
reduces blood cloting
what is an extensive grazing system
rangelands, low upkeep
what is intensive grazing systems
high density animal:land, pastures are fenced and managed
define continuous grazing systems
animals remain in one pasture
least cost and labor
pasture can not regrow
define strip grazing
animals are placed in a new strip every day
most cost/labor
pasture can rest and regrow
define rotational grazing
pasture is divided and animals move every few days
mid-cost and labor
pasture can rest and regrow
what is the moisture of hay
less than 15%
which portion of the plant has the most nutrients? the most fiber?
leafy portion
stems
when is hay harvested
at early flower/bloom
what is silage created by
the anaerobic fermentation of carbs
what is the DM level of silage
25-35%
