final exam Flashcards
what is the common name for vitamin B9
folate
what are the functions of folate
1-carbon metabolase
define 1-carbon metabolase
interconversion of glycine and serine
methionine cycle
nucleotide synthesis
what are the deficiencies of folate
anemia
reduced growth
poor reproduction
what is the common name for vitamin B12
cobalamin
what does cobalamin require
intrinsic factors
is B12 found in plant or animal sources
animal
what is cobalamin a cofactor for
methylmalonyl CoA mutase
methionine synthase
what are cobalamin deficiencies
decreased growth
anemia
poor reproduction
what is the common name for vitamin B7
biotin
what is biotin used to synthesized
acetyl CoA carboxylase
pyruvate carboxylase
propionyl CoA carboxylase
3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase
what are the deficiencies of biotin in non-ruminants
dermatitis
cracks in footpad
poor growth
loss of hair/feathers
what are the deficiencies of biotin in ruminants
hoof cracks
lesions
define avidin
protein in raw eggs that bind to biotin and make it unavailable
describe choline
originally vitamin B4 but no longer essential
what are the functions of choline
phospholipid synthesis
neurotransmission
chylomicron synthesis
methyl group donor
what is the common name for vitamin C
ascorbic acid
what are the functions of ascorbic acid
collagen synthesis
carnitine synthesis
norepinephrine synthesis
activation of peptide hormones
tyrosine oxidation
antioxidation
what is the deficiency of vitamin C
scurvy
what does scurvy cause
bruising/hemorrhaging
rough coat
painful joints
lethargy
dental issues
define mineral
inorganic elements required as nutrients
define macromineral
required in large quantities (>0.01%)
define micromineral
required in small quantities (<0.01%)
what are the macrominerals
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
sodium
potassium
chloride
what are the functions of calcium
second messenger
enzyme activation
activates clotting factors
bone mineralization
describe calcium deficiencies
impaired nerve and muscle functions
what is a phosphate
oxygens attached to a phosphorus
what are the functions of phosphorus
bone mineralization
oxidative phosphorylation
acid-base buffer
DNA-RNA
phospholipids
signaling molecule
reversible midification of protein
enzymatic reactions
is phosphorylation activated or deactivated
deactivated
what are deficiencies of phosphorus
pica (seeking out non-nutritional food, like wood
describe rickets/osteomalacia
deficiency of Ca,P, Vitamin K, or a mixture of all
cause spongy, poorly mineralized bones
what are the functions of magnesium
anion charge neutralization
cellular energy metabolism
nucleic acid and protein synthesis
second messenger
ion channels
what are deficiencies of magnesium
grass tetany
convulsions
muscle twithcing
what are sodium, potassium, and chloride
electrolytes
what are the functions of electrolytes
nutrient transport
membrane potential
extracellular fluid volume
what are the deficiencies of electrolytes
irregular heart beat
vomitting
diarrhea
what are the microminerals
iodine
selinium
iron
zinc
copper
manganese
sulfur
what are the functions of iodine
thyroid hormone synthesis
what does the thyroid hormone need
tyrosine and iodine
what is the deficiency of iodine
goiter (enlargement of thyroid)
what is the active form of iodine
T3 form
what are the functions of selineum
glutathione peroxidase
deiodinase
selenoprotein P (plasma)
selenoprotein W (muscle)
describe the antioxidant function
takes oxygen from hydrogen peroxide and moves it
describe deiodinase
activates thyroid hormone
describe the toxicity of selenium
blind staggers
abnormal hoof and hair growth
describe the deficiency of selenium
white muscle disease
liver necrosis
how is iron stored and transported
stored: ferritin
transported: transferrin
what are the functions of iron
heme proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin, catalase)
proteins with iron-sulfur centers (aconitase)
what is an iron deficiency
anemia
what are the functions of zinc
metalloenzymes
zinc-finger proteins (causing folding of amino acid)
lymphocytes
what are zinc deficiencies
decreased growth
dermatitis
describe copper
required by all animals
what are the functions of copper
Cu metalloenzymes
cytochrome C oxidase (oxidative phosphorylation)
neutrophils and T lymphocytes
iron metabolism
ceruloplasmin- allows for iron to bind to transferrin
bone and vascular functions
collagen and elastin synthesis
what are the deficiencies of copper
anemia
hair depigmentation
reduced growth
aortic rupture
abnormal bone formation
ataxia
GI disturbances
what are the functions of manganese
Mn metalloenzymes
gluconeogenesis
cartilage formation
what are the deficiencies of manganese
defective bone formation
pyrosis (slipped disk)
what makes up super dismutase
Zn+Cu+Mn
what do super dismutase act as
an antioxidant that makes free radical oxygen into hydrogen peroxide
what do gluthionine peroxidase and catalase do?
convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
describe sulfur
required for microbial synthesis of sulfur-amino acids in rumen
what are the deficiencies of sulfur
reduced weight gain
poor wool growth
