quiz 10 (final quiz!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) Flashcards
define dynamic protein turnover
continual degradation and resynthesizing of bodily proteins
what can amino acids be used for
protein synthesis, oxidation, or non-protein metabolites
is dynamic protein turnover accurate
no
describe protein synthesis
DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA is translated to protein
define intracellular proteases
breaks down proteins marked for degradation, which occurs in all cells
where does amino acid oxidation occur
liver
can amino acids be completely broken down
yes
define ketogenic. what aminos are ketogenic?
oxidized to acetyl CoA, ketone bodies, or FA synthesis
lysine and leucine
define glycogenic. what aminos are glycogenic?
oxidized to glycolytic or CAC intermediates
Glycine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, valine, methionine, histidine, and arginine
what amino acids are both keto and glyco
isoleucine phenylalanine lyrosine and tryptophan
describe ammonia
pulled off amino acid and excreted through fish gills
describe urea
safer nitrogen product secreted by mammals
stored with water
describe uric acid
secreted by birds
entire molecule
describe nitric oxide
synthesized from arginine
increased blood flow and helps with infection
describe creatine
synthesized from arginine
found in muscle, stores ATP, and binds with phosphate to create ATP
describe choline
synthesized from serine
needed for muscle contractions
describe histamine
synthesized from histidine
increased membrane permeability
describe tourine
synthesized from cysteine
not found in cats
describe glutathione
synthesized from cysteine
antioxidant properties
describe CoA
synthesized from cysteine
oxidizes fatty acids
describe thyroid hormone
synthesized from tyrosine
stimulates metabolism
describe NAD
synthesized from tryptophan
describe melatonin
synthesized from tryptophan
helps with sleeping and circadian rhythm
describe carnitine
synthesized from lysine
transports FAs for B-oxidation
how much protein is needed for protein sources
20%+
define oilseed meals
byproducts of vegetable oil production
what does less energy in feedstuff allow for
more protien
what are the 3 deleterious factors of soybean meal
protease inhibitors
lectins
goitrogens
define protease inhibitors
stops protein digestion and causes enlarged pancreas
define lectins
binds to carbs on brush boarder which causes digestive disturbances
define goitrogens
inhibits thyroid hormone production
causes goiter (enlarged thyroid)
what is the CP of soybean meal
44-50%
what animal is cottonseed meal most often fed to
ruminants
what does cottonseed meal cause
gossypol
define gossypol
binds to iron, reduces feed intake and growth, damages heart, lungs, and liver, causes anemia and green egg yolks
describe cyclopropene FAs
inhibit desaturase enzymes and causes hard body fat
what are animal protein sources
byproducts from the slaughter house, like meat, bone and blood meal
what does animal protein sources contain
B12
what are major concerns with animal protein sources
E.coli and salmonella
define nonprotein nitrogen
converted to ammonia in rumen
what can a toxic amount of NPN cause
neurological disorders, like labored breathing, slobbering, and incoordination
define biuret
1-2 urea condensed together, allowing for a more slow conversion to ammonia
how long must ruminants be fed biuret before they are able to digest it
6 weeks
define dry poultry waste
manure and liter from poultry industry
why is DPW fed to ruminants
because birds secrete uric acid, which is broken down by the rumen
define supplement
organic compound required in small doses in the diet
what is vitamin A
a biological activity of retinol
what are fat soluble vitamins? what are they?
found in lipids/liver
A D E K
what are H2O soluble vitamins? what are they
move through body and exit through urine
B C
what are the functions of Vit A
vision
cell proliferation and differentiation
gene transcription
what are the deficiencies of Vit A
night blindness/blindness
abnormal bone growth
rough hair coat
impaired growth
degeneration of mucous membranes
what is Vit A toxicity
skeletal malformation
reduced growth
conjunctivitis
reproductive failure
what are the 2 forms of Vit D? where do they come from?
vit d2- plant material
vit d3- animal material
where is Vit D broken down
liver and kidneys
what are the functions of VitD
increase calcium absorption
calcium mobilization from bine
what is a Vit D deficiency? explain it
demineralizes bones, causing them to soften and bow out
describe Vit E
prevents lipids in membrane from oxidative damage
what are Vit E deficiencies
muscular dystrophy
liver necrosis (swine and rat)
fetal reabsorption (rat)
describe vit K
used for clotting and osterocalcin
what is the Vit K deficiency
reduced blood clotting ability
define B Vits
enzyme cofactors in energy metabolism
what are the B Vits
B1-B3, B5-B7, B9, B12
What is B1
thiamin
what are the functions of thiamin
decarboxylation of ketoacids
transketolation
what does thiamin deficiency call
anorexia
convulsions
paralysis
slow heart rate
subnormal body temp
what is vitamin B2
riboflavin
what are the function of riboflavin
flavin moninucleotides
flavin adenine dinucleotide
what are riboflavin deficiencies
curled toe paralysis
reduced egg production and hatchability
lesions and reduced growth
reproductive failure
what is vitamin B3
niacin
what are the functions of niacin
forms NAD and NADP
what deficiency is caused by niacin
pellagra- dermatitis, dementia, and diahrrea
define niacin-tryptophan interrelation
tryptophan is concerted to niacin in the body
what is vitamin B 5
pantothenic acid
what are the functions of pantothenic acid
coenzyme A synthesis
acyl carrier protein synthesis
what are the deficiencies of pantothenic acid
reduced growth
dermatitis
goose-stepping (swine)
what is Vit B6
pyridoxal
what is pyridoxal a cofactor for
amino transforases
decarboxylase
heme biosyntheses
cysteine synthase
glycogen phosphorylase
what are pyridoxal deficiencies
convulsions
dermatitis
impaired reproduction
