end exam 2 Flashcards
where does gluconeogenesis begin
the mitochondria
why must pyruvate be changed
because it can not easily leave the mitochondria
what are converted to pyruvate
lactate and animo acids
when does glycerol enter
at step 7 under glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
what four molecules are regulated during gluconeogenesis
pyruvate carboxylase
phosphoenolpyruvate
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
glucose 6-phosphatase
what is pyruvate carboxylase activated by
the breakdown of fat
what is phosphoenolpyruvate inhibited, regulated, and activated by?
insulin
hormones
cortisol and glucogon
what is fructose 1,6 bisphosphate inhibited by
fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
what is glucose 6-phosphatase inhibited by
insulin
what are normal levels of blood glucose
4.5-5.5 mmol/L
what are normal levels for ruminants? chickens?
2.2-3.5 mmol/L
14 mmol/L
what is normal blood glucose after a meal
6.5-7.2 mmol/L
what is blood glucose during starvation
3.3-3.9 mmol/L
how is blood glucose created
when glucose enters the blood stream
what does liver glycogen
stores enough glucose for an animal overnight
what makes up gluconeogenesis
lactate and animo acids
describe the breakdown of glycerol
glycerol - pyruvate - glycose - cells that need energy - enters pathway later
what are the two main regulations of blood glucose
transportation and glucokinase
what does GLUT 2 do for regulation of blood glucose
removes glucose from blood when blood glucose is high
what does GLUT 4 do for regulation of blood glucose
removes glucose from blood when insulin is present
what does glucokinase do for regulation of blood glucose
catalyzes glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
allows glucose formation from glycogonolysis and gluconeogenesis to be related to maintain blood glucose
what secretes insulin
pancreatic b-cells
what do pancreatic b-cells do
lowers blood glucose via GLUT 4, activating glycogenesis and glycolysis, and initiating glycogenolysis and gluconcoginesis
what secretes glucagon
pancreatic a-cells
what are other hormones
anterior pituitary
glucocorticoids
epinephrine
what is acth and what does it do
adrenocorticotropic hormone
releases glucocorticoids
what does glucocorticoids do
responds to stress and stimulates glyconeogenesis
what does epinephrine do
fight or flight response, activates glycogenolysis and occurs more in muscles than liver
what is the point of glucagon
to maintain normal blood glucose
