quiz 3 Flashcards
what do we want to feed animals
energy
what do we need to know when feeding energy
what portions are digestible
define total digestible nutrients and the equation
sums all fractions of feed that are digestible
digestible CP+digestible CF+digestible NFE+2.25 digestible EE
define digestible
what goes in vs what comes out
define determination of specific nutrients
proximate analysis gives general indication of nutrient content
what does determination of specific nutrients measure?
are they qualitative or quantitive?
what is used?
amino acids and minerals
qualitative
atomic absorption
how is the energy content of feed determined? but what is the problem?
by a bomb calorimeter, bit it cannot tell how energy is used by an animal
energy ________ life
sustains
define a Kcal
amount of heat required to raise 1kg of water by 1ºC
what is the 4-9-4 rule
for 1g carbs there are 4Kcals, 1g fat=9Kcals, 1g protien=4 Kcals
describe the energy portioning
gross energy
digestible energy
metabolizable energy
net energy
define gross energy? what waste does it produce? what energy does it produce?
amount of heat produced when feed is completely oxidized
fecal material
digestible energy
define digestible energy. what is the equation?
what waste and energy is produced?
amount of energy that is digested and absorbed by cells
gross energy- fecal energy
creates urine and gas, as well as metabolizable energy
define metabolizable energy. what is the equation? what is produced (waste and energy).
determines what cells can be used, but is very expensive to run.
digestible-urine-gas
produces heat increment- heat produced from metabolized energy
produces net energy
define net energy. what is the equation? what two energies does it produce and define them.
allows for maintenance and production
metabolized energy-heat increment
net energy for maintenance- sustains life and body temps
net energy for production- protein and fat synthesis, fetal development, and milk synthesis
define digestibility
amount of nutrients digested and absorbed (aka availability)
what are the 5 types of determining digestibility
total collection in metabolism crate
collection bags
nylon bags
fecal markers
ileal digestibility
describe total collection in metabolism crate
houses an animal individually in a crate
measures feed intake and feces
proximal analysis on both feed and feces
nutrients that disappear are digestible
describe collection bags
measure feed intake and collect feces by attaching bag to animal’s rear
describe nylon bags
must have a cannulated animal (stomach is surgically tact to body wall)
paces bags containing feed into stomach to allow microbial digestion and feedstuff to stay whole
remove bag and analyze nutrient concentration to measure microbial digestion
describe fecal markers
add a known concentration of indigestible markers to feedstuff (ie: steel grain)
feces containing material are sampled
what goes in - what goes out = digestibility
describe ileal digestibility
collection of ileum contents
requires a cannulated animal or terminal experiment
define true digestibility
accounts for material in feces not fed in feedstuff, such as endogenous excretions
pre-calculated for all species
what do all the tests yield?
apparent digestibility not true digestibility
what are the options for feed manufacturing?
can mix on-site or purchase commercial feed
define feed processing
converting raw materials into balanced diet
what type of feed is most often used
pelleted and meal-type feed
what type of specialty feeds are created
horse, rabbit, llama, pet, and calf milk/grower
define least-cost formulation
spends the least amount of money to get product
what does the association of American feed control officials do ?
sets standards for quality and safety
establishes ingredient definitions
gives recommendations
what is needed for a feed label (9)
net weight
product/brand name
guaranteed analysis
common name of ingredients
name and contact information
directions for use
precautionary statements for safety and use
nutritional adequacy statement
species food was created for
define net weight
the total weight of what is being purchased
describe guaranteed analysis
nutrition content and recommended intake
requires minimum percent of crude protein and fat
requires maximum percent of crude fiber and moisture
define air dry
90% or more dry matter (will not have % moisture)
define common name of ingredients
defined and named by AAFCO
what are the limitations of information on the feed tag
no information regarding protein quality
energy value is not known
can not determine if certain requirements are met
