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Biology 1 > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does Pruvate Oxidation occur?

A

In the mitochondria matrix

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2
Q

What is used to start Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

Pyruvate, coenzyme A, and NAD+

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3
Q

What do you get out of P.O.?

A

Acetal CoA, CO2, and NADH

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4
Q

What is P.O.’s function?

A

To prepare for the Citric Acid Cycle.

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5
Q

What is Oxidation vs. Reduction?

A

Oxidation: loss of e-
Reduction: gain of e-

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6
Q

Where does the Kerb’s Cycle happen?

A

The mitochandria matrix

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7
Q

What does C.A.C start with?

A

Acetal CoA, Oxaloacete Acid, 1 ADP+Pi, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD

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8
Q

What do you get out of C.A.C.?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 CO2, CoA.

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9
Q

What is C.A.C.’s overall function?

A

To make NADH

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10
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

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11
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

A

In the inner membrane of the mitochandria

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12
Q

What are the two steps of O.P.?

A
  1. Generate a Proton Motive Force
  2. Chemiosmosis
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13
Q

Define Generate a Proton Motive Force

A

High energy electrons from NADH & FADH2 are passed down an electron transport chain from a high to a low energy state. The released energy is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix across into the inner membrane, creating a [H+] gradient = Proton Motive Force

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14
Q

What is the Proton Motive Force in short terms?

A

[H+] gradient

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15
Q

Define Chemiosmosis

A

Energy from the proton motive force is used to phosphorylate ADP. The FADH2 bounces from protein complex two and turns into FAD+2H+.

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16
Q

What happens in the membrane during Proton Motive Force?

A

Glycosis, P.O, and CAC form NADH, causing it to bounce from protein complex 1 and turn into NAD+ + H+ (Exergonic). The extra hydrogen goes through complex 1, transferring the 2e- to the third protein complex. This proces repeats in the third and fourth protein complex, resulting in 2e- becoming O(-2) and usuing the hydrogen to become H2O. The bouncing from complex to complex with the electrons is the electron transport chain

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17
Q

What happens to the hydrogen inside the protein complex? What endergonic synthesis takes place?

A

ATP synthesis occurs, causing ADP+Pi to turn into ATP.

18
Q

In O.P., 1 NADH -> ?
and 1 FADH2 -> ?

A

1 NADH -> 3 ATP
1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP

19
Q

What is the theoretical max of ATP per glucose? And what is the actual estimated amount of ATP/glucose

A

36 ATP due to subtracting the 2 ATP to get NADH from the cytoplasm to the matrix. The estimated amount is 29 ATP/Glucose.

20
Q

What is Anaerobic Respriation?

A

Respiration WITHOUT oxygen

21
Q

What kind of final e- accepter do bacteria use?

A

They use a non-oxygen final e- accepter (SO4, NO3) (anaerobic)

22
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

ATP production through glycolysis by oxidizing NADH.

23
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  1. Alcoholic Fermentation
  2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
24
Q

Define the process of Alcoholic Fermentation

A

Glucose (2NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP) + 2NAD+, 2 ADP + 2Pi. The CO2 and 2 NAD+ are released during this process, and it makes ethanol. Yeast do this

25
Q

Define the process of Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Glucose (2NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP+2Pi. The 2 NAD+ bounce back into the process again. This fermentation creates Lactic Acid. Muscle fatigue is a result of build-up in lactic acid (too much).

26
Q

What are two sources of energy?

A
  1. Lipid Metabolism
  2. Protein Metabolism
27
Q

Define the process of Lipid Metabolism

A

triglycerides —(hydrolysis + 3H2O)—> 3 long chain fatty acids + glycerol. The glycerol uses ATP to ADP and makes 3C-1.

28
Q

What is the result of adding oxidation and CoA to the fatty acids?

A

Acetal CoA

29
Q

What are the characteristics of glucose?

A
  1. Polar
  2. Small
  3. 4 Kcal/g
  4. Easy to get in/out of membrane
30
Q

What are the characteristics of fats?

A
  1. Nonpolar
  2. Large
  3. 9 Kcal/g
  4. Long-term energy (pack more and harder to get in/out of membrane)
31
Q

Define the process of Protein Metabolism

A

Dietary protein –(digested)–> Amino Acid —> make proteins. The excess amino acids are used to make energy. The dietary protein goes through deanimation and H2O, breaking it down into Amonia (NH3) + R groups (20 different routes to CAC).

32
Q

Define Deanimaiton

A

The removal of an amino group from a molecule

33
Q

How do fish, some amphibians, and aquatic insects remove NH3 (Nitrogenous Waste)?

A

They remove it just as NH3.

34
Q

How do mammals and some other amphibians remove NH3 (Nitrogenous Waste)?

A

They convert NH3 to Urea. Urea is nontoxic and soluble to H2O.

35
Q

How do reptiles, birds, and terrestrial insects remove NH3 (Nitrogenous Waste)?

A

They convert NH3 to urea, then to uric acid, which becomes a solid.

36
Q

What are the two approaches of the Regulation of Metabolic Processes?

A
  1. Simple Equilibrium Dynamics
  2. Feedback Inhibition
37
Q

Define the process of Simple Equilibrium Dynamics

A

There is an equilibrium reaction of AB to A+B. The equilibrium rxn uses an enzyme

38
Q

In S.E.D, what happens if you add AB?

A

The reaction will make more A+B, shifting the rxn to the right

39
Q

In S.E.D, what happens if you remove AB?

A

The rxn will make more AB, shifting it to the left.

40
Q

In S.E.D, what if you remove A and or B?

A

The rxn will shift to the right (make more of A and B).

41
Q

Define the process of Feedback Inhibition

A

At a high concentration, the product binds to an inhibition site on an enzyme and lowers its affinity to reactants. AB —-> A+B. This slows the rxn. The inhibition site lowers affinity to B

42
Q

Describe the whole Cellular Respiration Process

A

Lunch and/or liver glycogen -> blood, glucose –(uptake)–> cellular glucose —(glycolysis)—> pyruvate (which also goes to glycerol, then to FAT) —-(P.O.)—> Acetyl CoA (goes to/from fatty acids, which goes to FAT) –(C.A.C)–> NADH, FADH –(O.P.)–> ATP (which inhibits and goes BACK to CAC).

Biology 1 (15 decks)

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