Quiz 5

Question 1

Where does Pruvate Oxidation occur?

Answer 1

In the mitochondria matrix

Question 2

What is used to start Pyruvate Oxidation?

Answer 2

Pyruvate, coenzyme A, and NAD+

Question 3

What do you get out of P.O.?

Answer 3

Acetal CoA, CO2, and NADH

Question 4

What is P.O.’s function?

Answer 4

To prepare for the Citric Acid Cycle.

Question 5

What is Oxidation vs. Reduction?

Answer 5

Oxidation: loss of e-
Reduction: gain of e-

Question 6

Where does the Kerb’s Cycle happen?

Answer 6

The mitochandria matrix

Question 7

What does C.A.C start with?

Answer 7

Acetal CoA, Oxaloacete Acid, 1 ADP+Pi, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD

Question 8

What do you get out of C.A.C.?

Answer 8

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 CO2, CoA.

Question 9

What is C.A.C.’s overall function?

Answer 9

To make NADH

Question 10

What does FAD stand for?

Answer 10

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

Question 11

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur?

Answer 11

In the inner membrane of the mitochandria

Question 12

What are the two steps of O.P.?

Answer 12

1. Generate a Proton Motive Force
2. Chemiosmosis

Question 13

Define Generate a Proton Motive Force

Answer 13

High energy electrons from NADH & FADH2 are passed down an electron transport chain from a high to a low energy state. The released energy is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix across into the inner membrane, creating a [H+] gradient = Proton Motive Force

Question 14

What is the Proton Motive Force in short terms?

Answer 14

[H+] gradient

Question 15

Define Chemiosmosis

Answer 15

Energy from the proton motive force is used to phosphorylate ADP. The FADH2 bounces from protein complex two and turns into FAD+2H+.

Question 16

What happens in the membrane during Proton Motive Force?

Answer 16

Glycosis, P.O, and CAC form NADH, causing it to bounce from protein complex 1 and turn into NAD+ + H+ (Exergonic). The extra hydrogen goes through complex 1, transferring the 2e- to the third protein complex. This proces repeats in the third and fourth protein complex, resulting in 2e- becoming O(-2) and usuing the hydrogen to become H2O. The bouncing from complex to complex with the electrons is the electron transport chain

Question 17

What happens to the hydrogen inside the protein complex? What endergonic synthesis takes place?

Answer 17

ATP synthesis occurs, causing ADP+Pi to turn into ATP.

Question 18

In O.P., 1 NADH -> ?
and 1 FADH2 -> ?

Answer 18

1 NADH -> 3 ATP
1 FADH2 -> 2 ATP

Question 19

What is the theoretical max of ATP per glucose? And what is the actual estimated amount of ATP/glucose

Answer 19

36 ATP due to subtracting the 2 ATP to get NADH from the cytoplasm to the matrix. The estimated amount is 29 ATP/Glucose.

Question 20

What is Anaerobic Respriation?

Answer 20

Respiration WITHOUT oxygen

Question 21

What kind of final e- accepter do bacteria use?

Answer 21

They use a non-oxygen final e- accepter (SO4, NO3) (anaerobic)

Question 22

What is Fermentation?

Answer 22

ATP production through glycolysis by oxidizing NADH.

Question 23

What are the two types of fermentation?

Answer 23

1. Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 24

Define the process of Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 24

Glucose (2NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP) + 2NAD+, 2 ADP + 2Pi. The CO2 and 2 NAD+ are released during this process, and it makes ethanol. Yeast do this

Question 25

Define the process of Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 25

Glucose (2NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP) + 2NAD+ + 2ADP+2Pi. The 2 NAD+ bounce back into the process again. This fermentation creates Lactic Acid. Muscle fatigue is a result of build-up in lactic acid (too much).

Question 26

What are two sources of energy?

Answer 26

1. Lipid Metabolism 2. Protein Metabolism

Question 27

Define the process of Lipid Metabolism

Answer 27

triglycerides ---(hydrolysis + 3H2O)---> 3 long chain fatty acids + glycerol. The glycerol uses ATP to ADP and makes 3C-1.

Question 28

What is the result of adding oxidation and CoA to the fatty acids?

Answer 28

Acetal CoA

Question 29

What are the characteristics of glucose?

Answer 29

1. Polar 2. Small 3. 4 Kcal/g 4. Easy to get in/out of membrane

Question 30

What are the characteristics of fats?

Answer 30

1. Nonpolar 2. Large 3. 9 Kcal/g 4. Long-term energy (pack more and harder to get in/out of membrane)

Question 31

Define the process of Protein Metabolism

Answer 31

Dietary protein --(digested)--> Amino Acid ---> make proteins. The excess amino acids are used to make energy. The dietary protein goes through deanimation and H2O, breaking it down into Amonia (NH3) + R groups (20 different routes to CAC).

Question 32

Define Deanimaiton

Answer 32

The removal of an amino group from a molecule

Question 33

How do fish, some amphibians, and aquatic insects remove NH3 (Nitrogenous Waste)?

Answer 33

They remove it just as NH3.

Question 34

How do mammals and some other amphibians remove NH3 (Nitrogenous Waste)?

Answer 34

They convert NH3 to Urea. Urea is nontoxic and soluble to H2O.

Question 35

How do reptiles, birds, and terrestrial insects remove NH3 (Nitrogenous Waste)?

Answer 35

They convert NH3 to urea, then to uric acid, which becomes a solid.

Question 36

What are the two approaches of the Regulation of Metabolic Processes?

Answer 36

1. Simple Equilibrium Dynamics 2. Feedback Inhibition

Question 37

Define the process of Simple Equilibrium Dynamics

Answer 37

There is an equilibrium reaction of AB to A+B. The equilibrium rxn uses an enzyme

Question 38

In S.E.D, what happens if you add AB?

Answer 38

The reaction will make more A+B, shifting the rxn to the right

Question 39

In S.E.D, what happens if you remove AB?

Answer 39

The rxn will make more AB, shifting it to the left.

Question 40

In S.E.D, what if you remove A and or B?

Answer 40

The rxn will shift to the right (make more of A and B).

Question 41

Define the process of Feedback Inhibition

Answer 41

At a high concentration, the product binds to an inhibition site on an enzyme and lowers its affinity to reactants. AB ----> A+B. This slows the rxn. The inhibition site lowers affinity to B

Question 42

Describe the whole Cellular Respiration Process

Answer 42

Lunch and/or liver glycogen -> blood, glucose --(uptake)--> cellular glucose ---(glycolysis)---> pyruvate (which also goes to glycerol, then to FAT) ----(P.O.)---> Acetyl CoA (goes to/from fatty acids, which goes to FAT) --(C.A.C)--> NADH, FADH --(O.P.)--> ATP (which inhibits and goes BACK to CAC).