Quiz 2 Flashcards
What are the three other types of Lipids?
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Waxes
Name some characteristics of Phospholipids.
- 2 long-chain fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol
- amphipathic: polar & non-polar regions
- make up every cell’s membrane
Define the two parts of the phospholipid
The head: hydrophilic
The tails: hydrophobic
How do the phospholipids act in water?
They float on top of the water with the head facing the water while the tails are faced up into the air
What happens when you shake up phospholipids in water?
They turn into a bubble. The outside of the bubble are the hydrophilic heads, while the tails are facing the inside to avoid the water (hydrophobic).
What happens when you inject water into the phospholipid bubble? What is that called?
The phospholipids create another layer in order to trap the water injected into the center. The inside phospholipids turn their tails away from the water and connect with the tails of the other lipids. This is called a phospholipid bilayer.
Define the characteristics of steroids.
- Amphipathic ring based molecule
- Hydrophobic
Define some characteristics of Waxes
- large carbon-based molecules
- carnauba wax: in food products
- plants make wax for water proofing
What is a protein?
A protein is a polymer of amino acids and are involved in almost everything inside the cell.
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the backbone of proteins. There are 20 versions.
Name some amino acids
- Glycine
- Cysteine
- Tryptophan
- Proline
- Glutamic acid
Are amino acids polar or non-polar?
Polar
What are some functions of proteins?
- Communication: white blood cells look for proteins in cells to find invading/mutated cells.
- Structure: Keratin (found in nails, skin)
- Catalyst: enzymes
- Energy: animals use it
What are peptide bonds?
They are amine acid types that form through a condensation reaction (C-N covalent bond). Water is removed. These bonds are strong and stable.
What is a dipeptide bond?
When two peptide bonds react together, this reaction also produces water as a byproduct.
What are the characteristics of the shape of proteins?
The shape of the proteins determines if the cell is killed, and the shape can change under specific circumstances
What are the four levels of organization for proteins?
- Primary Structure
- Secondary Structure
- Tertiary Structure
- Quaternary Structure
Define the Primary Structure
A specific sequence of amino acids in the protein. It looks like a worm made up of proteins
Define the Secondary Structure
Coiling/sheet-like formation caused by H-bonds between amino acid backbones. (Looks literally like a sheet of paper).
Define the Tertiary Structure
Complex folding caused by interactions between R groups ( covalent or hydrogen bonds). It is a very specific 3D shape
Define the Quaternary Structure
2 or more proteins H-bonding together to form a complex structure. Looks like a bunch of squigglies.
What affects the shape of proteins?
- Temperature: sensitive to temp. Their structure can break down under high temps
- PH: only functions between a certain range of PH (blood PH 7.2-7.4)
- Binding with another molecule
What is the final type of organic molecule?
Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
What are the two different types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
