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Biology 1 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three other types of Lipids?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Waxes
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2
Q

Name some characteristics of Phospholipids.

A
  1. 2 long-chain fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol
  2. amphipathic: polar & non-polar regions
  3. make up every cell’s membrane
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3
Q

Define the two parts of the phospholipid

A

The head: hydrophilic
The tails: hydrophobic

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4
Q

How do the phospholipids act in water?

A

They float on top of the water with the head facing the water while the tails are faced up into the air

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5
Q

What happens when you shake up phospholipids in water?

A

They turn into a bubble. The outside of the bubble are the hydrophilic heads, while the tails are facing the inside to avoid the water (hydrophobic).

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6
Q

What happens when you inject water into the phospholipid bubble? What is that called?

A

The phospholipids create another layer in order to trap the water injected into the center. The inside phospholipids turn their tails away from the water and connect with the tails of the other lipids. This is called a phospholipid bilayer.

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7
Q

Define the characteristics of steroids.

A
  1. Amphipathic ring based molecule
  2. Hydrophobic
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8
Q

Define some characteristics of Waxes

A
  1. large carbon-based molecules
  2. carnauba wax: in food products
  3. plants make wax for water proofing
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9
Q

What is a protein?

A

A protein is a polymer of amino acids and are involved in almost everything inside the cell.

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10
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are the backbone of proteins. There are 20 versions.

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11
Q

Name some amino acids

A
  1. Glycine
  2. Cysteine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Proline
  5. Glutamic acid
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12
Q

Are amino acids polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

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13
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A
  1. Communication: white blood cells look for proteins in cells to find invading/mutated cells.
  2. Structure: Keratin (found in nails, skin)
  3. Catalyst: enzymes
  4. Energy: animals use it
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14
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

They are amine acid types that form through a condensation reaction (C-N covalent bond). Water is removed. These bonds are strong and stable.

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15
Q

What is a dipeptide bond?

A

When two peptide bonds react together, this reaction also produces water as a byproduct.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the shape of proteins?

A

The shape of the proteins determines if the cell is killed, and the shape can change under specific circumstances

17
Q

What are the four levels of organization for proteins?

A
  1. Primary Structure
  2. Secondary Structure
  3. Tertiary Structure
  4. Quaternary Structure
18
Q

Define the Primary Structure

A

A specific sequence of amino acids in the protein. It looks like a worm made up of proteins

19
Q

Define the Secondary Structure

A

Coiling/sheet-like formation caused by H-bonds between amino acid backbones. (Looks literally like a sheet of paper).

20
Q

Define the Tertiary Structure

A

Complex folding caused by interactions between R groups ( covalent or hydrogen bonds). It is a very specific 3D shape

21
Q

Define the Quaternary Structure

A

2 or more proteins H-bonding together to form a complex structure. Looks like a bunch of squigglies.

22
Q

What affects the shape of proteins?

A
  1. Temperature: sensitive to temp. Their structure can break down under high temps
  2. PH: only functions between a certain range of PH (blood PH 7.2-7.4)
  3. Binding with another molecule
23
Q

What is the final type of organic molecule?

A

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA

24
Q

What are the two different types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

25
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. No nucleus
  2. no membrane-bound organelles
  3. asexual reproduction
  4. DNA is circular
  5. Small: >1 micron
  6. Single-celled
26
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Membrane-bound nucleus
  2. Have organelles
  3. Both asexual/sexual reproduction
  4. DNA has multiple linear strands (chromosomes)
  5. Multi-cellular (may be)
27
Q

In animal cells, what is the cell membrane made of?

A

Proteins, phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol. The fluid mosaic is the structure name of the membrane.

28
Q

What is the cytoplasm made of?

A

Water, dissolved molecules, and organelles. The cytoplasm also has a high tenacity

29
Q

What is a way particles can cross the cell membrane?

A

Simple Diffusion

30
Q

Define Simple Diffusion

A

It is the net passive movement of solute from an area of [high] to [low]

31
Q

What is a solute?

A

Particles that dissolve in a solution

32
Q

What is a solvent?

A

H20 - The solution

33
Q

The cell membrane is selectively ______ to __________________ and H20

A
  1. permeable
  2. small non-polar molecules
34
Q

In a solution, there is O2 and Glucose on one side, and the other has neither. There are small openings between the two sides. What will happen over time?

A

The O2 will diffuse to the less concentrated side to evenly distribute the particles. The same would happen if the O2 were on the opposite side. No matter what, equal diffusion will occur.

35
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the passive net movement of H2O from [high] (hypotonic solution) to [low] (hypertonic solution).

36
Q

What is tenacity?

A

Tenacity is the total solute concentration of a solution.

37
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that has a higher tenacity than the reference solution.

38
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that has a lower tenacity than the reference solution.

39
Q

What is a isotonic solution?

A

A isotonic solution has an equal tenacity to the reference solution.

Biology 1 (15 decks)

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