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Biology 1 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the second way to cross the membrane?

A

Carrier Mediated Transfer

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2
Q

What happens in CMT?

A

Transmembrane protein is used to transport solute across the membrane

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3
Q

What are the two types of CMT?

A

Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport

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4
Q

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

A

CMT across the membrane down a concentration gradient. [high] -> [low]

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5
Q

What proteins does facilitated diffusion use?

A
  1. Chemical Proteins (aquaporins)
  2. Carrier Proteins (Glut 1 - loses affinity to glucose. It binds to insulin to increase affinity)
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6
Q

What happens during Active Transport?

A

T.M.P and energy move to more solute across the membrane UP a concentration gradient.

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7
Q

What is the 3rd way things can cross the membrane?

A

Endocytosis/Exocytosis

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8
Q

Define the process of endocytosis

A

It is called Phagocytosis. It is when a cell engulfs food. For example, a macrophage consumes bacteria and traps it inside a food vacuole. Exocytosis would be it releasing the bacteria.

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9
Q

Define the Endomembrane System

A

It is a group of membrane-bound organelles that produce, transport, secret, and store stuff (mostly proteins)

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10
Q

What organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

A

Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum, Rough E.R, and the Golgi Apparatus

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11
Q

What are the properties of the nucleus?

A
  1. DNA/RNA
  2. Dissolved molecules
  3. Nucleolus (builds ribosomes)
  4. Nucleoplasm
  5. Nuclear Envelope (poius)
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12
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make proteins

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13
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

They are in the cytoplasm freely and make proteins

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14
Q

What is the Smooth E.R.?

A

It produces lipids (phospholipids, steroids) and contains enzymes for detoxification. It also can push out vesicles of steroids out of the cell (exocytosis)

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15
Q

What is the Rough E.R.?

A

Is connected to the smooth E.R. and makes proteins that need compartmentalization. They also can push out proteins to the Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

It sorts, modifies, and packages proteins. It can package them into lysosomes or release them from the cell in a secretory vesicle.

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17
Q

What is the Mitochandria

A

It is a double membrane-bound organelle that transforms energy to a usable state. They came from old bacteria cells (reproduces like them) and evolved (obligatory symbiosis with cells).

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18
Q

What is the mitochandria made out of?

A
  1. Own DNA
  2. Own libosomes (bateria)
  3. Inner membrane (Matrix) is prokaryotic
  4. Criste (outer membrane)
19
Q

What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?

A

Modern eukaryotic cells evolve from an early symbiotic relationship between a prokaryotic and primitive eukaryotic. (Chloroplasts also do this, but mitochondria came first)

20
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton?

A

Composed of three protein filaments involved in movement/structure

21
Q

What are the three protein filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate Filaments
  3. Microtubules
22
Q

Define Microfilaments

A
  1. Smallest
  2. Long chains of Actin proteins
  3. Causes contraction
  4. Coil shape
23
Q

Define Intermediate Filaments

A
  1. Bundles of linear proteins
  2. scaffolding in the cell (structural support)
  3. holds organelles in place
  4. DNA looking thingies that have circles
24
Q

Define Microtubules

A
  1. Tubuler arrangments of Tubulin
  2. Largest
  3. Create rail network inside the cell
  4. Produced by microtubule organizing centres (MTOC)
  5. Hollow cylinder with molecules
25
Q

In animal cells, wha does MTOC contain?

A

Centriols

26
Q

Define Centriols

A

Short, rod-shaped structures composed of 9 microtubule triplets

27
Q

Define Ciliet Flagellium

A
  1. long, whip-like microtubule structures (end of cell).
  2. Short and many of them
  3. 9 microtubule doubles around 2 central microtubules
28
Q

What structures are NOT found in animal cells?

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Chloroplast
  3. Vacuoles
29
Q

Define the cell wall

A

Made of cellulose (polysaccharide) and maybe have two layers

30
Q

Define the Outer Cell Wall layer

A
  1. Thin and flexible
  2. All plant cells have it
31
Q

Define the Inner Cell Wall

A
  1. Uses calcium
  2. Rigid and thick
  3. In some plant cells
    Ex/ Wood has both cell walls since it is rigid and hard, while the leaves have only the outer layer since they are flexible)
32
Q

Adjacent cells are held together by _____?

A

Calcium Pectate

33
Q

Define chloroplasts

A
  1. Eukaryotic photoautotrophs
  2. Have outer and inner (folded) membrane
  3. Include DNA, Thylakoid, and Stroma
34
Q

Define Vacuoles

A
  1. Large “empty” membrane-bound structures
35
Q

What are the two types of vacuoles?

A
  1. Central Vacuole
  2. Contractile Vacuole
36
Q

Define Central Vacuole

A
  1. Found in plant cells
  2. Stores water and small solutes (sodium, sugar, potassium)
  3. Provide skeletal support and movement
37
Q

Define Turgor Pressure

A
  1. In Central Vacuole
  2. Caused by water pushing against the membrane
38
Q

Define Contractile Vacuole

A
  1. Found in fresh water protists (mostly single-celled)
  2. The outer membrane has cilia
  3. Pump water into a vacuole and the hole is surrounded by Actin
39
Q

What are the 3 types of Cell-to-Cell Contact/Junctions?

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Anchor Junctions
  3. Communicate Junctions
40
Q

Define Tight Junctions

A
  1. Found in animals
  2. Protein stitching that creates an impassible barrier between cells
  3. Selective up-take (makes things go THROUGH the cell in order to make sure the right things pass through to the blood)
41
Q

Define Anchor Junctions

A
  1. Hold cells together (Desmosomes)
  2. Composed of proteins
  3. Found in animal cell
  4. Hook proteins to anchor cells together
    Ex/ Skin, heart muscle
42
Q

Define Communication Junctions

A
  1. Exchange of cytoplasm between cells
  2. Gap Junctions: found in animal cells
  3. Plasmodesmata: found in plant cells
43
Q

Define Gap Junctions

A

Adjacent channel T.M.Ps line up and connect the cytoplasms of the cells

44
Q

Define Plamsmodesmata

A

Channels through adjacent cell walls

Biology 1 (15 decks)

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