Quiz 3

Question 1

What is the second way to cross the membrane?

Answer 1

Carrier Mediated Transfer

Question 2

What happens in CMT?

Answer 2

Transmembrane protein is used to transport solute across the membrane

Question 3

What are the two types of CMT?

Answer 3

Facilitated Diffusion and Active Transport

Question 4

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 4

CMT across the membrane down a concentration gradient. [high] -> [low]

Question 5

What proteins does facilitated diffusion use?

Answer 5

1. Chemical Proteins (aquaporins)
2. Carrier Proteins (Glut 1 - loses affinity to glucose. It binds to insulin to increase affinity)

Question 6

What happens during Active Transport?

Answer 6

T.M.P and energy move to more solute across the membrane UP a concentration gradient.

Question 7

What is the 3rd way things can cross the membrane?

Answer 7

Endocytosis/Exocytosis

Question 8

Define the process of endocytosis

Answer 8

It is called Phagocytosis. It is when a cell engulfs food. For example, a macrophage consumes bacteria and traps it inside a food vacuole. Exocytosis would be it releasing the bacteria.

Question 9

Define the Endomembrane System

Answer 9

It is a group of membrane-bound organelles that produce, transport, secret, and store stuff (mostly proteins)

Question 10

What organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

Answer 10

Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum, Rough E.R, and the Golgi Apparatus

Question 11

What are the properties of the nucleus?

Answer 11

1. DNA/RNA
2. Dissolved molecules
3. Nucleolus (builds ribosomes)
4. Nucleoplasm
5. Nuclear Envelope (poius)

Question 12

What do ribosomes do?

Answer 12

Make proteins

Question 13

What are free ribosomes?

Answer 13

They are in the cytoplasm freely and make proteins

Question 14

What is the Smooth E.R.?

Answer 14

It produces lipids (phospholipids, steroids) and contains enzymes for detoxification. It also can push out vesicles of steroids out of the cell (exocytosis)

Question 15

What is the Rough E.R.?

Answer 15

Is connected to the smooth E.R. and makes proteins that need compartmentalization. They also can push out proteins to the Golgi apparatus

Question 16

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 16

It sorts, modifies, and packages proteins. It can package them into lysosomes or release them from the cell in a secretory vesicle.

Question 17

What is the Mitochandria

Answer 17

It is a double membrane-bound organelle that transforms energy to a usable state. They came from old bacteria cells (reproduces like them) and evolved (obligatory symbiosis with cells).

Question 18

What is the mitochandria made out of?

Answer 18

1. Own DNA
2. Own libosomes (bateria)
3. Inner membrane (Matrix) is prokaryotic
4. Criste (outer membrane)

Question 19

What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?

Answer 19

Modern eukaryotic cells evolve from an early symbiotic relationship between a prokaryotic and primitive eukaryotic. (Chloroplasts also do this, but mitochondria came first)

Question 20

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 20

Composed of three protein filaments involved in movement/structure

Question 21

What are the three protein filaments in the cytoskeleton?

Answer 21

1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate Filaments
3. Microtubules

Question 22

Define Microfilaments

Answer 22

1. Smallest
2. Long chains of Actin proteins
3. Causes contraction
4. Coil shape

Question 23

Define Intermediate Filaments

Answer 23

1. Bundles of linear proteins
2. scaffolding in the cell (structural support)
3. holds organelles in place
4. DNA looking thingies that have circles

Question 24

Define Microtubules

Answer 24

1. Tubuler arrangments of Tubulin
2. Largest
3. Create rail network inside the cell
4. Produced by microtubule organizing centres (MTOC)
5. Hollow cylinder with molecules

Question 25

In animal cells, wha does MTOC contain?

Answer 25

Centriols

Question 26

Define Centriols

Answer 26

Short, rod-shaped structures composed of 9 microtubule triplets

Question 27

Define Ciliet Flagellium

Answer 27

1. long, whip-like microtubule structures (end of cell). 2. Short and many of them 3. 9 microtubule doubles around 2 central microtubules

Question 28

What structures are NOT found in animal cells?

Answer 28

1. Cell Wall 2. Chloroplast 3. Vacuoles

Question 29

Define the cell wall

Answer 29

Made of cellulose (polysaccharide) and maybe have two layers

Question 30

Define the Outer Cell Wall layer

Answer 30

1. Thin and flexible 2. All plant cells have it

Question 31

Define the Inner Cell Wall

Answer 31

1. Uses calcium 2. Rigid and thick 3. In some plant cells Ex/ Wood has both cell walls since it is rigid and hard, while the leaves have only the outer layer since they are flexible)

Question 32

Adjacent cells are held together by _____?

Answer 32

Calcium Pectate

Question 33

Define chloroplasts

Answer 33

1. Eukaryotic photoautotrophs 2. Have outer and inner (folded) membrane 3. Include DNA, Thylakoid, and Stroma

Question 34

Define Vacuoles

Answer 34

1. Large "empty" membrane-bound structures

Question 35

What are the two types of vacuoles?

Answer 35

1. Central Vacuole 2. Contractile Vacuole

Question 36

Define Central Vacuole

Answer 36

1. Found in plant cells 2. Stores water and small solutes (sodium, sugar, potassium) 3. Provide skeletal support and movement

Question 37

Define Turgor Pressure

Answer 37

1. In Central Vacuole 2. Caused by water pushing against the membrane

Question 38

Define Contractile Vacuole

Answer 38

1. Found in fresh water protists (mostly single-celled) 2. The outer membrane has cilia 3. Pump water into a vacuole and the hole is surrounded by Actin

Question 39

What are the 3 types of Cell-to-Cell Contact/Junctions?

Answer 39

1. Tight Junctions 2. Anchor Junctions 3. Communicate Junctions

Question 40

Define Tight Junctions

Answer 40

1. Found in animals 2. Protein stitching that creates an impassible barrier between cells 3. Selective up-take (makes things go THROUGH the cell in order to make sure the right things pass through to the blood)

Question 41

Define Anchor Junctions

Answer 41

1. Hold cells together (Desmosomes) 2. Composed of proteins 3. Found in animal cell 4. Hook proteins to anchor cells together Ex/ Skin, heart muscle

Question 42

Define Communication Junctions

Answer 42

1. Exchange of cytoplasm between cells 2. Gap Junctions: found in animal cells 3. Plasmodesmata: found in plant cells

Question 43

Define Gap Junctions

Answer 43

Adjacent channel T.M.Ps line up and connect the cytoplasms of the cells

Question 44

Define Plamsmodesmata

Answer 44

Channels through adjacent cell walls