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Biology 1 > Exam 3 first lecture > Flashcards

Exam 3 first lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nature of eukaryotic DNA?

A

Linear chromosomes

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2
Q

What do linear chromosomes contain?

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Folded complex of proteins + DNA

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body?

A

46

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5
Q

How many types of chromosomes are there?

A

23 (Type A-W)

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6
Q

What do homologous chromosomes contain?

A

Same genes

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7
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene

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8
Q

What is a ploidy?

A

of sets of chromosomes in a nucleus

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9
Q

How many sets of chromosomes does a diploid have? Haploid? Triploid? Tetraploid?

A

2; 1; 3; 4

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10
Q

What is the Cell Cycle?

A

The generation of a cell to division of a cell

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11
Q

What are the 3 stages in the Cell Cycle?

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

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12
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The division of the nucleus

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13
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasmic division

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14
Q

What are the stages in interphase?

A

Gap (G1), Synthesis, Gap (G2)

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15
Q

What is G1?

A
  • growth
  • normal cell stuff
  • massive production of enzymes necessary for DNA replication
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16
Q

What happens in Synythesis?

A

DNA replication

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17
Q

What is a dyad?

A

A pair of sister chromatids

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18
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of chromosomes that are held together by a centromere.

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19
Q

What does a centromere contain?

A

Kinetochore microtubules

20
Q

What specific thing replicates in synthesis? (MOTC)

A

Centriols

21
Q

What happens in G2?

A
  • growth
  • massive production of tubulin
  • mitochandria/chloroplasts divide
22
Q

What is another word for Mitosis?

A

Nuclear Division

23
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

24
Q

What occurs during Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes start condensing
  • centriols move to opposite ends of the cell
  • centriols produce polar microtubules and Aster microtubules
25
Q

What occurs during Prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope disappears
  • chromosomes finish condensing (tight and visible)
  • centriols produce kinetochore microtubules
26
Q

What is the Spindle Apparatus?

A

P microtubules, A microtubules, K microtubules

27
Q

What occurs during Metaphase?

A
  • K microtubules move dyads to center of the cell (metophasis plate) and lines them up in a disc arrangment.
28
Q

What occurs during Anaphase?

A
  • polar microtubules get longer
  • centromeres break
  • K microtubules get shorter, which pulls the chromatids to opposites ends of the cell.
29
Q

What occurs during Telophase/Cytokinesis?

A
  • Chromatids reach opposite ends and get contained within nuclei
  • spindle apparatus disappers
  • chromatids decondense
  • Actin belt at metaphasis plate constricts, pinching the cell in half
30
Q

What is the area called when the cell is undergoing Cytokinesis?

A

Cleavage furrow

31
Q

Plant cells undergoing cell division is the same process as animal cells EXCEPT?

A

-no centriols in MOTC
- no aster fibers
- cytokinesis occurs through cell plate formation

32
Q

What is the specific process of cell division plant cells go through?

A

The golgi apparatus makes vesicles that line up in the middle of the cell.
- vesicles combine
- splits membrane to two separate cells
- cells secrete their own cell walls

33
Q

What kind of division does Meosis do?

A

Reduction division

34
Q

What are the two divisions of Meosis?

A

Meosis I and II

35
Q

What are the stages of Meosis I?

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase/Cytokinesis I

36
Q

Describe Prophase I

A
  • same as preparation in Mitosis
  • Synapsis occurs
37
Q

What is Synapsis?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up and H-bond to each other. Crossing over occurs now (Homologo exchange segment). It ends in two chromatids that have exchanged chromosomes.

38
Q

Describe Metaphase I

A

Tetrads line up at Metaphasis plate

39
Q

Describe Anaphase I

A

Homologs separate and dyad’s get pulled to opposite ends of the cell

40
Q

Describe Telophase/Cytokinesis I

A
  • same as Mitosis except:
  • the chromosomes stay condensed and the nuclear envelope does not form
  • Independent Assortment
41
Q

What is Independent Assortment?

A

Random arrangement of homologous pairs at the Metaphasis plate in Metaphase I
- Parental sets of chromosomes do not stay together in the first Meiotic division.

42
Q

What is Meiosis II?

A

Mitosis of haploid cells

43
Q

What are the phases of Meiosis II?

A

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase/Cytokinesis II

44
Q

Describe Prophase II

A

spindle apparatus forms and centriols replicate

45
Q

Describe Metaphase II

A
  • same as Mitosis. Humans have 23 dyads
46
Q

Describe Anaphase II

A
  • same as Mitosis - humans: 23 on each side
47
Q

Describe Telophase/Cytokinesis II

A

Same as Mitosis

Biology 1 (15 decks)

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