Quiz 2 Flashcards
What is a voided urine collection
Allow small amount to be voided before collecting remainder, clean catch
When is it best to take a voided urine sample
Before meal, before meds, first thing in morning (most concentrated)
Manual expression of bladder can only be done in
Small animal
What is catheterization as a method of collecting urine, is it sterile?
Insert tube into bladder thro urethra, not always sterile
Only way to get sterile urine sample from bladder
Cystocentesis
UA should be done within __ hrs of collection
2 hrs (can also be refrigerated up to 24 hrs)
Before testing a refrigerated sample, it should
Be warmed to room temp
If a urine sample sits for too long, what may happen
Disintegration if cells, bacteria proliferation, precipitation of crystals, turbidity of sample
Horse urine often appears
Dark brownish w lots of mucous, normally cloudy
Excessive foaming in a urine sample May indicate
Protein in the urine
We measure specific gravity on what instrument?
Refractometer,
Components of urine chemical exam (what is on dipstick)
PH, glucose, bilirubin, leukocytes, protein, ketones, urobilinogen, nitrates, SG (not as accurate as refract.)
How to do a microscopic exam of urine
Centrifuge for 3-5 min at 1000-3000 RPM, poor off, resuspend sediment, drop onto slide, observe at 10x low power (or high for bacteria)
Size of sample when doing fecal
Ab 1 cubic cm (or 1 g)
Mucus in stool may indicate
Constipation
Best way to determine tape worms in small animal
Gross exam of feces
If parasites are not found on a direct fecal smear it is considered
Inconclusive Bc of small sample size
If no ova are seen it is called
NES no eggs seen (not negative)
Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and strongyles are what type of internal parasite
Nematodes
What are cestodes
Flat segmented worms like tape worms
What are trematodes
Flat unsegmented worms like flukes
Coccidia are what kind of internal parasite, how diagnoses?
Protozoa (single called organism) diagnosed by fecal float
If diarrhea is present you (increase or decreased) the amount of sample when doing fecal
Increase Bc water content
How long and how fast centrifuge fecal tubes
5 min, 2000-3000RPMs
After centrifuging fecal tube, creating a meniscus, and placing a coverslip, how long before observing?
10 min (allow ova to float)
Fecals are examined under what objective
Low, high for observation of details
Where roundworms are located in infected animal
Small intestine
Where whip worms are located in infected animal
Embedded in wall of large intestine and cecum
Where hookworms are located in infected animal
Small intestine
Objective for RBC count
40x (high power)
What boxes are counted for RBC count
5 boxes within the central most square (4corners and center)
After counting RBCs, multiply by what to get total /ul
10,000
Size of capillary tube for RBC count
5 ul
Let hemocytometer settle for how long before reading RBC count
3 min (allow cells to settle to grid floor)
Dilution ratio for RBC count
What solution is used?
1:200
Physiologic saline solution
Tool for measuring hgb and units
Hemoglobinometer
G/dL
For complete ear evaluation, how many slides are made and for what?
Two slides from each ear; 1 for ear mite check and 1 for exam of microbes
For ear mites swab the ___ canal
For microbe check swab the ___ canal
Mites= horizontal Microbes= vertical
Why mineral oil is added to exudate for mite checks
Helps breakdown wax and slowdown mites
Genus species of ear mites
Otodectes cynotis
Look at ear mite slide under what magnification
10x
For a microbe check slide of ear, heat is used to fix unless we are using
Dif quick (has fixative)
What color is gram neg and what color is gram pos
Purple- pos
Pink- neg
What is malassezia, what objective can it be seen
Yeast, see under 40x
What objective bacteria are found
Oil
Ear mite eggs look like
Horse strongyles
