Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards
where in pancreas make endocrine hormones
islets of langerhans made of alpha and beta cells
glucagon (pancreas endocrine hormone) is made from what pancreas cells? Insulin?
glucagon: alpha cells
insulin: beta cells
excretion of pancreatic endocrine hormones controlled by
glucose levels in blood
what insulin does
helps take glucose out of blood to be used for cellular function, lowers blood glucose
what glucagon does
stimulates glycogen break down in liver (stored glucose), increases blood glucose
what organs have control over blood glucose and how
Pancreas: endocrine hormones
Kidneys: glucose too high, kidney cant reabsorb it all and excess leaves urine
Liver: excess stored in liver as glycogen
difference between diabetes mellitus and insipidus
DM: insulin deficiency
DI: inadequate production of anti-diuertic hormone, kidney doesnt reabsorb water
what usually causes type 1; juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
destruction of beta cells that should be producing insulin, may be genetic
what usually causes type 2; adult onset diabetes mellitus
drugs or obesity, insulin produced but not in sufficient amounts (or cells desensitized to it)
signs of diabetes mellitus
PU/PD (increased glucose in urine draws fluid out), polyphagia, weight loss (cells starved, glucose cannot be used), cataracts (opaque lenses from fluid build up), reocurring infections (high glucose-> bacterial growth)
lab finding of diabetes mellitus
glucosuria and hyperglycemia
possible causes of hypoglycemia
starvation, iatrogenic (give too much insulin), liver diasease (poor storage), GI disease (not absorbed), addisons disease (lack cortisol which helps w glucose metabolism), insulinomas (tumor of beta cells, too much insulin made, ferrets)
why prolonged hypoglycemia can cause ketoacidosis
fat used for energy, ketone bodies made (are acidic), causes metabolicn acidosis
ketoacidosis in lacating dairy cattle is called
ketosis
what causes ketosis in dairy cattle
lactating, not consuming enough feed, neg energy balance, ketoacidosis
signs of ketosis in dairy cattle
lethargic, off feed, may have neurologic signs, ketouria
ketosis in sheep and goat is called…
usually occurs when
pregnancy toxemia; usually in late gestation usu bc multiple babies
why we must run a serum/plasma sample for glucose immediatly, or separate for storage
RBCs will continue to use any glucose in the blood
samples used for testing blood glucose
serum, plasma, or plasma from oxylate (NaF preserves glucose)
glucose renal threhold
180 g/dl
how a glucose tolerance test is done
fast 12-24hr, take baseline sample, load w glucose, take sample 15 30 45 60 and 90 min later, test each for glucose
(measures pancreases ability to handle glucose)
normal, diabets mellitus, and insulinoma results of glucose tolerance test
Norm: baseline-low, levels normal by 30-60 min
diabetes: baseline- high, subsequents- high
insulinoma: baseline-low, all others low
what is fructosamine and why we test it?
when glucose is persistantly high in blood, binds w serum proteins-> fructosamine
high levels indicate persistant hyperglycemia (diabetes)
Alc/ glycosylated hemoglobin tests what
measures glucose bound to hgb, gives avgerage level of glucose overtime. estimates daily flucuation
signs of diabetes insipidus
how to diagnose
PU/PD (low ADH), low specific gravity
diag: Urinalysis, ADH levels/ water deprivation test
how a water deprivation test is done to diagnose
withold f/w, collect urine w catheter to see if able to concentrate urine
