Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

where in pancreas make endocrine hormones

Answer 1

islets of langerhans made of alpha and beta cells

Question 2

glucagon (pancreas endocrine hormone) is made from what pancreas cells? Insulin?

Answer 2

glucagon: alpha cells
insulin: beta cells

Question 3

excretion of pancreatic endocrine hormones controlled by

Answer 3

glucose levels in blood

Question 4

what insulin does

Answer 4

helps take glucose out of blood to be used for cellular function, lowers blood glucose

Question 5

what glucagon does

Answer 5

stimulates glycogen break down in liver (stored glucose), increases blood glucose

Question 6

what organs have control over blood glucose and how

Answer 6

Pancreas: endocrine hormones
Kidneys: glucose too high, kidney cant reabsorb it all and excess leaves urine
Liver: excess stored in liver as glycogen

Question 7

difference between diabetes mellitus and insipidus

Answer 7

DM: insulin deficiency
DI: inadequate production of anti-diuertic hormone, kidney doesnt reabsorb water

Question 8

what usually causes type 1; juvenile onset diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

destruction of beta cells that should be producing insulin, may be genetic

Question 9

what usually causes type 2; adult onset diabetes mellitus

Answer 9

drugs or obesity, insulin produced but not in sufficient amounts (or cells desensitized to it)

Question 10

signs of diabetes mellitus

Answer 10

PU/PD (increased glucose in urine draws fluid out), polyphagia, weight loss (cells starved, glucose cannot be used), cataracts (opaque lenses from fluid build up), reocurring infections (high glucose-> bacterial growth)

Question 11

lab finding of diabetes mellitus

Answer 11

glucosuria and hyperglycemia

Question 12

possible causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 12

starvation, iatrogenic (give too much insulin), liver diasease (poor storage), GI disease (not absorbed), addisons disease (lack cortisol which helps w glucose metabolism), insulinomas (tumor of beta cells, too much insulin made, ferrets)

Question 13

why prolonged hypoglycemia can cause ketoacidosis

Answer 13

fat used for energy, ketone bodies made (are acidic), causes metabolicn acidosis

Question 14

ketoacidosis in lacating dairy cattle is called

Answer 14

ketosis

Question 15

what causes ketosis in dairy cattle

Answer 15

lactating, not consuming enough feed, neg energy balance, ketoacidosis

Question 16

signs of ketosis in dairy cattle

Answer 16

lethargic, off feed, may have neurologic signs, ketouria

Question 17

ketosis in sheep and goat is called…

usually occurs when

Answer 17

pregnancy toxemia; usually in late gestation usu bc multiple babies

Question 18

why we must run a serum/plasma sample for glucose immediatly, or separate for storage

Answer 18

RBCs will continue to use any glucose in the blood

Question 19

samples used for testing blood glucose

Answer 19

serum, plasma, or plasma from oxylate (NaF preserves glucose)

Question 20

glucose renal threhold

Answer 20

180 g/dl

Question 21

how a glucose tolerance test is done

Answer 21

fast 12-24hr, take baseline sample, load w glucose, take sample 15 30 45 60 and 90 min later, test each for glucose
(measures pancreases ability to handle glucose)

Question 22

normal, diabets mellitus, and insulinoma results of glucose tolerance test

Answer 22

Norm: baseline-low, levels normal by 30-60 min

diabetes: baseline- high, subsequents- high
insulinoma: baseline-low, all others low

Question 23

what is fructosamine and why we test it?

Answer 23

when glucose is persistantly high in blood, binds w serum proteins-> fructosamine
high levels indicate persistant hyperglycemia (diabetes)

Question 24

Alc/ glycosylated hemoglobin tests what

Answer 24

measures glucose bound to hgb, gives avgerage level of glucose overtime. estimates daily flucuation

Question 25

signs of diabetes insipidus

how to diagnose

Answer 25

PU/PD (low ADH), low specific gravity

diag: Urinalysis, ADH levels/ water deprivation test

Question 26

how a water deprivation test is done to diagnose

Answer 26

withold f/w, collect urine w catheter to see if able to concentrate urine