Questions of Portugal Flashcards
After centuries of positive trade relationships, what two wars in the 19th and 20th centuries harmed Portugal’s wine trade?
The Peninsular Wars and the Portuguese Civil War
What catastrophe then struck the Portuguese wine industry in 1867?
Phylloxera
Who was the leader of Portugal for 40years from 1937?
Antonio de Oliveira Salazar
Why is Salazar considered to have harmed the Portuguese wine industry?
He prioritised support for cooperatives, which put out high volumes of low quality wine, over quality wine production.
What two political changes marked a renewal in Portugal’s production of quality wine?
The Carnation Revolution, which returned Portugal to democracy民主, and the accession to the EU in 1986.
How did EU founding help producers?
Funding accelerated the modernisation of Portugal’s infrastructure, research programmes and training, and investment in modern vineyard and winemaking equipment, including temperature controlled stainless-steel tanks.
Why is Portugal so focussed on exports?
After the 2011 - 2014 debt crisis, Portugal was bailed out by the IMF triggering an austerity programme in the country, which has increased the need for strong exports.
Describe the climate of Portugal?
The west is maritime with Atlantic influences, the interior is sheltered from the Atlantic by mountain ranges and is continental, and the south is warm and dry.
Where are schist and granite soils mainly found in Portugal?
In mountainous regions, Vinho Verde, Douro and Dao, and on Hilly areas of Alentejo.
What soil types are found to the south?
Clay, limestone, and sandy soils.
What area has alluvial soil?
Tejo
How many hectares was planted in Portugal as of 2018? Does this represent an increase or decrease? Why?
190,000 ha;
A decrease of 85,000ha over the last 30 years.
There has been a focus on smaller volumes of high quality wine, and vineyards in high volume regions (Tejo) have been grubbed up.
What particular area has been a focus of investment and planting?
Alentejo, because it is warm, sunny, dry and suited to mechanisation, as well as being close to Lisbon so suited for tourism.
What style of wine is Alentejo known for?
Soft and ripe, good quality
What has been the range of production for wine in general in Portugal over the last 10 years?
560million litres to 710 million litres
What kinds of extreme weather events can impact production in Portugal?
Hail, storms and fire
What hazards come with wet weather in Portugal?
Poor fruit set and later, fungal disease
What other two common European hazards are a problem in Portugal?
Esca and grapevine moth
What pruning and training methods are most common in Portugal?
Cordon or replacement-cane, and VSP trellised
Where are most old bush vines found in Portugal?
Douro and Alentejo, with some at Dao and Bairrada.
What kind of vineyards are old bush vines often found in ?
Mixed variety or “field blend” vineyards.
What are the regulations around irrigation in Portugal?
There used to be more regulation, but now growers can mostly irrigate when it is required to maintain quality (not boost yield) without seeking authorisation. Some are required to inform the local regulators.
What accounts for the low level of organic certification in Portugal?
Many are organic anyway, but don’t feel a need to go through the cost and effort of certification.
Do blends or varietals predominate?
Blends
What are lagares made from?
Local stone-schist, granite, marble - or stainless steel.
What was the impact of the destemming equipment that EU founding allowed Portugal’s winemakers to buy?欧盟资助葡萄牙酿酒商购买的去梗设备有何影响？What kind of oak was introducted around this time too?
Improvements in tannin management;
French oak.
What are toneis?
Large Portugese oak and Brazilian hardwood vessels (3000-6000L), that have recently had a bit of a revival.
What practice, more usually associated with Port production, is often found in Portugal?
Fermenting and foot-treading in lagares.
What other kind of fermenting vessel is growing in popularity in Portugal? What DOC focusses specially on this?
Clay vessels, often on the skins (even white).
DOC Vinho de Talha in Alentejo.
What is a frequently found practice, pre-fermentation, for white wine in Portugal?
Skin contact
What is the system that Portugal follows for geographical indications?
The PDO and PGI system
What do DOC/DOP stand for in Portugal?
Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC)
Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP) - more modern.
How many DOC’s are there in Portugal?
31
What is the traditional term for PGI wines?
Vinho Regional (VR)
How many VR’s are there?
14
How is wine that is not PDG/PGI status in Portugal?
Vinho
What percentage of Portuguese agriculture is made up by viticulture?
35%
Name three big brands of Portugal who source grapes from growers who take no part in winemaking?
Mateus Rosé, Lancers, and Casal Garcia
What have negociants been doing since Portugal joined the EU? Name the company that has done this on the biggest scale, acquiring brands and estates in Vinho Verde, The Douro, Dao, Alentejo and Lisboa?
They have been acquiring vineyards in order to diversify, increase quality and compete in non-traditional export markets;
Sogrape.
What’s the local name for amphora双耳瓶 in Portugal?
Talha
Which event cemented巩固Portugal as a wine-producing powerhouse in Europe?
Reconquista 收复失地运动 (公元718至1492年间，西班牙人反对阿拉伯人占领，收复失地的运动.1492年1月2日，阿拉伯人在西班牙建立的最后一个王国格拉纳达王国被打败，国王穆罕默德十二世（即西班牙称博阿布迪尔）投降，西班牙统一，收复失地运动胜利结束。)
The origin of quintas?
During Reconquista, the land was distributed to the new nobility of Portugal, often to knights骑士as a reward奖励, with the stipulation that 1/5 of the harvest be given to the kingdom as tax. These estates were called “quintas”.
When was phylloxera discovered in Portugal?
In 1862 in Douro Valley
When was Oidium (powdery mildew)白粉病 arrived in Portugal? And followed which other disease?
In 1845 for Oidium; followed downy mildew霜霉病
Which region in Portugal have never been affected by Phylloxera?
Colares (Sandy soil along the Atlantic coast).
Which region had limited impact of Phylloxera? Why?
Alentejo, Dão, and Trás-os-Montes; They are mountainous, isolated and irregularly planted.
Which country has one of the greatest collections of centenarian and own-rooted vines in Europe?
Portugal
When did Portuguese formally join the EU?
In 1986
Which country is 1st in th world in per capita人均consumption for wine?
Portugal
Which ocean influences Portugal? How? Which regions are in this impacted area?
Atlantic ocean; the ocean brings cold, humid air onto the mainland, while mountains to the east trap that air on the coast, create consistent morning fog.
Lisboa and Bairrada (Beira Atlântico).
What’s the soils of Western coast of Portugal? What’s the soils in the north? In the south? In the isalands?
Calcareous clay and sand;
North of Porto, granite in the mountains of Vinho Verde, schist and sedimentary limestone at lower elevations.
Red clay (in Alentejo, Setúbal, Tejo, and Algarve).
Volcanic soils in Madeira and Azores.
Which are the two Atlantic islands in Portugal that produce grapes?
Madeira and Azores
What’s the climate in Madeira and Azores?
Maritime: temperate between 10-25 degrees celsius, humid, long growing seasons and moderate levels of alcohol(refers to base wine in Madeira).
When was the appellation system established in Portugal?
In 1986 when Portugal entered EU.
What’s the full name of DOC in Portugal?
Denominação de Origem Controlada
How many DOCs in Portugal?
31 DOCs
What’s the appellation system of Portugal?
DOC: Denominação de Origem Controlada;
VR: Vinho Regional = IGP;
Vinho de Mesa: table wine
Which level equivalent to the EU IGP in Portugal?
VR = Vinho Regional
What’s the level for table wine in Portugal?
Vinho de Mesa
What’ s the rules for Portugal Vinho de Mesa?
Cannot display varietal contents, vintage, or geographic specificity other than simply “ Portugal”.
When did Portuguese goverment publish the Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira? What is it?
Published in 2017; it indentified 262 indigenous varieties in Portugal.
Give 3 regions that plant international grapes in Portugal?
Alentejo: Syrah and Cabernet S
Bairrada: Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Lisboa: Sauvignon Blanc
What’s the synonym of Albariño in Portugal?
Alvarinho
Which region makes the most famous Alvarinho in Portugal?
Monção e Melgaço in the mountains of northeastern Vinho Verde
What’s the characteristics of Alvarinho in Portugal?
*It is midbudding and midripening, with relatively thick skins, but it is still susceptible to downy and powdery mildew.
* With citrus and stone fruits, as well as herbal and floral tonesMore floral and riper fruit than Spain
What’s the color of Antão Vaz? Where is it originated from?
White, in the southern Alentejo of Vidigueira
What are the characteristics of Antão Vaz? It’s important for which type of wine?
Vigor and resistance to most diseases.
If picked early, it can retain excellent acidity and tart tropical fruit flavors.
It’s important for blending in the talha wines of Vidigueira.
What’s the color of Arinto?
White
What’s the synonym of Arinto?
Pedernã
Where is Arinto originated? Where is it planted in Portugal?
Bucelas subzone in Lisboa;
Along the coast of Portugal, increasingly found in Tejo and Alentejo.
What are the characteristics of Arinto?
*late budding, late ripening;
*Age-worthy whites with the ability to age for 20-30years, maintaining its acidity in warmer climates.
Which types of wine are often produced from Bical?
It’s often blended with Maria Gomes and Cercial in both the white and sparkling wines of Bairrada
What’s the aromas profile of Bical?
Peachy stone-fruited aromas often round out Bical’s very mineral profile.
Which region is famous for Bical wine?
In Bairrada, best examples are planted in cooler sites to slow ripenning and keep lower alcohol.
What’s the color of Bical?
White
What are the characteristics of Cercial?
Very high-acid, with stone fruits, mineral aromas(chalky minerality and even petrol with age)
Where is Cercial grown in Portugal?
Northern Portugal, most prominently in Bairrada
What’s the color of Cercial?
White
What’s the synonym of Cercial?
Cerceal (in Dão and Douro); Cercial in Bairrada
What’s the color of Encruzado?
White
In which region is Encruzado dominant?
In Dão
What’s style and aroma profile of Encruzado?
It’s fermented and aged in French barrels and made in Burgundy style, shows complex flavors of citrus, pomaceous苹果的fruit, rose and flint.
It’s often paired with only a few other varieties or bottled varietally, today.
What are the characteristics of Fernão Pires?
*early budding and early ripening, vigor, the acidity drop quickly toward the end of ripening (should be blended), but if picked sufficiently early, it can yield fresh and juicy varietal wines.
* can be very aromatic, with strong citrus and floral flavors.
In which regions are Fernão Pires extensively planted?
In Bairrada, Lisboa, Tejo
What’s the synonym of Maria Gomes?
Fernão Pires
What’s the synonym of Godello in Portugal?
Gouveio
What’s the synonym of Gouveio in Spain?
Godello
What are the characteristics of Gouveio? Which types of wine is Gouveio commonly used in Portugal?
*early-ripening, producing high sugar with medium acidity.
*important component of both table and fortified white wines in Douro.
In which region is Loureiro most widely planted?
In Vinho Verde for the inexpensive, spritzy wines,
but best example of varietal wines in the coastal zone of Vale do Lima can be of high quality.
What’s the meaning of Loureiro? Why?
Laurel 月桂, because it has an aroma similar to that of the flowers and leaves of laurel tree.
What are the aromas and flavour profile of Loureiro?
High acidity, floral, citrus driven with intense minerality.
Which styles of wine are made from Malvasia Fina/Boal?
*It can produce high amount of sugar but starts to lose acidity relatively early in the ripening cycle. So it’s blended in the white wines of Douro and Dao, to bring the texture and nutty commplexity. Rarely made as varietal wine.
*It’s used for Madeira wines.
What’s the synonym of Malvasia Fina in Madeira?
Boal
What’s the synonym of Boal in Douro/Dão?
Malvasia Fina
Rabigato is one of the most important varieties for which type of wine? Why?
For white fortified wines in the Douro Valley;
Because of its high acidity and sugar content.
What are the characteristics of Rabigato?
It has ability to produce balanced, complex table wines, with citrusy, floral, herbal and pronounced smoky mineral expression.
Name the three synonyms of Síria?
Roupeiro, Códega, Dona Branca
Which is the second most planted white variety in Portugal?
Síria
What are the characteristics of Síria?
Roupeiro, Códega, Dona Branca
Which is the second most planted white variety in Portugal?
Síria
What are the characteristics of Síria?
*Highly productive,
*Notable floral, melon, stone, and tropical fruit aromas and flavors,
*Low acidity, medium sugar content.
What’s the style of Sercial in Madeira?
The driest fortified wines
What’s the synonym of Sercial in mainland Porgugal? Which regions?
Esgana Cão狗, mostly in Bucelas, Lisboa
Which region makes the most notably example of Sercial dry wines? What’s the style?
In Pico Island, high acidity, minerality and richly textured.
What’s the most planted grape variety in the Azores?
Arinto dos Açores (Sercial)
What’s the synonym of Sercial in Azores?
Arinto dos Açores
Where, when, by whom was Alicante Bouschet breeded?
In France by Henri Bouschet in 1855
Is Alicante Bouschet a tenturier grape variety?
Yes
In which region of Portugal is Alicante Bouschet one of the most important varieties?
In Northern Alentejo
Which regions of Portugal is Aragonez most prominent?
Alentejo, Dao, Douro.
What are the two synonyms of Tinta Roriz?
Aragonez, Tempranillo
What’s the synonym of Aragonez in Alentejo, Dão and Douro?
Tinta Roriz
Which is the Portugal’s most planted variety?
Aragonez/=Tempranillo
What’s the synonym of Tempranillo in Portugal?
Aragonez
In which region of Portugal is Baga almost exclusively found?
Bairrada
Which is the key grape variety in Bairrada?
Baga
What are the characteristics of Baga?
*Late-ripening,
*Sensitive to small differences in terroir, reflect a range of style.
*Aromas can display notes of red and black fruits, red and purple flowers, smoky and salty minerality and herbs, with prominent tannins and acidity.
What types of wine is Baga produced in Bairrada?
Red still wines, but also traditional method sparkling wines in Blanc de Noirs or rosé styles.
Which regions is Bastardo mostly produced in Portugal?
*Most are in Douro, traditionally used in Port blends.
*Excellent varietal wines in Dao.
*Also common in Beira and Trás-os-Montes
Where is Bastardo native to?
Jura in France, known as Trousseau
What’s the synonym of Trousseau in Portugal?
Bastardo
Where is Castelão mostly planted in Portugal?
In southern half of the country, especially in Lisboa and Setúbal.
What are the characteristics of Castelão?
*Performing well in both cooler and wetter climate of the coast and arid heat of interior.
*Vary widely depending on where it is grown: ranging from juicy and delicate to heady, dark fruited and spicy.
What the style is Jaen made today in Portugal?
Almost Pinot Noir like varietal wines
What’s the synonym of Jaen in Spain?
Mencía
In which region is Jaen most planted in Portugal?
Dão
What’s the synonym of Mencía in Portugal?
Jaen
In which regions are Touriga Franca most planted?
In Douro and Trás-os-Montes
What are the characteristics of Touriga Franca?
*easty to ripen.
*fairly resistant to most diseases.
*with balanced sugar and acidity.
*red and purple fruited, floral and subtly herbal, relatively soft tannins in Douro.
Which is the most important variety in the wines of Douro and Dao? What type of wines?
Touriga Nacional (also commonly found in Lisboa, Tejo, Alentejo);
Fortified, dry blends, varietal wine, and increasingly rosé wines.
What are the characteristics of Tinta Amarela?
*Very aromatic, fruity, floral and spices.
*high acidity even at high sugar level.
*Rich texture.
Which are the common producing regions for Tinta Amarela ?
In Port blend, and dry wines in Tejo and Alentejo
What’s the synonym of Tinta Amarela(黄色)?
Trincadeira
What’s the synonym of Trincadeira?
Tinta Amarela
What are the characters of Vinhão?
Dark skinned, with very high acidity, intense red and black berry aromas, and dark purple color.
What’s the synonym of Sousão in Vinho Verde?
Vinhão
What’s the synonym of Vinhão in Douro? Which wine is it made?
Sousão;
*In Port production to intensify the color
*Varietal wine in Vinho Verde where it’s popular with locals.
What’s the synonym of Vinhão in Douro?
Sousão (发音suzau)
What’s the location Vinho Verde? What are the boundaries of this region?
In the north-west corner of Portugal;
Boundered by the Atlantic Ocea, River Minho (Spain’s border), and Peneda-Gerês National Park
Describe the soil in Vinho Verde?
Granitic bedrock with a shallow layer of decomposed granite and sandy texture
How does rainfall affect Vinho Verde?
High rainfall leads to marked vintage variation in wine production
What are the vineyard management challenges in Vinho Verde?
Challenges include fungal diseases, methods include traditional vine training and modern row planting.
What are the summer pruning techniques in Vinho Verde?
Shoot removal, leaf plucking, and green harvesting to improve ripening and air circulation.
How has wine production shifted in Vinho Verde over time?
From predominantly red wines in the 1960s to mainly white wines by 2019.
What is notable about the Vinhao (Sousao) grape?
The most planted black grape variety, known for deeply colored wines with high acidity and cherry fruit.
Characteristics of inexpensive, high-volume Vinho Verde wines?
*Made with regional fruit
*Blend of varieties
*Protective methods
*Cool fermentation in stainless steel
*Carbon dioxide added for spritz
Typical qualities of most Vinho Verde white wines?
*Low in alcohol
*meidum+ to high acidity
*Flavors: apple, citrus, peach
*Possible residual sugar
Production of higher priced Vinho Verde wines?
*Often still wines
*Made by smaller producers
*May use ambient yeasts
*Old oak for fermentation/maturation
*Aging on lees for complexity
Requirement for wines labeled with a Vinho Verde sub-region?
Min 9% abv (standard 8% without sub-region mention)
Specifics for single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco? Can other subregions name Alvarinho on their labels?
1)Lower max yields
Min. 11.5% abv
Exclusive right to label as single variety Alvarinho
2)Yes, from 2016 if Alvarinho is at least 30% of blend. Otherwise, classifed as Minho VR.
Who processes most grapes in Vinho Verde?
Grapes mostly to co-operatives or large merchants.
Only 400 growers bottle their own wines.
Climate of Vinho Verde?
Moderate maritime climate, Atlantic winds funnelled inland by river valleys.
High rainfall up to 1500mm.
Vine training system in Vinho Verde?
Higher vine-training systems for better air circulation (due to the high rainfall)
Sylvoz vine-training, pergola
Significant producers in Vinho Verde?
Anselmo Mendes, Quinta de Soalheiro
Name the rivers flows within Vinho Verde region?
Minho, Lima, Cávado, Ave, Sousa, Tâmega, Douro
Which grape is distinct in Monção e Melgaço? Similar to which region?
Alvarinho, similar to Rias Baixas
Which is the most important subregion of Vinho Verde for fine wine?
Monção e Melgaço
What’s the climate of Vinho Verde?
Cool, rainy, Atlantic-influenced climate
What’s the local name of pergola system in Vinho Verde?
Latada=trellis
What’s the traditional vine training systems in Vinho Verde?
Enforcado vine (vines grow up the trunks of trees, high off the ground, lessened the fungal disease in the wet climate)
What’s the common vine training system in Vinho Verde today?
Trellising=pergola=latada
Which subregion of Vinho Verde is the only one protected for the direct Atlantic influence with a maritime and continental climate?
Monção e Melgaço (northeast corner of Vinho Verde)
What’s the major soil type in Vinho Verde?
Granite
Name the 9 sub-regions of Vinho Verde (from north to south)?
Monção e Melgaço, Lima, Cávado, Ave, Basto, Sousa, Amarante, Paiva, Baião
Where is Sousa?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Where is Basto?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Where is Lima?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Where is Cávado?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Where is Ave?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Which is Portugal’s largest DOC?
Vinho Verde DOC
Which VR has the same geographic area as Vinho Verde DOC?
Minho VR
Where is Monção e Melgaço?
Subregion of Vinho Verde
Which DOC has the same geographic area as Minho VR?
Vinho Verde DOC
Which subregions in Vinho Verde are at low elevation and more coastal climate?
Lima, Cávado, and Ave
Which grape variety is traditionally produced in Lima, Cavado and Ave?
Loureiro
Which Vinho Verde’s subregions extend into Minho’s mountainous and produce most the region’s volume, especially its spritzy wines?
Sousa, Basto, Amarante, Paiva, Baião
What’s the climate in Lima, Cavado and Ave?
More coastal climate in this area results in cool to moderate temperatures and high rainfall.
What grape varieties is Loureiro traditionally blended with ?
Arinto or Trajadura
Where are the red wines mostly produced from in Vinho Verde?
In Minho’s mountainous south and east - Sousa, Basto, Amarante, Baiao, Paiva (close to Baixo Corgo) where is warmer and drier.
Which 7 regions were declared by King of Portugal in 1908 Sep 18?
Bucelas, Colares, Carcavelos, Dão, Madeira, Moscatel de Setúbal, and Vinho Verde.
How many % of white grapes production in Vinho Verde?
Over 80%
Where is Baião?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Which is the pioneer producer focusing on Alvarinho variety in Monção e Melgaço?
Soalheiro
Where is winery Soalheiro? Focusing on which grape variety?
In Monçao et Melgaço; Alvarinho
Which region is producing attracting varietal Loureiro? Wine style?
Lima Valley; highly aromatic.
Which types of wine are produced in Minho VR?
White, red, rosé, may be still or carbonated, late-harvest.
What’s th mini alcohol level in Vinho Verde DOC?
8.5%abv
Where is Paiva?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
What’s the label term for red wine blended with more than 15% white grapes in Vinho Verde?
palhete
What’s the producing method for sparkling wines in Vinho Verde?
Traditional method or tank method.
What’s “palhete”?
In Vinho Verde DOC allow to blend white grapes into red wines, if white grapes are more than 15%, the wine must be labeled as palhete
What’s the darker-colored rosé wines’s designation in Vinho Verde DOC?
Clarete
What’s the mini alcohol for Alvarinho varietal wine in Vinho Verde? Why is it higher than normal?
Mini 11.5% abv, to protect its style as a more concentrated, high-quality expression of Vinho Verde.
Which designations can label Alvarinho varietal?
Vinho Verde DOC or Monção e Melgaço (other subregions can not)
Which two regions were once included in Tras-os-Montes?
Douro and Porto (prior to the creation of the Duriense IGP.
Which are the most important white grape varieties in Trás-os-Montes?
Fernão Pires, Síria, Viosinho, Gouveio, Malvasia Fina and Rabigato
Which are the most important red grape varieties in Trás-os-Montes?
Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Bastardo (Trousseau), Touriga Francesa, Trincadeira
What’s the wine style in Trás-os-Montes?
Ripe and full bodied
What’s the climate in Trás-os-Montes?
Continental climate: summer Dry, hot, mountainous
Name the three subregions of Trás-os-Montes DOP from west to east?
Chaves, Valpaços, Planalto Mirandés
Where is Chaves?
It’s a subregion of Tras-os-Montes DOC
What’s the VR of Trás-os-Montes?
Transmontano VR
What’s DOP of Transmontano VR?
Trás-os-Montes
Which is the most mountainous reigon in Portugal?
Trás-os-Montes
What’s the soils in Trás-os-Montes?
Schist in higher elevation, and granite
Which region has the highest elevation in Portugal?
Trás-os-Montes, some are above 1000m
What’s the style of Mateus Rosé?
Lightly colored, semisweet, semisparkling red wine.
Which region is the home of Mateus Rosé?
Trás-os-Montes
Who is the producer of Mateus Rosé?
Sogrape
Which is the largest producer of Portugal?
Sogrape
Which types of wine are produced in Transmontano VR?
All dry wines made in the region: Red, white, and rosé
Which wines styles are produced in Trás-os-Montes DOP
Vinho: Tinto,Branco,Rosado
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)
What’s the major soil of Trás-os-Montes DOP?
Schist and granite
Where is Planalto Mirandés?
It’s a subregion of Tras-os-Montes DOC
Which major mountain ranges seperate Tras-os-Montes from the coast?
Marão
Apart from wines what are famous in Tras-os-Montes?
Olive, chestnut, thermal waters温泉水
Where is Valpaços?
It’s a subregion of Tras-os-Montes DOC
Which DOPs are included in Duriense VR?
Douro and Porto DOP
Which is Portugal’s first demarcated wine region?
Douro
Which region of Portugal is a UNESCO world heritage site?
Douro
What’s the preferred soil type for Port?
Schist
What’s the climate of Douro Valley?
Continental: hot summer and cold winter
Which subzone in Douro has the highest density of plantings? Which has the highest vineyard acreage? Which is the largest and most arid?
Baixo Corgo - highest density of plantings;
Cima Corgo - highest total vineyard acreage;
Douro Superior - the largest and most arid.
Name the three subregions in Douro from west to east?
Baixo Corgo, Cima/Alto Corgo, Douro Superior (Spanish border)
How many % of Douro region’s wine is released as Porto DOP?
50%
Which DOP for licoroso fortified Moscatel produced in Douro?
Douro DOP
Which DOP for Port?
Porto DOP
What’s the annual rainfall in Douro Valley?
300mm
Which is the heart of Douro River Valley?
Cima Corgo
In Douro Valley, which subregion has the highest concentration of the schist slopes and highly graded vineyards for fortified wines?
Cima Corgo
Which subregion has higher rainfall than rest of Douro Valley?
Baixo Corgo
Which soil type is more common in Baixo Corgo?
Granite
Baixo Corgo is more focused on which type of wine’s production?
Table wine
When was the fortified wines of Douro first exported to England?
In 1678 (by a merchant from Liverpool)
When was the Methuen Treaty梅休因条约 signed ? between which countries?
In 1703 between Portugal and England
Which event lowered duties on Portuguese wines imported to England?
Methuen Treaty signed between Portugal and England in 1703
What is the significance of the establishment of Douro Wine Company?
To take control the Port wine industry back from the British shipping companies, and more lasting impact was the introduction of regulations that standardized the quality and style of Port wines.
Who created Douro Wine Company? When?
Marquis de Pombal (former ambassador to Britain and the prime minister of Portugal) in 1756
Which regulatory body 监管机构regulated vineyards and grape production?
Casa do Douro
Which regulatory body 监管机构oversaw Port production?
Instituto do Vinho do Porto
What did Grémio dos Exportadores de Vinho do Porto波特酒出口商协会regulate?
International shipping of Port wines.
Who published the exhaustive classification of every vineyard in Douro?
Álvaro Moreira da Fonseca (agronomist农学家)
When was the Douro vineyard classification published?
In 1947
How was the Douro vineyards classified?
1)Vineyards were graded from A (highest quality) to I (lowest):
2)with points given for location, altitude, aspect, steepness of slope, soil, vine-training methods, grape varieties, density of planting and more.
3)The higher the grade of the vineyard, the more Port wine is permitted to produce.
Why was “beneficio system” designed?
To ensure the high quality of Port wine and limit supply to protect prices.
What’s the license called to identify the amount of Port wine permitted to produce from a graded vineyard?
“beneficio”
What’s beneficio?
It’s a license to identify the amount of port wine permitted to produce from a graded vineyard; it’s based on the quality of the vineyard and market conditions.
About Casa Ferreirinha Barca Velha?
One of Portugal’s most acclaimed and expensive wines, only made in the very best vintages, grapes from Douro Superior with higher elevation and richer granite soils which can produce more fresh wines.
What’s the first vinetage of Casa Ferreirinha Barca Velha?
In 1952
Who made Casa Ferreirinha Barca船Velha老?
Winemaker of Porto Ferreira - Fernando Nicolau de Almeida
When was Douro DOC established?
In 1998
What kind of terroir are the winemakers looking for to make table wines in Douro?
Higher elevation, slopes with northerly exposure and more granite soils, where grapes ripen slower.
Where are the highest-graded vineyard land for Port production generally located?
In the village of Pinhao, in central Cima Corgo
What’s the terroir of the best vineyards for Port?
South-facing, steep vineyards that have pure schist soils and closest to the river
Where is the village of Pinhao?
In central Cima Corgo
When did the president of Portugal endorse呼吁an open letter calling for reform the beneficio system ?
Sep 5, 2023
Which types of wine can be produced in Douro DOP?
Douro table wine: red, white, rosado
Which red grapes make the best red wine from Douro?
Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Cão, Tinta Barroca
Which are the key white grapes for white wine in Douro?
Malvasia Fina, Viosinho, Rabigato, Gouveio
Which grape is used for making fortified Moscatel wines?
Moscatel Galego
What are the minimum alcohol content for Douro standard wines?
Mini 10.5% abv for white and rosado, 11% for red
What are the minimum alcohol content for Douro Reserva wines?
11.5% abv for white and rosado, 12%abv for red wines.
What are the aging requirements for Reserva wines in Douro?
White reserva: 6months;
Red: 1 year
Which wines in Douro can be labeled Grande Reserva?
The wines that meet reserva criteria标准and score exceptionally well in blind tasting may use the term Grande Reserva.
What’s the name for sparkling wines in Douro?
Espumanto do Douro
What’s the meaning of Colheita Tardia?
Late harvest wines
What’s the name of late harvest wines in Douro?
Colheita Tardia
Which types of wine can be produced under Douro DOP?
Table wine: red, white, rosado
Spumanto do Douro=sparkling
Colheita tardia=late harvest
Vinho Licoroso=Moscatel do Douro (fortified)
How long has the Spumanto do Douro aged on lees?
9months
Historically where is the region for Port maturation?
Vila Nova de Gaia: a suburb of Oporto/Porto
Who is the owner of Casa Ferreirinha?
Sogrape
Name the young cult star in Douro who used to supply fruit for Barca Velha?
Quinta do Vale Meão
What’s the western limite of Douro?
Serra do Marão
Which subzone of Douro has the most Atlantic influence? Rainfall annually?
Baixo Corgo; 900mm
What’s the vineyard training system in Douro?
Cordon and spur-pruned with VSP trellising
What are the parent grape varieties of Touriga Franca?
Touriga Nacional x Marufo
What does Touriga Franca contribute to the blend of Douro wines?
Color, tannins, acidity, ripe black and red flavours
When was Douro DOC established?
Established in 1982 for unfortified wines.
Who pioneered the first ambitious Douro red wine?
Fernando Nicolau de Almeida at Ferreira Port in 1952
What was the first prestigious Douro red wine?
Barca Velha, created by Fernando Nicolau de Almeida
What is the climatic condition of Douro?
A warm continental climate with varied microclimates.
What is the role of Sousao grapes in Douro wines?
Increasingly used for high acidity, bringing freshness in warm years.
What styles of wine does Douro DOC produce?
Still red, rose, white, and sparkling wines.
What is the proportion of red wnie in Douro DOC?
Over 78% of Douro DOC production is red wine.
What is VR Duriense?
An option for using non-local varieties like Chardonnay, Riesling, and Syrah with lower volumes.
Who are the major producers in Douro?
Symington, Quinta do Noval, Niepoort, also making a range of Douro Wines
What is unique about inexpensive Douro wines?
Often sourced from different quintas, made by co-operatives.
How are grape prices for Douro DOC and Port controlled?
Port grapes are controlled by the Beneficio, Douro DOC prices are market driven.
Name the three tributaries of Douro River in Douro Valley?
River Tamega, River Tua, River Sabor
Vineyards of Tavora-Varosa are adjacent to the riverbanks of which rivers?
Varosa, Távora, Tedo, or Torto Rivers.
What’s the climate in Távora-Varosa?
Continental, long, cold and wet winters and short growing season.
Where is Távora-Varosa?
Northeast of Dão (high in mountains)
What’s the elevation in Távora-Varosa?
500-800m
Which type of wine is famous in Távora-Varosa?
Sparkling wine
Which are the dominant grapes in Távora-Varosa?
White grapes: Malvasia Fina (most important for sparkling wine), it is frequently supplemented by Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.
How long minimum aging on lees for Távora-Varosa DOC sparkling wines?
9 months
What’s the method to make sparkling wine in Távora-Varosa DOC?
Must be traditional method
What’s the VR cover roughly the same area of Távora-Varosa DOC?
Terras de Cister VR
Which is the first DOC for sparkling wine in Portugal?
Távora-Varosa DOC
When did Távora-Varosa DOC become the first appellation for sparkling wine in Portugal?
1989
Name the main grape varieties in Távora-Varosa DOC?
White: Bical, Cerceal, Fernão Pires, Gouveio, Malvasia Fina, Chardonnay;
Red: Tinta Barroca, Tinta Roriz, Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional, Pinot Noir.
Which wine styles can be produced in Terras de Cister VR?
Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Which styles can be produced in Tavora-Varosa DOP?
Vinho: Branco, Rosado, Tinto
Vinho Espumante (Sparkling): Tinto, Branco
What’s the major soil in Tavora-Varosa?
Granit
How far is Bairrada from the Atlantic coast?
20km
What’s the topography of Bairrada region?
It’s between the ocean and the mountains of Dao: Western side is flat (largely flat terrain), most low lying in Portugal, allowing ocean rain and fog to enter the region, trapped in vineyards by the mountains海洋雨水和雾气可以进入该地区，并被附近的山脉困在葡萄园区。
What’s the climate in Bairrada?
Maritime climate, with high rainfall 800-1200m annually.
temperature during growing season is mild between 25 to 30 degrees.
What’s the soils in Bairrada?
Mostly limestone clays with fertile alluvial soils close to rivers.
What’s the largest producer in Bairrada?
Adega de Cantanhede (30-40% of the production)
Where is Bairrada?
Between Atlantic coast and mountains of Dão
What are the challenges in Bairrada region?
humidity during flowering and September rains
Why does Bairrada’s wine have spearmint and sassafras留兰香和黄樟 aromas?
There are extensive pine and eucalyptus forests in Bairrada, and the trees’ volatile oils挥发油 imbue the wines with spearmint and sassafras aromas (imbue…with..使充满).
What’s “Baga Friends”?
Regers to a group of 7 leading winemakers in the Bairrada region of Portugal, who are passionate about Baga grape variety and promote high quality wines made entirely from Baga.
Established in May 2022
When is the International Baga Day?
21 May 2022
What’s the VR of Bairrada region?
VR/IG Beira Atlântico
What’s the subregion of Beira Atlântico?
Terras de Sicó
What are the wine styles of VR Beira Atlântico?
Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Espumante and Frisante (semi-sparkling).
What’s the former name of Beira Atlântico?
Bairas
What are the wine styles of Bairrada DOP?
Vinho: Branco, Rosado, Tinto
Vinho Espumante de Qualidade
Vinho Licoroso: Branco, Rosado, Tinto
What’s the mini aging requirement for wines of Bairrada DOP?
Espumante de Qualidade: min. 9months on lees;
Branco “Classico”: 12months total with min 6 in bottle;
Tinto “Classico”: 30months total with min 12 in bottle.
What are the traditional toneis made from?
Portuguese or Brazilian hardwood.
What are the major grape varieties for Tinto “Classico” of Bairrada DOC?
Baga, Touriga Nacional, Alfrocheiro, Jaen, Camarate, Castelão
What’s the requirement for wines labeled with Baga Clássico?
Min. 50% Baga
Which international white grape varieties are allowed in Bairrada?
Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay
What are the grape varieties for Branco “Classico” of Bairrada DOP?
Bical, Cercial, Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), Rabo de Ovelha
Name two key producers in Bairrada?
Quinta das Bágeiras
Filipa Pato & William Wouters
What’s the synonym of Fernao Pires?
Maria Gomes
What’s the annual rainfall range in Bairrada?
800-1600mm, with most rainfall occurring in Spring and Autumn.
How were traditional vineyards in Bairrada planted?
high-training, individually staked bush vines.
What is the common trellising system used in modern Bairrada vineyards?
Guyot system (replacement-cane pruned) with VSP being common
What’s the proportion of red wines in Bairrada production?
2/3 of production in Bairrada.
Name the dominant black grape in Bairrada?
Baga
What are the ideal conditions for Baga ripening in Bairrada?
Baga ripens best on limestone-clay soils, providing water balance and reflecting solar energy.
What is the common maturation vessel for Bairrada wines?
in Large barrels of French oak, some using traitional toneis.
Why do some producers use the Vinho Regional label in Bairrada?
Some producers use the Vinho Regional label due to objections to the extension of the DOC to international varieties.
What’s the soil type in Bairrada?
Calcareous clay
What’s the name origin of Bairrada?
Bairrada is derived获得from “barro” in Portuguese means “clay”
When was traditional method espumante of Bairrada produced firstly at commercial scale?
by 1890.
What’s the most important contribution of agronomist 农学家António Augusto de Aguiar?
his vision of Bairrada as a source of sparkling wines阿吉亚尔最重要的贡献是他将拜拉达打造为起泡葡萄酒的产地.
Which type of wine is Bairrada’s main commercial output? How many % of the total wine production?
Sparkling wines; 2/3 is sparkling wine
When did Sogrape moved the production of Mateus Rosé to Aveiro?
In the 1970s.
Which red grape variety is focused to make high-quality, long-lived wines in Bairrada?
Baga
Why the vines are trained high off the ground in Bairrada and Vinho Verde?
Because the regions are close to the ocean, due to the wet climate, it’s easy to affected by mildew. So vines are trained high off the ground and leaves are pulled away from the fruiting zone to help poromte air circulation.
How developed a green harvesting strategy in early 2000s? Why to do this?
Winemaker Luís Pato, to decrease the mildew pressure on Baga grape variety, he green harvested 70% of the fruit and used for sparkling wine production, then the remaining fruit receives greater airflow.
When was Bairrada DOC established?
In 1991
Which types of wine can be produced in Bairrada DOC?
Red, white, Rosado, sparkling, brandy(aguardente)
What’s the local name for brandy in Portugal?
aguardente
What’s aguardente?
Brandy in Portuguese
To labeled as Bairrada DOC, how many % of Baga was required for red wine?
Mini 50%
Which white grape varieties dominate in Bairrada DOC?
Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), followed by Arinto, Bical and Cercial
What are the styles of sparkling made in Bairrada DOC?
rosé, blanc de noirs, and blanc de blanc
What’s the method of making Bairrada DOC sparkling?
Traditional method
How long has Bairrada DOC sparkling aged on lees?
Mini 9months
Where is Amarante?
A subregion of Vinho Verde
Which mountains are on the western and southwestern Dão? how do they affect the climate in Dao?
The Serra do Buçaco and Serra do Caramulo to the west and southwest, they are not that high (diminutive小巧), allowing a stream of cool, moist air from the coast to circulate throughout the region.
How does Serra da Estrela affect the climate in Dão?
It forms the southeastern border of the region, blocking much of the hot, dry air from Alentejo and the Iberian interior.
?? Which is the largest mountains in Dão?
Serra da Estrela
Where is Dão?
Just east of Bairrada, in the central Portugal.
What’s the soil type in Dão?
Mainly granite
Name the 7 subregions in Dão?
Serra da Estrela (southeast), followed clockwise by Alva, Besteiros, Silgueiros, Castendo, Terras de Azurara, Terras de Senhorim (in th middle)
Where is Terras de Senhorim?
In Dão
Where is Terras de Azurara?
In Dão
Where is Castendo?
In Dão
Where is Silgueiros?
In Dão
Where is Besteiros?
In Dão
Where is Alva?
In Dão
Which is the most important subregion of Dão?
Serra da Estrela
Where is Serra da Estrela?
In Dão
Which subregions in Dão have high elevation? How many meters? What’s the temperatures?
Serra da Estrela, Castendo; up to 600-800m; rarely exceeding 25 degrees Celsius.
Which subregions of Dão have lower elevation? How many meters?
Senhorim, Alva, Besteiros; 200-300m
Which subregions of Dao have one of the coolest growing seasons in Portugal’s interior?
Serra da Estrela, and Castendo
How much temprature difference between the warmer and cooler subregions of Dao?
Senhorim, Alva, Besteiros are 10 degrees Celsius warmer than Serra da Estrela and Castendo.
Which region in Portugal is called by French “Bourgogne du Sud”?
Dão
Who is the advocate倡导者of Dão?
The viticulturalist and aristocrat贵族João de Sacadura Botte Côrte-Real
When was Dão DOCofficially created?
1990
What’s the the term for nouveau in Portuguese?
Novo
Beyon the DOC designation, wines in Dão can be labeled with which terms? What do they refer to?
1)Vina Nobre, Reserva, and Garrafeira.
2)Vina Nobre: must have a certain percentage of recommended varieties.
Reserva and Garrafeira: subject to min alcohol and cellar aging requirements.
Which is the most important grape variety in Dão DOC?
Touriga Nacional
Which white grapes are important in Dão?
Malvasia Fina and Encruzado
Where is Lafões DOC?
Small region between Dão and Vinho Verde
What’s the wine style in Lafões DOC?
Acidic, similar to neighbouring Vinho Verde
What’s the transition region between Dao and Vinho Verde?
Lafões
Which River is Lafões crossed by?
Vouga River
What are the two DOP’s in Terras de Dão?
Dão DOP and Lafões DOP
What’s the VR of Dao?
Terras do Dão
What are the variety requirements for Nobre wines of Dão DOP?
Tinto: Max. 85% combined Alfrocheiro, Aragonez, Jaen, and Rufete; Min. 15% Touriga Nacional.
Branco: Max. 85% combined Bical, Cercial, Malvasia Fina and Verdelho; Min. 15% Encruzado.
What’s the major soil of Dão ?
Granite
What are the aging requirements for Reserva, Garrafeira, Nobre in Dão DOP?
Tinto&Rosado: 8months; Branco: none.
Tinto Reserva: 24mths; Branco Reserva: 6mths.
Tinto Garrafeira: 36mths (including 12 in botl); Branco Garrafeira: 12 mths(including 6 in botl).
Tinto&Rosado Nobre: 36mths; Branco Nobre: 12mths.
What are the min aclohol for Reserva, Garrafeira, Nobre in Dão DOP?
Tinto&Rosado&Branco: 11%;
Tinto Reserva/Tinto Garrafeira/Branco Reserva/Branco Garrafeira: 11.5%
Tinto&Rosado Nobre:13%; Branco Nobre: 12%.
Which types of wine can be produced in Dão DOP?
Branco/ Tinto (may be labeled Nobre, Reserva and/ or Garrafeira)
Rosado
Novo: Tinto Nouveau
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Which types of wine can be produced in Lafões DOP?
Branco and Tinto
What are the Authorized varieties for Lafões DOP?
Tinto: min. 40% Amaral, Jaen and Pilongo.
Branco: Min 85% combined Arinto (min. 50%) and Cercial, plus Dona Branca, Sercial,
Rabo de Ovelha.
What’s the subregion of Terras do Dao?
Terras de Lafões
What’s the climate in Dao?
Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers, mild winters, and moderate rainfall.
Characteristics of Jaen?
*Native to Bierzo in Spain
*Thin-skinned
*Early to mid-ripening
*Prone to wind, rot, mildew, botrytis
*Mostly steel fermented
*Some old vine styles aged in oak.
What’s the meaning of Preto in Portugal?
black
What is the significance of VR Terras do Dao?
The VR Terras do Dao is not commonly used in the region.
How much of the Dao region is planted with vines?
only around 5%, the majority covered by forests.
What are the key features of the Dao region’s topography?
The region has a mixed topography with hills, valleys, and mountains, offering varied aspects and altitudes.
What are the challenges faced by Dao vineyards?
water stress during ripening, hail, and spring frosts in low-lying vineyards.
What’s the typical altitude of Dao vineyards?
most vineyards are located at around 400-500m, with some as low as 200m and others as high as 900m.
What is the predominant type of wine in Dao?
around 80% of production in Dao is red wine.
What makes Encruzado a key white grape in Dao?
Encruzado has m+ acidity, full-bodied, with lemon, peach fruit, and sometimes a floral note.
How can Encruzado wines be aged and what are their qualities?
Encruzado wines can be aged in neutral or oak vessels, capable of aging well in bottle and developing nutty characters.
How do Dao red wines compare to Douro red wines?
Dao red wines tend to be less full-bodied with fresher flavors and higher acidity than Douro wines.
How is the Dao red wine quality categorized?
Dao red wines can range from good to outstanding quality, typically mid-priced to premium.
What are the key factors in Dao’s wine production?
Dao is an area with small vineyard holdings, around 30,000 grape growers, and a growing number of quality-focused producers.
Which region is the southern continuations of Douro Superior?
North of Beira Interior
What’s the climate of North of Beira Interior? climate of South of Beira Interior?
North: Continental, with long, cold winters and short, hot, dry summers.
South: Sheltered from the mountain, which moderates the intense summers of eastern Portugal.
Name the two subregions in the north of Beira Interior?
Castelo Rodrigo, Pinhel
What’s the granitic schist soils called in Beira Interior?
Picarra
?? What’s picarra?
The soil in Beira Interior Portugal: granitic schist soil
Which two subregions are located in norhern part of Beira Interior?
Pinhel and Castelo Rodrigo (splited by Rio Côa)
Which subregion is on the east bank of Rio Côa?
Castelo Rodrigo
Which subregion is on the western bank of Rio Côa?
Pinhel
Name the three subregions in Beira Interior?
Pinhel, Castelo Rodrigo, Cova da Beira
Which is the river in Beira Interior?
Côa River
In which region do you find Côa River?
Beira Interior?
Which is the southern subregion in Beira Interior?
Cova da Beira
Where is Cova da Beira?
A subregion of Beira Interior, in the southern part of the region, just east of Dão, eastern foothills of the Serra da Estrela.
What’s the soil in Cova da Beira?
clay
Which region is in the eastern foothills of the Serra da Estrela?
Southern subregion of Beira Interior- Cova da Beira.
When was Beiras IGP divided into four new IGPs?
In 2011
Name the four new IGPs devided by Beiras?
Terras do Dão, Terras de Cister, Terras da Beira, Beira Atlântico
Which DOCs are included in Terras do Dão IGP/VR?
Dão DOC and Lafões DOC
What’s the wine style of Dão?
Touriga Nacional is a signature grape of Dão, wines are more elegant, sharper, more floral than Douro.
What’s the requirements for “reserva” indication in Dão ?
Red: 2years of aging;
White: 6 months.
What are the regquirements to indicate Bairrada Clássico?
Mini alcohol content is 12% abv for white and 12.5% for red (higher than standard 11%abv)
What’s the mini alcohol content for standard Bairrada DOP?
11% abv
What’s the preferred soil for Maria Gomes and Arinto in Bairrada?
Sandier soils
What’s barros soil?
clay
What’s the best soil for Baga grape in Bairrada?
Barros (clay) soil
Which is the red key grape variety of Bairrada DOP?
Baga
What’s the aging requirements for Nobre Garrafeira white in Dão?
18 months including 9 months in bottle
Which indications can be labeled on Dão’s wines?
Nobre, Reserva, garrafeira
What’s the aging requirements for “Nobre Reserva” red in Dão?
42months
What’s the aging requirements for “Nobre Reserva” white in Dão?
1 year
What’s the aging requirements for “Nobre Garrafeira” red in Dão?
48months including 18months in bottle
What are the aging requirements and alcohol content for indicating “Nobre Garrafeira”?
Red: mini aging 48months including 18months in the bottle;
Mini alcohol is 13.5% abv;
White: mini aging 18mohts including 9 months in the bottle.
Mini alcohol is 12.5% abv.
What are the requirements for indicating “Nobre Reserva”?
Red: must contain a mini 15% Touriga Nacional + at most 85% of combined Jaen, Rufete, Alfrocheiro, Aragonez;
Mini 42 months of aging;
Mini 13.5% abv.
White: mini 15% Encruzado + max 85% Cercial, Bical, Malvasia Fina, Verdelho;
Mni 1 year of aging;
Mini 12.5% abv.
Which are requirements for “Nobre” indication?
Red: must contain a mini 15% Touriga Nacional + at most 85% of combined Jaen, Rufete, Alfrocheiro, Aragonez;
Mini 3 years of aging;
Mini 13% abv.
White: mini 15% Encruzado + max 85% Cercial, Bical, Malvasia Fina, Verdelho;
Mni 1 year of aging;
Mini 12% abv.
Where is Castelo Rodrigo?
It’s a subregion of Beira Interior DOP
Where is Cova da Beira?
It’s a subregion of Beira Interior DOP
Where is Pinhel?
It’s a subregion of Beira Interior DOP
Beira Interior DOP is within which IGP?
Terras da Beira IGP
Távora-Varosa DOP is within which IGP?
Terras de Cister IGP
Where is Terras do Sicó?
It’s a subregion of Beira Atlântico IGP
Name the subregion of Beira Atlântico IGP?
Terras do Sicó
What’s the DOP within VR Terras da Beira ?
Beira Interior DOP
What are the wine styles can be produced in VR Terras da Beira?
Tinto, Branco, Rosado, Frisante, Espumante
Which types of wine can be produced in Beira Interior DOP?
Branco/Tinto (may be labeled “Selecção”)
Rosado
Tinto “Palhete” (made from up to max. 15% white grapes)
Espumante.
What are the aging requirement for “Selecção” wines in Beira Interior DOP?
Branco Selecção: 6mths
Tinto Selecção: 12mths
Espumante: 9 mths on the lees.
Which mountains can be found in Lisboa? which mountain is west of Lisboa?
Sintra Mountains, Scorro, Archeira, Montejunto, Candeeiros, and Aire ranges.
Sintra Mountains is west of Lisboa.
What’s the climate of Lisboa?
Maritime climate
Name the 9 individual DOPs included in Lisboa?
Bucelas, Colares, Carcavelos, Arruda, Torres Vedras, Alenquer, Óbidos, Lourinhã,
Encostas d’Aire.
Name the three most historic wine regions outside Lisbon in Portugal?
Carcavelos, Colares, Bucelas
How is the Carcavelos wine made?
The wines are fermented dry, then fortified and sweetened with a fermented must preserved with alcohol. After fortification, the wine is aged in barrel for at least 2years + 6months in bottle.
What’s vinho abafado?
It’a a fermented must preserved with alcohol, to fortify the Carcavelos wines.
What’s the preserved must called to fortify Carcavelos wines?
Vinho abafado
Who originally created Carcavelos region?
Marquis de Pombal (created strictly limited Port production to fruit grown on the schist soils on the banks of the Douro River, but he left one exception for fruit from his own vineyards in the town of Oeiras, in what is today Carcavelos.)
Where is Carcavelos?
Just west of Lisbon (Southern most DOP within VR Lisboa)
How many hectares are there in Carcavelos DOC?
Only 25ha
Which type of wine can be produced in Carcavelos DOC?
Solely for the classic fortified wines
Who is the only producer of Carcavelos DOC?
Villa Oeiras
What are the requirements on grape varieties for Carcavelos DOC?
White: must have a mini of 75% combined Arinto, Ratinho, Galego Dourado;
Red: mini of 75% combined Castelão and Negra Mole.
What’s the max yields for Carcavelos DOC?
55hl/ha
What’s the mini potential alcohol content for Carcavelos DOC wine must?
Mini 11% abv
What’s the final wines’s alcohol content after fortification for Carcavelos DOC?
Between 17.5% abv-22% abv.
What’s the aging requirements for Carcavelos DOC wines?
Mini 2 years in oak and 6 months in bottle.
Which styles of wine can be produced in Carcavelos DOP?
Vinho Licoroso (fortified): Tinto, Branco
What’s the max. RS of Carcavelos DOP wines?
150g/l
Why Colares was not affected by phylloxera?
Sandy soil
What’s the local name for sandy soil in Colares?
chão de areia
What’s the chão de areia?
Sandy soil in Colares, generally with 2m deep, above a layer of calcareous clay.
What’s the climate in Colares?
Maritime climate (rarely exceeds 25 degrees Celsius)
Which is the western most mountain in Portugal?
Sintra Mountains
Which mountains of Lisboa are closest to the ocean?
Sintra Mountains
In which mountain range is Colares located?
Sintra Mountains
Which is the westernmost wine region in Continental Europe?
Colares DOC
What are the challenges to grow vines in Colares?
*Intense Atlantic winds strip new flowers off their buds and shear the leaves off the plants.
*The vineyards are close to the ocean enough that the leaves can get burned by salt water.
*Mildew pressure is extremely high.
*Seabirds eat the ripe grapes.
Grapes grown in chão rijo soils in Colares can be labeled under which appellation?
Only as VR Lisboa
What’s the limestone soil called in Colares?
chão rijo
What’s chão rijo (hard floor)?
Limestone soil in Colares
What are the grape varieties for Colares DOC wines?
Red: Ramisco from chão de areia (sand)soils; Castelão from chão rijo(limestone)soils.
White: Malvasia from both soils.
Which grape variety is authorized for chão de areia (sand)soils in Colares?
Primarily Ramisco for Tinto, Malvasia for Branco
Which grape variety is authorized for chão rijo(limestone)soils in Colares?
Primarily Castelão for Tinto, Malvasia for Branco
What’s the white grape varieties authorized for chão rijo and chão de areia soils in Colares?
both is Malvasia
Which types of wine are produced from Colares DOC?
Branco and Tinto
What’s the maximum yields of Colares DOC wines?
70hl/ha for white
55hl/ha for red
What’s the aging requirement of Colares DOC?
Red: 18months in container + 6 months in bottle (but generally 5-8 years before release);
White: 6 months in container + 3 months in bottle.
What’s the mini alcohol content of Colares DOC wines?
9.5% abv
Which subregions of Lisboa has more exposure to the Atlantic winds?
Bucelas
Where is Bucelas?
Just northeast of Lisbon
Which region is the home of Arinto? What’s the other name of Arinto?
Bucelas; Arinto de Bucelas
Which types of wine can be produced in Bucelas DOC?
Only dry white and traditional method sparkling wines.
What’s the grape variety for Bucelas DOC wines?
Mini 75% Arinto for both dry white and sparkling, plus Sercial (Esgana Cão) and Rabo de Ovelha.
Apart from Arinto, which other grape varieties are also permitted in Bucelas DOC?
Esgana Cão (Sercial in Madeira), and Rabo de Ovelha
What’s the yields in Bucelas DOC?
Max. 70hl/ha
What’s the mini alcohol content of Bucelas wines?
10.5% abv
Where is Encostas de Aire?
In the far northeast of Lisboa
Name the two subezones of Encostas de Aire?
Ourém, and Alcobaça
Ourém, and Alcobaça
Where is Ourém located?
A subzone within Encostas de Aire (far northeast of Lisboa)
Which type of wine is produced in Ourém?
Medieval de Ourém
What’s Medieval de Ourém?
It’s a blend of 80% Fernão Pires白and 20% Trincadeira红, fermented in separate containers, then before fermentation is completed, the two musts are combined, then finish the fermentation.
So the wine is richer and structured than a palhete or clarete.
Which DOC has the lowest yield in Lisboa?
Medieval de Ourém DOC: only 40hl/ha
Which DOC of Portugal is exclusively on Brandy/aguardente production?
Lourinhã DOC
Where is Óbidos DOP? Which styles of wine are produced?
Subregion of Lisboa;
Vinho: Branco, Rosado, Tinto; Vinho Espumante (Sparkling).
Where is Alenquer DOP? styles of wine?
Subregion of Lisboa;
Branco and Tinto
Where is Arruda DOP?
Subregion of Lisboa;
Branco and Tinto
Where is Encostas d’Aire DOP? styles of wine?
Northern most of Lisboa region;
Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Medieval de Ourém
Where is Torres Vedras DOP? styles of wine?
A subregion of Lisboa;
Branco, Tinto
Which subregions of Lisboa can produce Rosado?
Encostas d’Aire DOP, Óbidos DOP
Which subregions of Lisboa can produce Espumante?
Bucelas, Óbidos DOP
Which subregions of Lisboa can produce Licoroso(fortified)?
Carcavelos DOP
Which subregions of Portugal can only produce Branco and Tinto still wines?
Alenquer DOP
Arruda DOP
Colares DOP
Torres Vedras DOP
What are the grape varieties of Carcavelos DOP?
Tinto: Min. 75% combined Castelão and Preto Martinho (Negra Mole)
Branco: Min. 75% combined Arinto, Ratinho, and Galego Dourado
What are the grape varieties of Ourém?
Tinto: Trincadeira
Branco: Fernão Pires
Where is Alcobaça? What are the grape varieties of Alcobaça
It’s a subzone of Encostas d’Aire DOP within Lisboa;
Tinto: Alcobaça:Min. 65% combinedAragonez (Tinta Roriz), Baga, Castelão, Tinta Miúda, Touriga Nacional.
Branco: Min. 65%Fernão Pires, Ratinho, Tamarez, Vital; plusBical, Cercial, Chardonnay, Rabo de Ovelha, Trincadeira Branca.
What are the recommended grape varieties of Lourinhã DOP?
Tinta: Cabinda
Branco: Alicante Branco, Alvadurão, Boal Espinho, Marquinhas, Malvasia Rei, Tália [Ugni Blanc].
What’s the synonym of Ugni Blanc in Lourinha ?
Tália
Name the most common grape varieties in Lisboa?
Tinto: Aragonez (Tinta Rotiz), Castelao, Tinta Miuda, Touriga Nacional, Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela)
Branco:Arinto (Pedernã), Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), Rabo de Ovelha, Seara Nova, Vital;
What’s the climate in Tejo?
Northwest: humid Atlantic influence
Southeast: arid Mediterranean heat
What’s the River flows through the Tejo region?
Tejo River
Where is Tejo?
East of Lisboa IGP/VR
What’s the floodplains locally called surrounding Tejo River ?
Lezíria
What’s the dominant grape variety in Tejo?
Fernão Pires (white)
Name the 6 subregion of Tejo?
Tomar, Santarém, Chamusca, Cartaxo, Almeirim, Coruche
What’s the soil types surround Tejo River?
North: rockier (hillier)
West: limestone
East: granite and schist
South: red clay (similar to Alentejo)
Name the three subregions north of the Tejo River? Name the 3 subregions on the southern bank of Tejo River?
North of Tejo River: From southwest to northeast: Cartaxo, Santarém, Tomar
South of Tejo River: From south to north: Coruche, Almeirim, Chamusca
What’s the major red grape variety in Tejo?
Castelão
What’s the VR and DOC of Tejo region?
Tejo VR and DoTejo DOC
Which types of wine are produced in DoTejo DOC?
Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)
What are the styles of wine in RV Tejo?
Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Frisante (semi-sparkling)
Vinho Leve
What’s Vinho Leve?
“Light wine” in Portuguese, known for its cool climate influence, low alcohol content, and refreshing, crisp flavors.
What was the Península de Setúbal known before 2009?
Terras do Sado
What’s the soil types in Setúbal?
Calcareous clay and sandy soils
Where is Setúbal Peninsula?
Southeast of Lisboa
Which part of Setúbal is the exception that has colder climate?
Southeastern coast of the peninsula, the Serra da Arrábida
In which region do you find Serra da Arrábida?
In Setúbal Peninsula
What’s the terroir of Serra da Arrábida?
High elevation, colder, with poorer soils
What’s the full name of JMF?
José Maria da Fonseca
Where is José Maria da Fonseca located?
In Setúbal Peninsula
When was José Maria da Fonseca established?
In 1834
Which producer developed Moscatel de Setúbal?
JMF: José Maria da Fonseca
What’s the fortifed wine produced in Setúbal called?
Moscatel de Setúbal
What’s the VR of Setúbal ?
Setúbal Peninsula VR
Name the two DOCs in Setúbal ?
Setúbal/ Moscatel de Setúbal DOC, and Palmela DOC
Which is the most liberal appellation in Portugal in terms of permitted styles and grape varieties?
Setúbal Peninsula VR
Which types of wine can be produced in Setúbal Peninsula VR?
Any style:all colors of still wine, frisante, espumante, in any method of production, and fortified and distilled winesl.
How many grape varieties can be produced in Setúbal Peninsula VR?
More than 200 grape varieties.
What’s the soil types in Setúbal ?
limestone (Arrábida hills) and sand (Palmela plains)
Which types of wine are produced in Palmela DOC?
Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Frisante, Espumante, Licoroso
Which is the key grape variety of Palmela DOC? Wine style?
Castelão: high alcohol, soft, velvety tannins
Where is Palmela ?
In Setúbal (the same geographic area as Setúbal Peninsula VR)
When did Moscatel de Setúbal originally receive Região Demarcada status ?
in 1907
What are the other two names of Setúbal DOC?
Setúbal DOC=Moscatel de Setúbal=Moscatel Roxo紫色de Setúbal DOC
Which type of wine is produced in Setúbal DOC?
Sweet red and white fortified dessert wines solely
Which type of wine is produced in Setúbal DOC?
Sweet red and white fortified dessert wines solely
What’s the grape variety of Setúbal DOC? what’s the %?
Branco: min 67% Moscatel Graúdo (local name for Muscat of Alexandria or Moscatel de Setúbal),
Tinto: min 67% Moscatel Galego Roxo (a red color mutation of Moscatel Galego).
What does the age statement of Moscatel de Setúbal refer to ?
Rarely corresponds to the actual average age, which is generally much older.
Which designation can be labeled for Moscatel de Setúbal?
1) Vintage 2) age statements 3) both
Answer: 3)
What’s the unique winemaking technique for Moscatel de Setúbal?
The wine often undergo a very long maceration after fortification, generally 5-6months. Then age in barrel until they are bottled.
What’s the style of Moscatel de Setúbal?
Deeply perfumed, structured.
What are the international grapes allowed for both red and white wines in Palmela DOP?
Cab S, Syrah, Merlot, Tannat;
Chardonnay, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc.
What are the main grape varieties for white wines of Palmela DOP?
Fernão Pires and Arinto.
What’s Palmela DOP’s premier grape for reds? What’s the min % of this grape for red wine?
Castelão; 66.7%
Which part of Palmela has the best terroir for Castelão?
The sandy plains
Name the two areas of Palmela DOP and its soil?
Low-lying plains: sand
Lower slopes of the Arrabida Mountains: clay-limestone
What’s the climate of Península de Setúbal IGP?
Mediterranean
The Península de Setúbal IGP is defined by which two estuaries河口?
Tagus and Sado, and section of the Atlantic Coast.
What’s the % to be labeled varietal for Moscatel de Setubal?
May be labeled by variety if either grape comprises a minimum 85% of the blend
Which producer stocks Moscatel de Setubal dating to the 19th century, some of which crossed the equator at sea?
Jose Maria da Fonseca
Which is Setubal’s largest producer?
Jose Maria da Fonseca
What’s the alcohol content range for Muscatel de Setubal?
16%-22% abv
What’s the mini. RS for Moscatel de Setubal?
Under or equal to 20years old: 280g/l
Over 20years old: 340g/l
What’s the mini aging for Moscatel de Setubal?
18 months
What’s the age desinations for Moscatel de Setubal?
10/20/30/+40 years old
Superior: mini. 5yrs of age
Where is Alentejo?
South of the Tejo River and north of Algarve.
What’s the soil type in Alentejo?
Red clay with granite, schist, limestone.
What’s the climate in Alentejo?
Very hot and dry summer with the largest diurnal shifts (reaching a difference of 22-28 degrees celsius)
Which is the largest wine region in Portugal?
Alentejo
Name two high quality producers in Alentejo?
Tapada do Chaves, in Portalegre,
Herdade do Mouchão, near the city of Estremoz, in Borba.
Where is Tapada do Chaves?
in Portalegre, Alentejo
Where is Herdade do Mouchão?
near the city of Estremoz, in Borba, Alentejo
What’s Talhas?
Clay pots陶罐, a vessel for winemaking in Alentejo
What’s the special designation for traditionally made talha wines?
Vinho de Talha DOC
Where is Vinho de Talha DOC?
In Alentejo
When was Vinho de Talha DOC established?
In 2011
What styles of wine are produced in Alentejo DOC?
Same as Alentejano VR:
Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)
What’s the mini alcohol content of nonfortified wines of Alentejano VR? And fortified wines?
11%abv; 17.5% abv for fortified wines.
What styles of wine are permitted in Alentejano VR?
Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)
What’s the VR of Alentejo?
Alentejano VR
Name the 9 sub-designations in Alentejo DOC from north to south?
Portalegre, Borba, Redondo, Évora, Reguengos, Granja-Amareleja, Vidigueira, Moura,
Vinho de Talha DOC
What’s the soil in Portalegre?
Granite
What’s the mountain range in Portalegre?
Serra de São Mamede
Where is Portalegre?
In the far northeastern corner of Alentejo
What’s the altitude of Portalegre?
Up to 800m
Which subregion of Alentejo has the highest elevation?
Portalegre
In which region is Serra de São Mamede located?
Portalegre: subregion of Alentejo
Where is Portalegre?
It’s in the far northeastern corner of Alentejo
What’s the climate of Portalegre?
Cool-climate
What’s the terroir and wine style of Portalegre?
High elevation, poor soils-granite, abundance of bush vines, allow the grapes ripen slower and have lower potential alcohols than other subregions.
Where is Herdade do Mouchão winery located? (Herdade财产）
In Borba, subregion of Alentejo
When was Herdade do Mouchão established?
In 1901 (one of Portugal’s oldest estate producers of table wine)
Where is Borba?
It’s a subregion of Alentejo, south of Portalegre
What’s the soil of Borba?
Limestone
What’s the elevation of Borba?
400m
Where is Serra d’Ossa?
In Borba, subregion of Alentejo
What’s the most notable geographic feature/mountain in Borba?
Serra d’Ossa
What’s the wine style of Borba?
Ripe, structured, mineral forward, incredibly ageworthy, dark fruited and graphite-scented石墨香Alicante Bouschet.
Which grape variety has the best expression in Borba?
Alicante Bouschet
Which producer introduced Alicante Bouschet to Borba?
Herdade do Mouchão
Name the oldest cooperative winery in Redondo? When was it established?
Adega de Redondo, in 1956 (one of the oldest cooperative wineries in Portugal)
Where is Évora?
Just west of Redondo, it’s a subregion also capital city of Alentejo
What’s the soil of Évora?
Red clay
Which is the capital and largest city in Alentejo?
Évora (medieval walled city)
Name the largest co-op in Reguengos?
CARMIM - Cooperativa Agrícola de Reguengos de Monsaraz
What’s the soil in Reguengos, Granja-Amareleja, Moura?
Red clay
Where is Moura?
A Subregion in Alentejo
Where is Granja-Amareleja?
A Subregion in Alentejo
Where is Reguengos?
A Subregion in Alentejo
Where is Vidigueira?
A western subregion of Alentejo
Which subregion of Alentejo has stronger influence of the Atlantic?
Vidigueira
When is Vinho de Talha released?
On November 11 the same year of the vintage, which is Saint Martin’s Day.
Which wine is served on the Saint Martin’s Day圣马丁节in Portugal?
Vinho de Talha
What’s the size of Talhas?
600-1000L
What’s the traditional lining of pes内衬of Talhas?
Olive oil, pine resin, beeswax ( Pesto seal the talha, should impart virtually no flavor to a finished wine, regulating the exposure to oxygen, preserving fruit).
What’s the soil of Algarve?
Limestone
Where is Algarve?
The southern most region of Portugal
What’s the climate in Algarve?
Mediterranean
Which region was the first place grapevines were planted in Portugal?
Algarve
What’s the key white grape in Algarve?
Síria
What’s the key red grape in Algarve?
Negra Mole黑鼹鼠=Tinta Negra
Name the four DOCs in Algarve?
From west to east: Lagos, Portimão, Lagoa, Tavira
Which are the recommended white grape varieties in Algarve’s subregions?
Arinto (Pedernã) and Síria (Roupeiro)
Which are the recommended red grape varieties in Algarve’s subregions?
Negra Mole (Tinta Negra), Castelão, Trincadeira
Which subregion of Algarve does not include Castelão in its recommended varieties?
Lagoa DOC
Lagoa DOC
Which subregion of Algarve added Malvasia Fina in its recommended white varieties?
Lagos DOC
What’s the synonym of Roupeiro?
Síria
What’s the synonym of Arinto?
Pedernã
Which styles of wine are produced in Algarve IGP?
Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Licoroso (fortified): Tinto, Branco
What styles of wine are prudced in the subregions of Algarve?
Lagoa DOP,LagosDOP,Portimao DOP, Tavira DOP
Tinto and Branco for all four DOP’s
Name the two islands in Madeira?
Madeira and Porto Santo
What’s the climate in Madeira island?
mild, temperature during growing season around 25degrees celsius, high levels of moisture in winter.
What’s the training system in Madeira? Why?
Pergolas = latadas (棚架); to make use of limited space and protect the vines from disease.
What’s the Portuguese name for Pergolas?
latadas
What’s the soil in Madeira?
Volcanic
Where is Porto Santo?
Located northeast of Madeira
What’s the soil in Porto Santo?
Very rocky calcareous soils
What’s the vine training method in Porto Santo?why?
Head-trained Bush vine;
it has semiarid climate (different from Madeira)
What’s Medeira’s main port?
Funchal
To whom did farmers sell their fruit to store the Madeira wines?
shippers托运人
When did phylloxera arrive in Madeira?
1850s
When were the hybrid grape varieties banned in Madeira?
In 1979
When did Barbeito transformed bulk wine business to high-quality Madeira production?
1991
Who relaunched the Madeira in the US as a fine-wine concept in 1988?
Madeira Wine Company invested by Symyngton Family and partnered with the Broadbent family(US fine-wine importer and distributor)
When did Symyngton family invest in Madeira Wine Company?
In 1988
Name the 5 noble grape varieties of Madeira?
Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, Malvasia, Bastardo
Which grape varieties are most used for producing dry wines in Madeira and Porto Santo?
Tinta Negra, and Verdelho
Name the two designations for Madeira dry wines?
Terras Madeirenses VR, and Madeirense DOC
Which is the VR designation for Madeira dry wine? When was it established?
Terras Madeirenses VR; in 2004
Which is the DOC designation for Madeira dry wine? When was it established?
Madeirense DOC, in 1999
When was Terras Madeirenses VR established?
In 2004
When was Madeirense DOC established?
In 1999
Which types of wine are produced in Madeirense DOC?
Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Which types of wine are produced in Terras Madeirenses VR?
Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Which types of wine are produced in Madeira DOC?
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)
Which regions produce Madeira DOC? and Madeirense DOP?
Both can be produced from Madeira and Porto Santo
Which region of Portugal has the most maritime climate?
Azores
What’s the VR designation for Azores?
Azores VR
When was Azores VR established?
In 2004
Where is São Jorge?
São Jorge is an island in the central group of the Azores
Where is Pico?
South of São Jorge, an island in the central group of Azores
Which is the most famous island for wine production in Azores?
Pico
What’s the soil in Pico’s vineyard?
aa lava
What’s aa lava locally called in Pico?
chão de biscoitos (floor of cookies)
What does “ chão de biscoitos” refer to?
aa lava soil in Pico island in Azores
What’s aa lava?
Aa lava comes from fast eruptions where the lava solidifies into pebbly, jagged stones.
What’s pahoehoe?
Pahoehoe originates from much slower, gradual lava flows that dry in smooth, wavy formation, which must be physically broken up before vines can be planted on them.
What’s the microclimate of Criação Velha?
It’s far enough from the Pico moutain to avoid cloud cover and fog, which has the warmest microclimate on the island.
What’s the most famous and most planted zone on Pico island?
Criação Velha
Where is Criação Velha?
West of Pico Mountain, in Pico island
Which is Portugal’s tallest mountain? Where is it?
Mount Pico, on Pico island in Azores
Which types of wine are produced in Pico DOP?
Branco, Espumante, Licoroso
What’s the key grape variety in Pico DOP?
Arinto, Terrantez and Verdelho
Which is the northernmost and smallest island in the central group of Azores?
Graciosa
What styles of wine are produced in Graciosa?
Branco, Espumante, Licoroso
Where is Biscoitos饼干?
A northern district of Terceira isaland in Azores
Where is Terceira?
A large round island, east of São Jorge圣乔治
What’s the soil type in Biscoitos?
Aa lava
What’s the volcanic stone walls surround the vineyards in Pico and Terceira?
jeirões (singular jarão)
What’s jarão/jeirões ?
Volcanic stone walls to protect the vineyards from the cold wet wind in Pico and Terceira islands
What’s the purpose to build the stone walls on Pico and Terceira?
1) to move the volcanic rocks to plant vines, building walls close to the vineyards was the easiest way to use the rocks.
2) The walls block wind and absorb heat.
What’s the training system in Pico and Terceira?
Head-trained very low to the ground (for wind protection).
What’s the main style of wine produced in Açores？
Dry white wine mostly from Verdelho and Arinto
How many islands in Azores?
nine
Which types of wine are produced in Pico, Graciosa, Biscoitos DOPs? What are the grape varieties?
Branco, Espumante, Licoroso Branco (fortified, similar to Madeira);
All three DOPs: mini 80% combined Verdelho, Arinto dos Açores, Terrantez do Pico
Name the three DOCs in Azores?
Pico, Graciosa, Biscoitos
What’s the mini alcohol content of Pico’s licoroso wine?
Mini 16% abv after fortification
How long are the Pico’s licoroso wines aged ?
Mini 2years in barrel
Where is Transmontano VR located?
To the east of Minho
Which DOC is included in Transmontano VR ?
Trás-os-Montes
Which DOCs are included in Duriense VR?
Douro and Porto
Beiras was divided into 4 VRs in 2011, name the 4 VRs?
Terras do Dao
Terras de Cister
Terras da Beira
Beira Atlantico
Which DOCs are included in Terras do Dão VR?
Dão DOC
Lafões DOC
Which DOC is included in Terras de Cister VR?
Távora-Varosa
Which DOC is included in Terras da Beira VR?
Beira Interior DOC
Which DOC is included in Beira Atlântico VR?
Bairrada DOC
Which DOC is included in Alentejano VR?
Alentejo DOC
Which DOC is included in Tejo VR?
DoTejo DOC
Name the 6 subregions of DoTejo DOC?
six subregions: Coruche, Chamusca, Cartaxo, Santarém, Tomar, and Almeirim.
Name the 8 subzones of Alentejo?
eight subzones: Moura, Granja-Amareleja, Évora, Vidigueira, Reguengos, Redondo, Borba, and Portalegre
What’s the former name of Península de Setúbal VR?
Terras do Sado
Which VR does Terras do Sado refer to?
Península de Setúbal VR
Which DOCs are included in Península de Setúbal VR (formerly Terras do Sado)?
Setúbal DOC and Palmela DOC
Name the 4 DOCs included in Algarve VR?
Lagos, Lagoa, Portimão, Tavira
Which DOCs are included in Açores (Azores) VR?
Pico DOC, Biscoitos, Graciosa
Which DOCs are included in Terras Madeirenses VR?
Madeira DOC, Madeirense DOC
Which DOC is included in Minho VR?
Vinho Verde DOC
What are the subzones of Lisboa VR?
Estremadura, Alta Estremadura
Name three rivers that affect Minho
Lima, Minho,Tamega
What are the sparkling aging designations of Planalto Mirandes?
Rserva:12-24months
Extra Reserva: 24-36months
Reserva Velha/Gran Reserva:>36months
What DOP is most known for sparkling wine in Portugal? What IGP is it in?
Tavora-Varosa in Terras de Cister
What does Terras do Cister derive it’s name from?
Cistercian Monks. They planted Chardonnay and Pinot Noir early on.
What is the min. abv for Vinho Verde? For the subzones? For Sprkling? For Varietal Alvarinho?
8%,
9% for subs except for Sousa,
10% for sparklign,
11.5% for varietal Alvarinho
What is the cepage of Lafoes tinto? Branco?
Tinto: min 40% Amaral, plus Jaen and Pilongo
Branco: min 85% Arinto (min 50%) and Cercial, plus Dona Branco, Sercial, and Rabo de Ovelha
What additional classifications can Beira Interior Branco be labeled as, and what does it indicate?
“Selecção”
12% (Normal/as opposed to 11%) and 6 months aging
Uses only Arinto, Malvasia Fina, Siria, Bical and Tamarez
What are the grapes for Vinho Verde Branco?
Alvarinho, Avesso, Azal, Batoca, Loureiro, Arinto (Pederña), Trajadura
What additional classifications can Beira Interior Tinto be labeled as, and what does it indicate?
“Seleccao”
13% (as opposed to 12%) and 12 months aging
Uses only Aragonez, Bastardo, Rufete, Touriga Nacional and Trincadeira
“Palhete”
11.5% and made with up to 15% white grapes
What is Bairrada Classico?
Bairrada Tinto made with only recommended varietals: Baga (at least 50%), Alfrocheiro, Camarante, Castelo, and Touriga Nacional.
Also 12.5% abv as opposed to 11% for every other style.
What’s the requirement for Lourinho ?
Aguardente only,
min 38% abv,
min 24mo aging.
What does the Dao take its name from?What is another important geological feature?
Dao River
Serra da Estrella, highest peak in continental Portugal.
What are the requirement for Dao Tinto Reserva?
11.5%, 24mths
What did the Peninsula de Setubal used to be known as? When was the name changed?
Changed from Terras do Sado in 2009 to better highlight its most famous product.
What are the 2subzones of Lisboa? What DOP do they overlap?
Alta Estremadura and Estremadura,
overlap Encostas d’Aire
What is the cepage of Bairrada Tinto?
min 85% Combined Baga (at least 50%), Alfrocheiro, Camarante, Castelao, Touriga Nacional.
How is Carcavelhos made?
Base wine is fermented dry and then fortified and sweetened with Vinho Abafado
17.5%-22%
Max. RS 150g/l
Min. Aging: 24months in wood and 6mo in bottle.
What is Vinho Abafado?
Mistelle used for fortifying and sweetening Carcavelhos
What are the grapes for Vinho Verde Tinto?
Tinto: Amaral, Borraçal, Alvarelhão (Brancelho), Espadeiro, Padeiro, Pedral, Rabo-de-Anho, Vinhão
What are the 2soil types of Colares and what is grown in each?
Chão de Areia (sand) -Ramisco
Chao Rija (hard soil)-Castelão
What two wines were traditionally created through “torna viagem”?
viagem旅行
Setubal and Madeira
What is the most notable red from Peninsula de Setubal?
J.M. da Fonseca’s Periquita, 100% Castelao. Other producers began using Periquita as a synonym for Castelao due to the wine’s success, but Fonseca halted this in court.
What famous winery is a sister brand to J.M. da Fonseca?
Lancers
How much of Portugal is contained in Alengejano IGP?
30%
What is the most promising subregion of Alentejo DOP? Why?
Portalegre
Located on the cool, granitic slopes of the Sao Mamede Mountains in the northern part of the region, so it’s slightly cooler
Is Alentejo better known for white, or red? What are the major grapes for each?
Produces mostly red from Trincadeira.
Whites are based on Arinto and Fernao Pires
What’s the alcohol level for Vinho Leve?
7-9.5% abv
authorized for many IGPs
What does Garrafeira indicate?
Branco and Rosado: 12mo, including 6 in bot
Tinto: 30mo, inclu 12 in botl
Port: 8years in demijohns
What does Colheita Seleccionada indicate?
at least 1% abv higher than minimum
What are the treaties that Portugal made that benefitted their trade? With whom? When?
Both with England while they were having issues with France.
1386- Treaty of Windsor
1703- Treaty of Methuen
When did the English discover Port? What village?
1678 in Lamego
What Port houses are at the forefront of dry wine production?
Quinta do Crasto
Niepoort
Ramos Pinto
Where does the fruit for the original Barca Velha go now?
Quinta do Vale Meao
a cult producer
Which island does not make fortified wine in Azores? What does it make?
Graciosa
dry whites only from the same grapes as Madeira
Where is Portugal’s highest peak located
Mount Pico on the island of Pico, in the Azores
