Questions of Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

After centuries of positive trade relationships, what two wars in the 19th and 20th centuries harmed Portugal’s wine trade?

A

The Peninsular Wars and the Portuguese Civil War

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2
Q

What catastrophe then struck the Portuguese wine industry in 1867?

A

Phylloxera

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3
Q

Who was the leader of Portugal for 40years from 1937?

A

Antonio de Oliveira Salazar

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4
Q

Why is Salazar considered to have harmed the Portuguese wine industry?

A

He prioritised support for cooperatives, which put out high volumes of low quality wine, over quality wine production.

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5
Q

What two political changes marked a renewal in Portugal’s production of quality wine?

A

The Carnation Revolution, which returned Portugal to democracy民主, and the accession to the EU in 1986.

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6
Q

How did EU founding help producers?

A

Funding accelerated the modernisation of Portugal’s infrastructure, research programmes and training, and investment in modern vineyard and winemaking equipment, including temperature controlled stainless-steel tanks.

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7
Q

Why is Portugal so focussed on exports?

A

After the 2011 - 2014 debt crisis, Portugal was bailed out by the IMF triggering an austerity programme in the country, which has increased the need for strong exports.

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8
Q

Describe the climate of Portugal?

A

The west is maritime with Atlantic influences, the interior is sheltered from the Atlantic by mountain ranges and is continental, and the south is warm and dry.

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9
Q

Where are schist and granite soils mainly found in Portugal?

A

In mountainous regions, Vinho Verde, Douro and Dao, and on Hilly areas of Alentejo.

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10
Q

What soil types are found to the south?

A

Clay, limestone, and sandy soils.

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11
Q

What area has alluvial soil?

A

Tejo

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12
Q

How many hectares was planted in Portugal as of 2018? Does this represent an increase or decrease? Why?

A

190,000 ha;
A decrease of 85,000ha over the last 30 years.
There has been a focus on smaller volumes of high quality wine, and vineyards in high volume regions (Tejo) have been grubbed up.

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13
Q

What particular area has been a focus of investment and planting?

A

Alentejo, because it is warm, sunny, dry and suited to mechanisation, as well as being close to Lisbon so suited for tourism.

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14
Q

What style of wine is Alentejo known for?

A

Soft and ripe, good quality

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15
Q

What has been the range of production for wine in general in Portugal over the last 10 years?

A

560million litres to 710 million litres

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16
Q

What kinds of extreme weather events can impact production in Portugal?

A

Hail, storms and fire

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17
Q

What hazards come with wet weather in Portugal?

A

Poor fruit set and later, fungal disease

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18
Q

What other two common European hazards are a problem in Portugal?

A

Esca and grapevine moth

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19
Q

What pruning and training methods are most common in Portugal?

A

Cordon or replacement-cane, and VSP trellised

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20
Q

Where are most old bush vines found in Portugal?

A

Douro and Alentejo, with some at Dao and Bairrada.

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21
Q

What kind of vineyards are old bush vines often found in ?

A

Mixed variety or “field blend” vineyards.

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22
Q

What are the regulations around irrigation in Portugal?

A

There used to be more regulation, but now growers can mostly irrigate when it is required to maintain quality (not boost yield) without seeking authorisation. Some are required to inform the local regulators.

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23
Q

What accounts for the low level of organic certification in Portugal?

A

Many are organic anyway, but don’t feel a need to go through the cost and effort of certification.

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24
Q

Do blends or varietals predominate?

A

Blends

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25
Q

What are lagares made from?

A

Local stone-schist, granite, marble - or stainless steel.

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26
Q

What was the impact of the destemming equipment that EU founding allowed Portugal’s winemakers to buy?欧盟资助葡萄牙酿酒商购买的去梗设备有何影响?What kind of oak was introducted around this time too?

A

Improvements in tannin management;
French oak.

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27
Q

What are toneis?

A

Large Portugese oak and Brazilian hardwood vessels (3000-6000L), that have recently had a bit of a revival.

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28
Q

What practice, more usually associated with Port production, is often found in Portugal?

A

Fermenting and foot-treading in lagares.

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29
Q

What other kind of fermenting vessel is growing in popularity in Portugal? What DOC focusses specially on this?

A

Clay vessels, often on the skins (even white).
DOC Vinho de Talha in Alentejo.

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30
Q

What is a frequently found practice, pre-fermentation, for white wine in Portugal?

A

Skin contact

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31
Q

What is the system that Portugal follows for geographical indications?

A

The PDO and PGI system

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32
Q

What do DOC/DOP stand for in Portugal?

A

Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC)
Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP) - more modern.

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33
Q

How many DOC’s are there in Portugal?

A

31

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34
Q

What is the traditional term for PGI wines?

A

Vinho Regional (VR)

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35
Q

How many VR’s are there?

A

14

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36
Q

How is wine that is not PDG/PGI status in Portugal?

A

Vinho

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37
Q

What percentage of Portuguese agriculture is made up by viticulture?

A

35%

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38
Q

Name three big brands of Portugal who source grapes from growers who take no part in winemaking?

A

Mateus Rosé, Lancers, and Casal Garcia

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39
Q

What have negociants been doing since Portugal joined the EU? Name the company that has done this on the biggest scale, acquiring brands and estates in Vinho Verde, The Douro, Dao, Alentejo and Lisboa?

A

They have been acquiring vineyards in order to diversify, increase quality and compete in non-traditional export markets;
Sogrape.

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40
Q

What’s the local name for amphora双耳瓶 in Portugal?

A

Talha

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41
Q

Which event cemented巩固Portugal as a wine-producing powerhouse in Europe?

A

Reconquista 收复失地运动 (公元718至1492年间,西班牙人反对阿拉伯人占领,收复失地的运动.1492年1月2日,阿拉伯人在西班牙建立的最后一个王国格拉纳达王国被打败,国王穆罕默德十二世(即西班牙称博阿布迪尔)投降,西班牙统一,收复失地运动胜利结束。)

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42
Q

The origin of quintas?

A

During Reconquista, the land was distributed to the new nobility of Portugal, often to knights骑士as a reward奖励, with the stipulation that 1/5 of the harvest be given to the kingdom as tax. These estates were called “quintas”.

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43
Q

When was phylloxera discovered in Portugal?

A

In 1862 in Douro Valley

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44
Q

When was Oidium (powdery mildew)白粉病 arrived in Portugal? And followed which other disease?

A

In 1845 for Oidium; followed downy mildew霜霉病

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45
Q

Which region in Portugal have never been affected by Phylloxera?

A

Colares (Sandy soil along the Atlantic coast).

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46
Q

Which region had limited impact of Phylloxera? Why?

A

Alentejo, Dão, and Trás-os-Montes; They are mountainous, isolated and irregularly planted.

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47
Q

Which country has one of the greatest collections of centenarian and own-rooted vines in Europe?

A

Portugal

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48
Q

When did Portuguese formally join the EU?

A

In 1986

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49
Q

Which country is 1st in th world in per capita人均consumption for wine?

A

Portugal

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50
Q

Which ocean influences Portugal? How? Which regions are in this impacted area?

A

Atlantic ocean; the ocean brings cold, humid air onto the mainland, while mountains to the east trap that air on the coast, create consistent morning fog.
Lisboa and Bairrada (Beira Atlântico).

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51
Q

What’s the soils of Western coast of Portugal? What’s the soils in the north? In the south? In the isalands?

A

Calcareous clay and sand;
North of Porto, granite in the mountains of Vinho Verde, schist and sedimentary limestone at lower elevations.
Red clay (in Alentejo, Setúbal, Tejo, and Algarve).
Volcanic soils in Madeira and Azores.

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52
Q

Which are the two Atlantic islands in Portugal that produce grapes?

A

Madeira and Azores

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53
Q

What’s the climate in Madeira and Azores?

A

Maritime: temperate between 10-25 degrees celsius, humid, long growing seasons and moderate levels of alcohol(refers to base wine in Madeira).

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54
Q

When was the appellation system established in Portugal?

A

In 1986 when Portugal entered EU.

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55
Q

What’s the full name of DOC in Portugal?

A

Denominação de Origem Controlada

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56
Q

How many DOCs in Portugal?

A

31 DOCs

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57
Q

What’s the appellation system of Portugal?

A

DOC: Denominação de Origem Controlada;
VR: Vinho Regional = IGP;
Vinho de Mesa: table wine

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58
Q

Which level equivalent to the EU IGP in Portugal?

A

VR = Vinho Regional

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59
Q

What’s the level for table wine in Portugal?

A

Vinho de Mesa

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60
Q

What’ s the rules for Portugal Vinho de Mesa?

A

Cannot display varietal contents, vintage, or geographic specificity other than simply “ Portugal”.

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61
Q

When did Portuguese goverment publish the Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira? What is it?

A

Published in 2017; it indentified 262 indigenous varieties in Portugal.

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62
Q

Give 3 regions that plant international grapes in Portugal?

A

Alentejo: Syrah and Cabernet S
Bairrada: Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Lisboa: Sauvignon Blanc

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63
Q

What’s the synonym of Albariño in Portugal?

A

Alvarinho

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64
Q

Which region makes the most famous Alvarinho in Portugal?

A

Monção e Melgaço in the mountains of northeastern Vinho Verde

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65
Q

What’s the characteristics of Alvarinho in Portugal?

A

*It is midbudding and midripening, with relatively thick skins, but it is still susceptible to downy and powdery mildew.
* With citrus and stone fruits, as well as herbal and floral tonesMore floral and riper fruit than Spain

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66
Q

What’s the color of Antão Vaz? Where is it originated from?

A

White, in the southern Alentejo of Vidigueira

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67
Q

What are the characteristics of Antão Vaz? It’s important for which type of wine?

A

Vigor and resistance to most diseases.
If picked early, it can retain excellent acidity and tart tropical fruit flavors.
It’s important for blending in the talha wines of Vidigueira.

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68
Q

What’s the color of Arinto?

A

White

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69
Q

What’s the synonym of Arinto?

A

Pedernã

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70
Q

Where is Arinto originated? Where is it planted in Portugal?

A

Bucelas subzone in Lisboa;
Along the coast of Portugal, increasingly found in Tejo and Alentejo.

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71
Q

What are the characteristics of Arinto?

A

*late budding, late ripening;
*Age-worthy whites with the ability to age for 20-30years, maintaining its acidity in warmer climates.

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72
Q

Which types of wine are often produced from Bical?

A

It’s often blended with Maria Gomes and Cercial in both the white and sparkling wines of Bairrada

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73
Q

What’s the aromas profile of Bical?

A

Peachy stone-fruited aromas often round out Bical’s very mineral profile.

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74
Q

Which region is famous for Bical wine?

A

In Bairrada, best examples are planted in cooler sites to slow ripenning and keep lower alcohol.

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75
Q

What’s the color of Bical?

A

White

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76
Q

What are the characteristics of Cercial?

A

Very high-acid, with stone fruits, mineral aromas(chalky minerality and even petrol with age)

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77
Q

Where is Cercial grown in Portugal?

A

Northern Portugal, most prominently in Bairrada

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78
Q

What’s the color of Cercial?

A

White

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79
Q

What’s the synonym of Cercial?

A

Cerceal (in Dão and Douro); Cercial in Bairrada

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80
Q

What’s the color of Encruzado?

A

White

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81
Q

In which region is Encruzado dominant?

A

In Dão

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82
Q

What’s style and aroma profile of Encruzado?

A

It’s fermented and aged in French barrels and made in Burgundy style, shows complex flavors of citrus, pomaceous苹果的fruit, rose and flint.
It’s often paired with only a few other varieties or bottled varietally, today.

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83
Q

What are the characteristics of Fernão Pires?

A

*early budding and early ripening, vigor, the acidity drop quickly toward the end of ripening (should be blended), but if picked sufficiently early, it can yield fresh and juicy varietal wines.
* can be very aromatic, with strong citrus and floral flavors.

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84
Q

In which regions are Fernão Pires extensively planted?

A

In Bairrada, Lisboa, Tejo

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85
Q

What’s the synonym of Maria Gomes?

A

Fernão Pires

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86
Q

What’s the synonym of Godello in Portugal?

A

Gouveio

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87
Q

What’s the synonym of Gouveio in Spain?

A

Godello

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88
Q

What are the characteristics of Gouveio? Which types of wine is Gouveio commonly used in Portugal?

A

*early-ripening, producing high sugar with medium acidity.
*important component of both table and fortified white wines in Douro.

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89
Q

In which region is Loureiro most widely planted?

A

In Vinho Verde for the inexpensive, spritzy wines,
but best example of varietal wines in the coastal zone of Vale do Lima can be of high quality.

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90
Q

What’s the meaning of Loureiro? Why?

A

Laurel 月桂, because it has an aroma similar to that of the flowers and leaves of laurel tree.

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91
Q

What are the aromas and flavour profile of Loureiro?

A

High acidity, floral, citrus driven with intense minerality.

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92
Q

Which styles of wine are made from Malvasia Fina/Boal?

A

*It can produce high amount of sugar but starts to lose acidity relatively early in the ripening cycle. So it’s blended in the white wines of Douro and Dao, to bring the texture and nutty commplexity. Rarely made as varietal wine.
*It’s used for Madeira wines.

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93
Q

What’s the synonym of Malvasia Fina in Madeira?

A

Boal

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94
Q

What’s the synonym of Boal in Douro/Dão?

A

Malvasia Fina

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95
Q

Rabigato is one of the most important varieties for which type of wine? Why?

A

For white fortified wines in the Douro Valley;
Because of its high acidity and sugar content.

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96
Q

What are the characteristics of Rabigato?

A

It has ability to produce balanced, complex table wines, with citrusy, floral, herbal and pronounced smoky mineral expression.

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97
Q

Name the three synonyms of Síria?

A

Roupeiro, Códega, Dona Branca

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98
Q

Which is the second most planted white variety in Portugal?

A

Síria

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99
Q

What are the characteristics of Síria?

A

Roupeiro, Códega, Dona Branca

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100
Q

Which is the second most planted white variety in Portugal?

A

Síria

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101
Q

What are the characteristics of Síria?

A

*Highly productive,
*Notable floral, melon, stone, and tropical fruit aromas and flavors,
*Low acidity, medium sugar content.

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102
Q

What’s the style of Sercial in Madeira?

A

The driest fortified wines

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103
Q

What’s the synonym of Sercial in mainland Porgugal? Which regions?

A

Esgana Cão狗, mostly in Bucelas, Lisboa

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104
Q

Which region makes the most notably example of Sercial dry wines? What’s the style?

A

In Pico Island, high acidity, minerality and richly textured.

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105
Q

What’s the most planted grape variety in the Azores?

A

Arinto dos Açores (Sercial)

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106
Q

What’s the synonym of Sercial in Azores?

A

Arinto dos Açores

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107
Q

Where, when, by whom was Alicante Bouschet breeded?

A

In France by Henri Bouschet in 1855

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108
Q

Is Alicante Bouschet a tenturier grape variety?

A

Yes

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109
Q

In which region of Portugal is Alicante Bouschet one of the most important varieties?

A

In Northern Alentejo

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110
Q

Which regions of Portugal is Aragonez most prominent?

A

Alentejo, Dao, Douro.

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111
Q

What are the two synonyms of Tinta Roriz?

A

Aragonez, Tempranillo

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112
Q

What’s the synonym of Aragonez in Alentejo, Dão and Douro?

A

Tinta Roriz

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113
Q

Which is the Portugal’s most planted variety?

A

Aragonez/=Tempranillo

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114
Q

What’s the synonym of Tempranillo in Portugal?

A

Aragonez

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115
Q

In which region of Portugal is Baga almost exclusively found?

A

Bairrada

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116
Q

Which is the key grape variety in Bairrada?

A

Baga

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117
Q

What are the characteristics of Baga?

A

*Late-ripening,
*Sensitive to small differences in terroir, reflect a range of style.
*Aromas can display notes of red and black fruits, red and purple flowers, smoky and salty minerality and herbs, with prominent tannins and acidity.

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118
Q

What types of wine is Baga produced in Bairrada?

A

Red still wines, but also traditional method sparkling wines in Blanc de Noirs or rosé styles.

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119
Q

Which regions is Bastardo mostly produced in Portugal?

A

*Most are in Douro, traditionally used in Port blends.
*Excellent varietal wines in Dao.
*Also common in Beira and Trás-os-Montes

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120
Q

Where is Bastardo native to?

A

Jura in France, known as Trousseau

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121
Q

What’s the synonym of Trousseau in Portugal?

A

Bastardo

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122
Q

Where is Castelão mostly planted in Portugal?

A

In southern half of the country, especially in Lisboa and Setúbal.

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123
Q

What are the characteristics of Castelão?

A

*Performing well in both cooler and wetter climate of the coast and arid heat of interior.
*Vary widely depending on where it is grown: ranging from juicy and delicate to heady, dark fruited and spicy.

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124
Q

What the style is Jaen made today in Portugal?

A

Almost Pinot Noir like varietal wines

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125
Q

What’s the synonym of Jaen in Spain?

A

Mencía

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126
Q

In which region is Jaen most planted in Portugal?

A

Dão

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127
Q

What’s the synonym of Mencía in Portugal?

A

Jaen

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128
Q

In which regions are Touriga Franca most planted?

A

In Douro and Trás-os-Montes

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129
Q

What are the characteristics of Touriga Franca?

A

*easty to ripen.
*fairly resistant to most diseases.
*with balanced sugar and acidity.
*red and purple fruited, floral and subtly herbal, relatively soft tannins in Douro.

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130
Q

Which is the most important variety in the wines of Douro and Dao? What type of wines?

A

Touriga Nacional (also commonly found in Lisboa, Tejo, Alentejo);
Fortified, dry blends, varietal wine, and increasingly rosé wines.

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131
Q

What are the characteristics of Tinta Amarela?

A

*Very aromatic, fruity, floral and spices.
*high acidity even at high sugar level.
*Rich texture.

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132
Q

Which are the common producing regions for Tinta Amarela ?

A

In Port blend, and dry wines in Tejo and Alentejo

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133
Q

What’s the synonym of Tinta Amarela(黄色)?

A

Trincadeira

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134
Q

What’s the synonym of Trincadeira?

A

Tinta Amarela

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135
Q

What are the characters of Vinhão?

A

Dark skinned, with very high acidity, intense red and black berry aromas, and dark purple color.

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136
Q

What’s the synonym of Sousão in Vinho Verde?

A

Vinhão

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137
Q

What’s the synonym of Vinhão in Douro? Which wine is it made?

A

Sousão;
*In Port production to intensify the color
*Varietal wine in Vinho Verde where it’s popular with locals.

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138
Q

What’s the synonym of Vinhão in Douro?

A

Sousão (发音suzau)

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139
Q

What’s the location Vinho Verde? What are the boundaries of this region?

A

In the north-west corner of Portugal;
Boundered by the Atlantic Ocea, River Minho (Spain’s border), and Peneda-Gerês National Park

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140
Q

Describe the soil in Vinho Verde?

A

Granitic bedrock with a shallow layer of decomposed granite and sandy texture

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141
Q

How does rainfall affect Vinho Verde?

A

High rainfall leads to marked vintage variation in wine production

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142
Q

What are the vineyard management challenges in Vinho Verde?

A

Challenges include fungal diseases, methods include traditional vine training and modern row planting.

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143
Q

What are the summer pruning techniques in Vinho Verde?

A

Shoot removal, leaf plucking, and green harvesting to improve ripening and air circulation.

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144
Q

How has wine production shifted in Vinho Verde over time?

A

From predominantly red wines in the 1960s to mainly white wines by 2019.

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145
Q

What is notable about the Vinhao (Sousao) grape?

A

The most planted black grape variety, known for deeply colored wines with high acidity and cherry fruit.

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146
Q

Characteristics of inexpensive, high-volume Vinho Verde wines?

A

*Made with regional fruit
*Blend of varieties
*Protective methods
*Cool fermentation in stainless steel
*Carbon dioxide added for spritz

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147
Q

Typical qualities of most Vinho Verde white wines?

A

*Low in alcohol
*meidum+ to high acidity
*Flavors: apple, citrus, peach
*Possible residual sugar

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148
Q

Production of higher priced Vinho Verde wines?

A

*Often still wines
*Made by smaller producers
*May use ambient yeasts
*Old oak for fermentation/maturation
*Aging on lees for complexity

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149
Q

Requirement for wines labeled with a Vinho Verde sub-region?

A

Min 9% abv (standard 8% without sub-region mention)

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150
Q

Specifics for single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco? Can other subregions name Alvarinho on their labels?

A

1)Lower max yields
Min. 11.5% abv
Exclusive right to label as single variety Alvarinho
2)Yes, from 2016 if Alvarinho is at least 30% of blend. Otherwise, classifed as Minho VR.

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151
Q

Who processes most grapes in Vinho Verde?

A

Grapes mostly to co-operatives or large merchants.
Only 400 growers bottle their own wines.

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152
Q

Climate of Vinho Verde?

A

Moderate maritime climate, Atlantic winds funnelled inland by river valleys.
High rainfall up to 1500mm.

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153
Q

Vine training system in Vinho Verde?

A

Higher vine-training systems for better air circulation (due to the high rainfall)
Sylvoz vine-training, pergola

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154
Q

Significant producers in Vinho Verde?

A

Anselmo Mendes, Quinta de Soalheiro

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155
Q

Name the rivers flows within Vinho Verde region?

A

Minho, Lima, Cávado, Ave, Sousa, Tâmega, Douro

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156
Q

Which grape is distinct in Monção e Melgaço? Similar to which region?

A

Alvarinho, similar to Rias Baixas

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157
Q

Which is the most important subregion of Vinho Verde for fine wine?

A

Monção e Melgaço

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158
Q

What’s the climate of Vinho Verde?

A

Cool, rainy, Atlantic-influenced climate

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159
Q

What’s the local name of pergola system in Vinho Verde?

A

Latada=trellis

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160
Q

What’s the traditional vine training systems in Vinho Verde?

A

Enforcado vine (vines grow up the trunks of trees, high off the ground, lessened the fungal disease in the wet climate)

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161
Q

What’s the common vine training system in Vinho Verde today?

A

Trellising=pergola=latada

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162
Q

Which subregion of Vinho Verde is the only one protected for the direct Atlantic influence with a maritime and continental climate?

A

Monção e Melgaço (northeast corner of Vinho Verde)

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163
Q

What’s the major soil type in Vinho Verde?

A

Granite

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164
Q

Name the 9 sub-regions of Vinho Verde (from north to south)?

A

Monção e Melgaço, Lima, Cávado, Ave, Basto, Sousa, Amarante, Paiva, Baião

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165
Q

Where is Sousa?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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166
Q

Where is Basto?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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167
Q

Where is Lima?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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168
Q

Where is Cávado?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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169
Q

Where is Ave?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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170
Q

Which is Portugal’s largest DOC?

A

Vinho Verde DOC

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171
Q

Which VR has the same geographic area as Vinho Verde DOC?

A

Minho VR

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172
Q

Where is Monção e Melgaço?

A

Subregion of Vinho Verde

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173
Q

Which DOC has the same geographic area as Minho VR?

A

Vinho Verde DOC

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174
Q

Which subregions in Vinho Verde are at low elevation and more coastal climate?

A

Lima, Cávado, and Ave

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175
Q

Which grape variety is traditionally produced in Lima, Cavado and Ave?

A

Loureiro

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176
Q

Which Vinho Verde’s subregions extend into Minho’s mountainous and produce most the region’s volume, especially its spritzy wines?

A

Sousa, Basto, Amarante, Paiva, Baião

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177
Q

What’s the climate in Lima, Cavado and Ave?

A

More coastal climate in this area results in cool to moderate temperatures and high rainfall.

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178
Q

What grape varieties is Loureiro traditionally blended with ?

A

Arinto or Trajadura

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179
Q

Where are the red wines mostly produced from in Vinho Verde?

A

In Minho’s mountainous south and east - Sousa, Basto, Amarante, Baiao, Paiva (close to Baixo Corgo) where is warmer and drier.

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180
Q

Which 7 regions were declared by King of Portugal in 1908 Sep 18?

A

Bucelas, Colares, Carcavelos, Dão, Madeira, Moscatel de Setúbal, and Vinho Verde.

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181
Q

How many % of white grapes production in Vinho Verde?

A

Over 80%

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182
Q

Where is Baião?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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183
Q

Which is the pioneer producer focusing on Alvarinho variety in Monção e Melgaço?

A

Soalheiro

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184
Q

Where is winery Soalheiro? Focusing on which grape variety?

A

In Monçao et Melgaço; Alvarinho

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185
Q

Which region is producing attracting varietal Loureiro? Wine style?

A

Lima Valley; highly aromatic.

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186
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Minho VR?

A

White, red, rosé, may be still or carbonated, late-harvest.

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187
Q

What’s th mini alcohol level in Vinho Verde DOC?

A

8.5%abv

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188
Q

Where is Paiva?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

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189
Q

What’s the label term for red wine blended with more than 15% white grapes in Vinho Verde?

A

palhete

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190
Q

What’s the producing method for sparkling wines in Vinho Verde?

A

Traditional method or tank method.

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191
Q

What’s “palhete”?

A

In Vinho Verde DOC allow to blend white grapes into red wines, if white grapes are more than 15%, the wine must be labeled as palhete

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192
Q

What’s the darker-colored rosé wines’s designation in Vinho Verde DOC?

A

Clarete

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193
Q

What’s the mini alcohol for Alvarinho varietal wine in Vinho Verde? Why is it higher than normal?

A

Mini 11.5% abv, to protect its style as a more concentrated, high-quality expression of Vinho Verde.

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194
Q

Which designations can label Alvarinho varietal?

A

Vinho Verde DOC or Monção e Melgaço (other subregions can not)

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195
Q

Which two regions were once included in Tras-os-Montes?

A

Douro and Porto (prior to the creation of the Duriense IGP.

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196
Q

Which are the most important white grape varieties in Trás-os-Montes?

A

Fernão Pires, Síria, Viosinho, Gouveio, Malvasia Fina and Rabigato

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197
Q

Which are the most important red grape varieties in Trás-os-Montes?

A

Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Bastardo (Trousseau), Touriga Francesa, Trincadeira

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198
Q

What’s the wine style in Trás-os-Montes?

A

Ripe and full bodied

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199
Q

What’s the climate in Trás-os-Montes?

A

Continental climate: summer Dry, hot, mountainous

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200
Q

Name the three subregions of Trás-os-Montes DOP from west to east?

A

Chaves, Valpaços, Planalto Mirandés

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201
Q

Where is Chaves?

A

It’s a subregion of Tras-os-Montes DOC

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202
Q

What’s the VR of Trás-os-Montes?

A

Transmontano VR

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203
Q

What’s DOP of Transmontano VR?

A

Trás-os-Montes

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204
Q

Which is the most mountainous reigon in Portugal?

A

Trás-os-Montes

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205
Q

What’s the soils in Trás-os-Montes?

A

Schist in higher elevation, and granite

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206
Q

Which region has the highest elevation in Portugal?

A

Trás-os-Montes, some are above 1000m

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207
Q

What’s the style of Mateus Rosé?

A

Lightly colored, semisweet, semisparkling red wine.

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208
Q

Which region is the home of Mateus Rosé?

A

Trás-os-Montes

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209
Q

Who is the producer of Mateus Rosé?

A

Sogrape

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210
Q

Which is the largest producer of Portugal?

A

Sogrape

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211
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Transmontano VR?

A

All dry wines made in the region: Red, white, and rosé

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212
Q

Which wines styles are produced in Trás-os-Montes DOP

A

Vinho: Tinto,Branco,Rosado
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)

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213
Q

What’s the major soil of Trás-os-Montes DOP?

A

Schist and granite

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214
Q

Where is Planalto Mirandés?

A

It’s a subregion of Tras-os-Montes DOC

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215
Q

Which major mountain ranges seperate Tras-os-Montes from the coast?

A

Marão

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216
Q

Apart from wines what are famous in Tras-os-Montes?

A

Olive, chestnut, thermal waters温泉水

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217
Q

Where is Valpaços?

A

It’s a subregion of Tras-os-Montes DOC

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218
Q

Which DOPs are included in Duriense VR?

A

Douro and Porto DOP

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219
Q

Which is Portugal’s first demarcated wine region?

A

Douro

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220
Q

Which region of Portugal is a UNESCO world heritage site?

A

Douro

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221
Q

What’s the preferred soil type for Port?

A

Schist

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222
Q

What’s the climate of Douro Valley?

A

Continental: hot summer and cold winter

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223
Q

Which subzone in Douro has the highest density of plantings? Which has the highest vineyard acreage? Which is the largest and most arid?

A

Baixo Corgo - highest density of plantings;
Cima Corgo - highest total vineyard acreage;
Douro Superior - the largest and most arid.

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224
Q

Name the three subregions in Douro from west to east?

A

Baixo Corgo, Cima/Alto Corgo, Douro Superior (Spanish border)

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225
Q

How many % of Douro region’s wine is released as Porto DOP?

A

50%

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226
Q

Which DOP for licoroso fortified Moscatel produced in Douro?

A

Douro DOP

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227
Q

Which DOP for Port?

A

Porto DOP

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228
Q

What’s the annual rainfall in Douro Valley?

A

300mm

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229
Q

Which is the heart of Douro River Valley?

A

Cima Corgo

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230
Q

In Douro Valley, which subregion has the highest concentration of the schist slopes and highly graded vineyards for fortified wines?

A

Cima Corgo

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231
Q

Which subregion has higher rainfall than rest of Douro Valley?

A

Baixo Corgo

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232
Q

Which soil type is more common in Baixo Corgo?

A

Granite

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233
Q

Baixo Corgo is more focused on which type of wine’s production?

A

Table wine

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234
Q

When was the fortified wines of Douro first exported to England?

A

In 1678 (by a merchant from Liverpool)

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235
Q

When was the Methuen Treaty梅休因条约 signed ? between which countries?

A

In 1703 between Portugal and England

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236
Q

Which event lowered duties on Portuguese wines imported to England?

A

Methuen Treaty signed between Portugal and England in 1703

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237
Q

What is the significance of the establishment of Douro Wine Company?

A

To take control the Port wine industry back from the British shipping companies, and more lasting impact was the introduction of regulations that standardized the quality and style of Port wines.

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238
Q

Who created Douro Wine Company? When?

A

Marquis de Pombal (former ambassador to Britain and the prime minister of Portugal) in 1756

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239
Q

Which regulatory body 监管机构regulated vineyards and grape production?

A

Casa do Douro

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240
Q

Which regulatory body 监管机构oversaw Port production?

A

Instituto do Vinho do Porto

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241
Q

What did Grémio dos Exportadores de Vinho do Porto波特酒出口商协会regulate?

A

International shipping of Port wines.

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242
Q

Who published the exhaustive classification of every vineyard in Douro?

A

Álvaro Moreira da Fonseca (agronomist农学家)

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243
Q

When was the Douro vineyard classification published?

A

In 1947

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244
Q

How was the Douro vineyards classified?

A

1)Vineyards were graded from A (highest quality) to I (lowest):
2)with points given for location, altitude, aspect, steepness of slope, soil, vine-training methods, grape varieties, density of planting and more.
3)The higher the grade of the vineyard, the more Port wine is permitted to produce.

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245
Q

Why was “beneficio system” designed?

A

To ensure the high quality of Port wine and limit supply to protect prices.

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246
Q

What’s the license called to identify the amount of Port wine permitted to produce from a graded vineyard?

A

“beneficio”

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247
Q

What’s beneficio?

A

It’s a license to identify the amount of port wine permitted to produce from a graded vineyard; it’s based on the quality of the vineyard and market conditions.

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248
Q

About Casa Ferreirinha Barca Velha?

A

One of Portugal’s most acclaimed and expensive wines, only made in the very best vintages, grapes from Douro Superior with higher elevation and richer granite soils which can produce more fresh wines.

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249
Q

What’s the first vinetage of Casa Ferreirinha Barca Velha?

A

In 1952

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250
Q

Who made Casa Ferreirinha Barca船Velha老?

A

Winemaker of Porto Ferreira - Fernando Nicolau de Almeida

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251
Q

When was Douro DOC established?

A

In 1998

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252
Q

What kind of terroir are the winemakers looking for to make table wines in Douro?

A

Higher elevation, slopes with northerly exposure and more granite soils, where grapes ripen slower.

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253
Q

Where are the highest-graded vineyard land for Port production generally located?

A

In the village of Pinhao, in central Cima Corgo

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254
Q

What’s the terroir of the best vineyards for Port?

A

South-facing, steep vineyards that have pure schist soils and closest to the river

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255
Q

Where is the village of Pinhao?

A

In central Cima Corgo

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256
Q

When did the president of Portugal endorse呼吁an open letter calling for reform the beneficio system ?

A

Sep 5, 2023

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257
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Douro DOP?

A

Douro table wine: red, white, rosado

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258
Q

Which red grapes make the best red wine from Douro?

A

Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Cão, Tinta Barroca

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259
Q

Which are the key white grapes for white wine in Douro?

A

Malvasia Fina, Viosinho, Rabigato, Gouveio

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260
Q

Which grape is used for making fortified Moscatel wines?

A

Moscatel Galego

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261
Q

What are the minimum alcohol content for Douro standard wines?

A

Mini 10.5% abv for white and rosado, 11% for red

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262
Q

What are the minimum alcohol content for Douro Reserva wines?

A

11.5% abv for white and rosado, 12%abv for red wines.

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263
Q

What are the aging requirements for Reserva wines in Douro?

A

White reserva: 6months;
Red: 1 year

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264
Q

Which wines in Douro can be labeled Grande Reserva?

A

The wines that meet reserva criteria标准and score exceptionally well in blind tasting may use the term Grande Reserva.

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265
Q

What’s the name for sparkling wines in Douro?

A

Espumanto do Douro

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266
Q

What’s the meaning of Colheita Tardia?

A

Late harvest wines

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267
Q

What’s the name of late harvest wines in Douro?

A

Colheita Tardia

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268
Q

Which types of wine can be produced under Douro DOP?

A

Table wine: red, white, rosado
Spumanto do Douro=sparkling
Colheita tardia=late harvest
Vinho Licoroso=Moscatel do Douro (fortified)

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269
Q

How long has the Spumanto do Douro aged on lees?

A

9months

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270
Q

Historically where is the region for Port maturation?

A

Vila Nova de Gaia: a suburb of Oporto/Porto

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271
Q

Who is the owner of Casa Ferreirinha?

A

Sogrape

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272
Q

Name the young cult star in Douro who used to supply fruit for Barca Velha?

A

Quinta do Vale Meão

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273
Q

What’s the western limite of Douro?

A

Serra do Marão

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274
Q

Which subzone of Douro has the most Atlantic influence? Rainfall annually?

A

Baixo Corgo; 900mm

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275
Q

What’s the vineyard training system in Douro?

A

Cordon and spur-pruned with VSP trellising

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276
Q

What are the parent grape varieties of Touriga Franca?

A

Touriga Nacional x Marufo

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277
Q

What does Touriga Franca contribute to the blend of Douro wines?

A

Color, tannins, acidity, ripe black and red flavours

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278
Q

When was Douro DOC established?

A

Established in 1982 for unfortified wines.

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279
Q

Who pioneered the first ambitious Douro red wine?

A

Fernando Nicolau de Almeida at Ferreira Port in 1952

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280
Q

What was the first prestigious Douro red wine?

A

Barca Velha, created by Fernando Nicolau de Almeida

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281
Q

What is the climatic condition of Douro?

A

A warm continental climate with varied microclimates.

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282
Q

What is the role of Sousao grapes in Douro wines?

A

Increasingly used for high acidity, bringing freshness in warm years.

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283
Q

What styles of wine does Douro DOC produce?

A

Still red, rose, white, and sparkling wines.

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284
Q

What is the proportion of red wnie in Douro DOC?

A

Over 78% of Douro DOC production is red wine.

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285
Q

What is VR Duriense?

A

An option for using non-local varieties like Chardonnay, Riesling, and Syrah with lower volumes.

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286
Q

Who are the major producers in Douro?

A

Symington, Quinta do Noval, Niepoort, also making a range of Douro Wines

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287
Q

What is unique about inexpensive Douro wines?

A

Often sourced from different quintas, made by co-operatives.

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288
Q

How are grape prices for Douro DOC and Port controlled?

A

Port grapes are controlled by the Beneficio, Douro DOC prices are market driven.

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289
Q

Name the three tributaries of Douro River in Douro Valley?

A

River Tamega, River Tua, River Sabor

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290
Q

Vineyards of Tavora-Varosa are adjacent to the riverbanks of which rivers?

A

Varosa, Távora, Tedo, or Torto Rivers.

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291
Q

What’s the climate in Távora-Varosa?

A

Continental, long, cold and wet winters and short growing season.

292
Q

Where is Távora-Varosa?

A

Northeast of Dão (high in mountains)

293
Q

What’s the elevation in Távora-Varosa?

294
Q

Which type of wine is famous in Távora-Varosa?

A

Sparkling wine

295
Q

Which are the dominant grapes in Távora-Varosa?

A

White grapes: Malvasia Fina (most important for sparkling wine), it is frequently supplemented by Chardonnay and Pinot Noir.

296
Q

How long minimum aging on lees for Távora-Varosa DOC sparkling wines?

297
Q

What’s the method to make sparkling wine in Távora-Varosa DOC?

A

Must be traditional method

298
Q

What’s the VR cover roughly the same area of Távora-Varosa DOC?

A

Terras de Cister VR

299
Q

Which is the first DOC for sparkling wine in Portugal?

A

Távora-Varosa DOC

300
Q

When did Távora-Varosa DOC become the first appellation for sparkling wine in Portugal?

301
Q

Name the main grape varieties in Távora-Varosa DOC?

A

White: Bical, Cerceal, Fernão Pires, Gouveio, Malvasia Fina, Chardonnay;
Red: Tinta Barroca, Tinta Roriz, Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional, Pinot Noir.

302
Q

Which wine styles can be produced in Terras de Cister VR?

A

Tinto, Branco, Rosado

303
Q

Which styles can be produced in Tavora-Varosa DOP?

A

Vinho: Branco, Rosado, Tinto
Vinho Espumante (Sparkling): Tinto, Branco

304
Q

What’s the major soil in Tavora-Varosa?

305
Q

How far is Bairrada from the Atlantic coast?

306
Q

What’s the topography of Bairrada region?

A

It’s between the ocean and the mountains of Dao: Western side is flat (largely flat terrain), most low lying in Portugal, allowing ocean rain and fog to enter the region, trapped in vineyards by the mountains海洋雨水和雾气可以进入该地区,并被附近的山脉困在葡萄园区。

307
Q

What’s the climate in Bairrada?

A

Maritime climate, with high rainfall 800-1200m annually.
temperature during growing season is mild between 25 to 30 degrees.

308
Q

What’s the soils in Bairrada?

A

Mostly limestone clays with fertile alluvial soils close to rivers.

309
Q

What’s the largest producer in Bairrada?

A

Adega de Cantanhede (30-40% of the production)

310
Q

Where is Bairrada?

A

Between Atlantic coast and mountains of Dão

311
Q

What are the challenges in Bairrada region?

A

humidity during flowering and September rains

312
Q

Why does Bairrada’s wine have spearmint and sassafras留兰香和黄樟 aromas?

A

There are extensive pine and eucalyptus forests in Bairrada, and the trees’ volatile oils挥发油 imbue the wines with spearmint and sassafras aromas (imbue…with..使充满).

313
Q

What’s “Baga Friends”?

A

Regers to a group of 7 leading winemakers in the Bairrada region of Portugal, who are passionate about Baga grape variety and promote high quality wines made entirely from Baga.
Established in May 2022

314
Q

When is the International Baga Day?

A

21 May 2022

315
Q

What’s the VR of Bairrada region?

A

VR/IG Beira Atlântico

316
Q

What’s the subregion of Beira Atlântico?

A

Terras de Sicó

317
Q

What are the wine styles of VR Beira Atlântico?

A

Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Espumante and Frisante (semi-sparkling).

318
Q

What’s the former name of Beira Atlântico?

319
Q

What are the wine styles of Bairrada DOP?

A

Vinho: Branco, Rosado, Tinto
Vinho Espumante de Qualidade
Vinho Licoroso: Branco, Rosado, Tinto

320
Q

What’s the mini aging requirement for wines of Bairrada DOP?

A

Espumante de Qualidade: min. 9months on lees;
Branco “Classico”: 12months total with min 6 in bottle;
Tinto “Classico”: 30months total with min 12 in bottle.

321
Q

What are the traditional toneis made from?

A

Portuguese or Brazilian hardwood.

322
Q

What are the major grape varieties for Tinto “Classico” of Bairrada DOC?

A

Baga, Touriga Nacional, Alfrocheiro, Jaen, Camarate, Castelão

323
Q

What’s the requirement for wines labeled with Baga Clássico?

A

Min. 50% Baga

324
Q

Which international white grape varieties are allowed in Bairrada?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay

325
Q

What are the grape varieties for Branco “Classico” of Bairrada DOP?

A

Bical, Cercial, Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), Rabo de Ovelha

326
Q

Name two key producers in Bairrada?

A

Quinta das Bágeiras
Filipa Pato & William Wouters

327
Q

What’s the synonym of Fernao Pires?

A

Maria Gomes

328
Q

What’s the annual rainfall range in Bairrada?

A

800-1600mm, with most rainfall occurring in Spring and Autumn.

329
Q

How were traditional vineyards in Bairrada planted?

A

high-training, individually staked bush vines.

330
Q

What is the common trellising system used in modern Bairrada vineyards?

A

Guyot system (replacement-cane pruned) with VSP being common

331
Q

What’s the proportion of red wines in Bairrada production?

A

2/3 of production in Bairrada.

332
Q

Name the dominant black grape in Bairrada?

333
Q

What are the ideal conditions for Baga ripening in Bairrada?

A

Baga ripens best on limestone-clay soils, providing water balance and reflecting solar energy.

334
Q

What is the common maturation vessel for Bairrada wines?

A

in Large barrels of French oak, some using traitional toneis.

335
Q

Why do some producers use the Vinho Regional label in Bairrada?

A

Some producers use the Vinho Regional label due to objections to the extension of the DOC to international varieties.

336
Q

What’s the soil type in Bairrada?

A

Calcareous clay

337
Q

What’s the name origin of Bairrada?

A

Bairrada is derived获得from “barro” in Portuguese means “clay”

338
Q

When was traditional method espumante of Bairrada produced firstly at commercial scale?

339
Q

What’s the most important contribution of agronomist 农学家António Augusto de Aguiar?

A

his vision of Bairrada as a source of sparkling wines阿吉亚尔最重要的贡献是他将拜拉达打造为起泡葡萄酒的产地.

340
Q

Which type of wine is Bairrada’s main commercial output? How many % of the total wine production?

A

Sparkling wines; 2/3 is sparkling wine

341
Q

When did Sogrape moved the production of Mateus Rosé to Aveiro?

A

In the 1970s.

342
Q

Which red grape variety is focused to make high-quality, long-lived wines in Bairrada?

343
Q

Why the vines are trained high off the ground in Bairrada and Vinho Verde?

A

Because the regions are close to the ocean, due to the wet climate, it’s easy to affected by mildew. So vines are trained high off the ground and leaves are pulled away from the fruiting zone to help poromte air circulation.

344
Q

How developed a green harvesting strategy in early 2000s? Why to do this?

A

Winemaker Luís Pato, to decrease the mildew pressure on Baga grape variety, he green harvested 70% of the fruit and used for sparkling wine production, then the remaining fruit receives greater airflow.

345
Q

When was Bairrada DOC established?

346
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Bairrada DOC?

A

Red, white, Rosado, sparkling, brandy(aguardente)

347
Q

What’s the local name for brandy in Portugal?

A

aguardente

348
Q

What’s aguardente?

A

Brandy in Portuguese

349
Q

To labeled as Bairrada DOC, how many % of Baga was required for red wine?

350
Q

Which white grape varieties dominate in Bairrada DOC?

A

Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), followed by Arinto, Bical and Cercial

351
Q

What are the styles of sparkling made in Bairrada DOC?

A

rosé, blanc de noirs, and blanc de blanc

352
Q

What’s the method of making Bairrada DOC sparkling?

A

Traditional method

353
Q

How long has Bairrada DOC sparkling aged on lees?

A

Mini 9months

354
Q

Where is Amarante?

A

A subregion of Vinho Verde

355
Q

Which mountains are on the western and southwestern Dão? how do they affect the climate in Dao?

A

The Serra do Buçaco and Serra do Caramulo to the west and southwest, they are not that high (diminutive小巧), allowing a stream of cool, moist air from the coast to circulate throughout the region.

356
Q

How does Serra da Estrela affect the climate in Dão?

A

It forms the southeastern border of the region, blocking much of the hot, dry air from Alentejo and the Iberian interior.

357
Q

?? Which is the largest mountains in Dão?

A

Serra da Estrela

358
Q

Where is Dão?

A

Just east of Bairrada, in the central Portugal.

359
Q

What’s the soil type in Dão?

A

Mainly granite

360
Q

Name the 7 subregions in Dão?

A

Serra da Estrela (southeast), followed clockwise by Alva, Besteiros, Silgueiros, Castendo, Terras de Azurara, Terras de Senhorim (in th middle)

361
Q

Where is Terras de Senhorim?

362
Q

Where is Terras de Azurara?

363
Q

Where is Castendo?

364
Q

Where is Silgueiros?

365
Q

Where is Besteiros?

366
Q

Where is Alva?

367
Q

Which is the most important subregion of Dão?

A

Serra da Estrela

368
Q

Where is Serra da Estrela?

369
Q

Which subregions in Dão have high elevation? How many meters? What’s the temperatures?

A

Serra da Estrela, Castendo; up to 600-800m; rarely exceeding 25 degrees Celsius.

370
Q

Which subregions of Dão have lower elevation? How many meters?

A

Senhorim, Alva, Besteiros; 200-300m

371
Q

Which subregions of Dao have one of the coolest growing seasons in Portugal’s interior?

A

Serra da Estrela, and Castendo

372
Q

How much temprature difference between the warmer and cooler subregions of Dao?

A

Senhorim, Alva, Besteiros are 10 degrees Celsius warmer than Serra da Estrela and Castendo.

373
Q

Which region in Portugal is called by French “Bourgogne du Sud”?

374
Q

Who is the advocate倡导者of Dão?

A

The viticulturalist and aristocrat贵族João de Sacadura Botte Côrte-Real

375
Q

When was Dão DOCofficially created?

376
Q

What’s the the term for nouveau in Portuguese?

377
Q

Beyon the DOC designation, wines in Dão can be labeled with which terms? What do they refer to?

A

1)Vina Nobre, Reserva, and Garrafeira.
2)Vina Nobre: must have a certain percentage of recommended varieties.
Reserva and Garrafeira: subject to min alcohol and cellar aging requirements.

378
Q

Which is the most important grape variety in Dão DOC?

A

Touriga Nacional

379
Q

Which white grapes are important in Dão?

A

Malvasia Fina and Encruzado

380
Q

Where is Lafões DOC?

A

Small region between Dão and Vinho Verde

381
Q

What’s the wine style in Lafões DOC?

A

Acidic, similar to neighbouring Vinho Verde

382
Q

What’s the transition region between Dao and Vinho Verde?

383
Q

Which River is Lafões crossed by?

A

Vouga River

384
Q

What are the two DOP’s in Terras de Dão?

A

Dão DOP and Lafões DOP

385
Q

What’s the VR of Dao?

A

Terras do Dão

386
Q

What are the variety requirements for Nobre wines of Dão DOP?

A

Tinto: Max. 85% combined Alfrocheiro, Aragonez, Jaen, and Rufete; Min. 15% Touriga Nacional.
Branco: Max. 85% combined Bical, Cercial, Malvasia Fina and Verdelho; Min. 15% Encruzado.

387
Q

What’s the major soil of Dão ?

388
Q

What are the aging requirements for Reserva, Garrafeira, Nobre in Dão DOP?

A

Tinto&Rosado: 8months; Branco: none.
Tinto Reserva: 24mths; Branco Reserva: 6mths.
Tinto Garrafeira: 36mths (including 12 in botl); Branco Garrafeira: 12 mths(including 6 in botl).
Tinto&Rosado Nobre: 36mths; Branco Nobre: 12mths.

389
Q

What are the min aclohol for Reserva, Garrafeira, Nobre in Dão DOP?

A

Tinto&Rosado&Branco: 11%;
Tinto Reserva/Tinto Garrafeira/Branco Reserva/Branco Garrafeira: 11.5%
Tinto&Rosado Nobre:13%; Branco Nobre: 12%.

390
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Dão DOP?

A

Branco/ Tinto (may be labeled Nobre, Reserva and/ or Garrafeira)
Rosado
Novo: Tinto Nouveau
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)

391
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Lafões DOP?

A

Branco and Tinto

392
Q

What are the Authorized varieties for Lafões DOP?

A

Tinto: min. 40% Amaral, Jaen and Pilongo.
Branco: Min 85% combined Arinto (min. 50%) and Cercial, plus Dona Branca, Sercial,
Rabo de Ovelha.

393
Q

What’s the subregion of Terras do Dao?

A

Terras de Lafões

394
Q

What’s the climate in Dao?

A

Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers, mild winters, and moderate rainfall.

395
Q

Characteristics of Jaen?

A

*Native to Bierzo in Spain
*Thin-skinned
*Early to mid-ripening
*Prone to wind, rot, mildew, botrytis
*Mostly steel fermented
*Some old vine styles aged in oak.

396
Q

What’s the meaning of Preto in Portugal?

397
Q

What is the significance of VR Terras do Dao?

A

The VR Terras do Dao is not commonly used in the region.

398
Q

How much of the Dao region is planted with vines?

A

only around 5%, the majority covered by forests.

399
Q

What are the key features of the Dao region’s topography?

A

The region has a mixed topography with hills, valleys, and mountains, offering varied aspects and altitudes.

400
Q

What are the challenges faced by Dao vineyards?

A

water stress during ripening, hail, and spring frosts in low-lying vineyards.

401
Q

What’s the typical altitude of Dao vineyards?

A

most vineyards are located at around 400-500m, with some as low as 200m and others as high as 900m.

402
Q

What is the predominant type of wine in Dao?

A

around 80% of production in Dao is red wine.

403
Q

What makes Encruzado a key white grape in Dao?

A

Encruzado has m+ acidity, full-bodied, with lemon, peach fruit, and sometimes a floral note.

404
Q

How can Encruzado wines be aged and what are their qualities?

A

Encruzado wines can be aged in neutral or oak vessels, capable of aging well in bottle and developing nutty characters.

405
Q

How do Dao red wines compare to Douro red wines?

A

Dao red wines tend to be less full-bodied with fresher flavors and higher acidity than Douro wines.

406
Q

How is the Dao red wine quality categorized?

A

Dao red wines can range from good to outstanding quality, typically mid-priced to premium.

407
Q

What are the key factors in Dao’s wine production?

A

Dao is an area with small vineyard holdings, around 30,000 grape growers, and a growing number of quality-focused producers.

408
Q

Which region is the southern continuations of Douro Superior?

A

North of Beira Interior

409
Q

What’s the climate of North of Beira Interior? climate of South of Beira Interior?

A

North: Continental, with long, cold winters and short, hot, dry summers.
South: Sheltered from the mountain, which moderates the intense summers of eastern Portugal.

410
Q

Name the two subregions in the north of Beira Interior?

A

Castelo Rodrigo, Pinhel

411
Q

What’s the granitic schist soils called in Beira Interior?

412
Q

?? What’s picarra?

A

The soil in Beira Interior Portugal: granitic schist soil

413
Q

Which two subregions are located in norhern part of Beira Interior?

A

Pinhel and Castelo Rodrigo (splited by Rio Côa)

414
Q

Which subregion is on the east bank of Rio Côa?

A

Castelo Rodrigo

415
Q

Which subregion is on the western bank of Rio Côa?

416
Q

Name the three subregions in Beira Interior?

A

Pinhel, Castelo Rodrigo, Cova da Beira

417
Q

Which is the river in Beira Interior?

A

Côa River

418
Q

In which region do you find Côa River?

A

Beira Interior?

419
Q

Which is the southern subregion in Beira Interior?

A

Cova da Beira

420
Q

Where is Cova da Beira?

A

A subregion of Beira Interior, in the southern part of the region, just east of Dão, eastern foothills of the Serra da Estrela.

421
Q

What’s the soil in Cova da Beira?

422
Q

Which region is in the eastern foothills of the Serra da Estrela?

A

Southern subregion of Beira Interior- Cova da Beira.

423
Q

When was Beiras IGP divided into four new IGPs?

424
Q

Name the four new IGPs devided by Beiras?

A

Terras do Dão, Terras de Cister, Terras da Beira, Beira Atlântico

425
Q

Which DOCs are included in Terras do Dão IGP/VR?

A

Dão DOC and Lafões DOC

426
Q

What’s the wine style of Dão?

A

Touriga Nacional is a signature grape of Dão, wines are more elegant, sharper, more floral than Douro.

427
Q

What’s the requirements for “reserva” indication in Dão ?

A

Red: 2years of aging;
White: 6 months.

428
Q

What are the regquirements to indicate Bairrada Clássico?

A

Mini alcohol content is 12% abv for white and 12.5% for red (higher than standard 11%abv)

429
Q

What’s the mini alcohol content for standard Bairrada DOP?

430
Q

What’s the preferred soil for Maria Gomes and Arinto in Bairrada?

A

Sandier soils

431
Q

What’s barros soil?

432
Q

What’s the best soil for Baga grape in Bairrada?

A

Barros (clay) soil

433
Q

Which is the red key grape variety of Bairrada DOP?

434
Q

What’s the aging requirements for Nobre Garrafeira white in Dão?

A

18 months including 9 months in bottle

435
Q

Which indications can be labeled on Dão’s wines?

A

Nobre, Reserva, garrafeira

436
Q

What’s the aging requirements for “Nobre Reserva” red in Dão?

437
Q

What’s the aging requirements for “Nobre Reserva” white in Dão?

438
Q

What’s the aging requirements for “Nobre Garrafeira” red in Dão?

A

48months including 18months in bottle

439
Q

What are the aging requirements and alcohol content for indicating “Nobre Garrafeira”?

A

Red: mini aging 48months including 18months in the bottle;
Mini alcohol is 13.5% abv;
White: mini aging 18mohts including 9 months in the bottle.
Mini alcohol is 12.5% abv.

440
Q

What are the requirements for indicating “Nobre Reserva”?

A

Red: must contain a mini 15% Touriga Nacional + at most 85% of combined Jaen, Rufete, Alfrocheiro, Aragonez;
Mini 42 months of aging;
Mini 13.5% abv.
White: mini 15% Encruzado + max 85% Cercial, Bical, Malvasia Fina, Verdelho;
Mni 1 year of aging;
Mini 12.5% abv.

441
Q

Which are requirements for “Nobre” indication?

A

Red: must contain a mini 15% Touriga Nacional + at most 85% of combined Jaen, Rufete, Alfrocheiro, Aragonez;
Mini 3 years of aging;
Mini 13% abv.
White: mini 15% Encruzado + max 85% Cercial, Bical, Malvasia Fina, Verdelho;
Mni 1 year of aging;
Mini 12% abv.

442
Q

Where is Castelo Rodrigo?

A

It’s a subregion of Beira Interior DOP

443
Q

Where is Cova da Beira?

A

It’s a subregion of Beira Interior DOP

444
Q

Where is Pinhel?

A

It’s a subregion of Beira Interior DOP

445
Q

Beira Interior DOP is within which IGP?

A

Terras da Beira IGP

446
Q

Távora-Varosa DOP is within which IGP?

A

Terras de Cister IGP

447
Q

Where is Terras do Sicó?

A

It’s a subregion of Beira Atlântico IGP

448
Q

Name the subregion of Beira Atlântico IGP?

A

Terras do Sicó

449
Q

What’s the DOP within VR Terras da Beira ?

A

Beira Interior DOP

450
Q

What are the wine styles can be produced in VR Terras da Beira?

A

Tinto, Branco, Rosado, Frisante, Espumante

451
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Beira Interior DOP?

A

Branco/Tinto (may be labeled “Selecção”)
Rosado
Tinto “Palhete” (made from up to max. 15% white grapes)
Espumante.

452
Q

What are the aging requirement for “Selecção” wines in Beira Interior DOP?

A

Branco Selecção: 6mths
Tinto Selecção: 12mths
Espumante: 9 mths on the lees.

453
Q

Which mountains can be found in Lisboa? which mountain is west of Lisboa?

A

Sintra Mountains, Scorro, Archeira, Montejunto, Candeeiros, and Aire ranges.
Sintra Mountains is west of Lisboa.

454
Q

What’s the climate of Lisboa?

A

Maritime climate

455
Q

Name the 9 individual DOPs included in Lisboa?

A

Bucelas, Colares, Carcavelos, Arruda, Torres Vedras, Alenquer, Óbidos, Lourinhã,
Encostas d’Aire.

456
Q

Name the three most historic wine regions outside Lisbon in Portugal?

A

Carcavelos, Colares, Bucelas

457
Q

How is the Carcavelos wine made?

A

The wines are fermented dry, then fortified and sweetened with a fermented must preserved with alcohol. After fortification, the wine is aged in barrel for at least 2years + 6months in bottle.

458
Q

What’s vinho abafado?

A

It’a a fermented must preserved with alcohol, to fortify the Carcavelos wines.

459
Q

What’s the preserved must called to fortify Carcavelos wines?

A

Vinho abafado

460
Q

Who originally created Carcavelos region?

A

Marquis de Pombal (created strictly limited Port production to fruit grown on the schist soils on the banks of the Douro River, but he left one exception for fruit from his own vineyards in the town of Oeiras, in what is today Carcavelos.)

461
Q

Where is Carcavelos?

A

Just west of Lisbon (Southern most DOP within VR Lisboa)

462
Q

How many hectares are there in Carcavelos DOC?

463
Q

Which type of wine can be produced in Carcavelos DOC?

A

Solely for the classic fortified wines

464
Q

Who is the only producer of Carcavelos DOC?

A

Villa Oeiras

465
Q

What are the requirements on grape varieties for Carcavelos DOC?

A

White: must have a mini of 75% combined Arinto, Ratinho, Galego Dourado;
Red: mini of 75% combined Castelão and Negra Mole.

466
Q

What’s the max yields for Carcavelos DOC?

467
Q

What’s the mini potential alcohol content for Carcavelos DOC wine must?

A

Mini 11% abv

468
Q

What’s the final wines’s alcohol content after fortification for Carcavelos DOC?

A

Between 17.5% abv-22% abv.

469
Q

What’s the aging requirements for Carcavelos DOC wines?

A

Mini 2 years in oak and 6 months in bottle.

470
Q

Which styles of wine can be produced in Carcavelos DOP?

A

Vinho Licoroso (fortified): Tinto, Branco

471
Q

What’s the max. RS of Carcavelos DOP wines?

472
Q

Why Colares was not affected by phylloxera?

A

Sandy soil

473
Q

What’s the local name for sandy soil in Colares?

A

chão de areia

474
Q

What’s the chão de areia?

A

Sandy soil in Colares, generally with 2m deep, above a layer of calcareous clay.

475
Q

What’s the climate in Colares?

A

Maritime climate (rarely exceeds 25 degrees Celsius)

476
Q

Which is the western most mountain in Portugal?

A

Sintra Mountains

477
Q

Which mountains of Lisboa are closest to the ocean?

A

Sintra Mountains

478
Q

In which mountain range is Colares located?

A

Sintra Mountains

479
Q

Which is the westernmost wine region in Continental Europe?

A

Colares DOC

480
Q

What are the challenges to grow vines in Colares?

A

*Intense Atlantic winds strip new flowers off their buds and shear the leaves off the plants.
*The vineyards are close to the ocean enough that the leaves can get burned by salt water.
*Mildew pressure is extremely high.
*Seabirds eat the ripe grapes.

481
Q

Grapes grown in chão rijo soils in Colares can be labeled under which appellation?

A

Only as VR Lisboa

482
Q

What’s the limestone soil called in Colares?

A

chão rijo

483
Q

What’s chão rijo (hard floor)?

A

Limestone soil in Colares

484
Q

What are the grape varieties for Colares DOC wines?

A

Red: Ramisco from chão de areia (sand)soils; Castelão from chão rijo(limestone)soils.
White: Malvasia from both soils.

485
Q

Which grape variety is authorized for chão de areia (sand)soils in Colares?

A

Primarily Ramisco for Tinto, Malvasia for Branco

486
Q

Which grape variety is authorized for chão rijo(limestone)soils in Colares?

A

Primarily Castelão for Tinto, Malvasia for Branco

487
Q

What’s the white grape varieties authorized for chão rijo and chão de areia soils in Colares?

A

both is Malvasia

488
Q

Which types of wine are produced from Colares DOC?

A

Branco and Tinto

489
Q

What’s the maximum yields of Colares DOC wines?

A

70hl/ha for white
55hl/ha for red

490
Q

What’s the aging requirement of Colares DOC?

A

Red: 18months in container + 6 months in bottle (but generally 5-8 years before release);
White: 6 months in container + 3 months in bottle.

491
Q

What’s the mini alcohol content of Colares DOC wines?

492
Q

Which subregions of Lisboa has more exposure to the Atlantic winds?

493
Q

Where is Bucelas?

A

Just northeast of Lisbon

494
Q

Which region is the home of Arinto? What’s the other name of Arinto?

A

Bucelas; Arinto de Bucelas

495
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Bucelas DOC?

A

Only dry white and traditional method sparkling wines.

496
Q

What’s the grape variety for Bucelas DOC wines?

A

Mini 75% Arinto for both dry white and sparkling, plus Sercial (Esgana Cão) and Rabo de Ovelha.

497
Q

Apart from Arinto, which other grape varieties are also permitted in Bucelas DOC?

A

Esgana Cão (Sercial in Madeira), and Rabo de Ovelha

498
Q

What’s the yields in Bucelas DOC?

A

Max. 70hl/ha

499
Q

What’s the mini alcohol content of Bucelas wines?

500
Q

Where is Encostas de Aire?

A

In the far northeast of Lisboa

501
Q

Name the two subezones of Encostas de Aire?
Ourém, and Alcobaça

A

Ourém, and Alcobaça

502
Q

Where is Ourém located?

A

A subzone within Encostas de Aire (far northeast of Lisboa)

503
Q

Which type of wine is produced in Ourém?

A

Medieval de Ourém

504
Q

What’s Medieval de Ourém?

A

It’s a blend of 80% Fernão Pires白and 20% Trincadeira红, fermented in separate containers, then before fermentation is completed, the two musts are combined, then finish the fermentation.
So the wine is richer and structured than a palhete or clarete.

505
Q

Which DOC has the lowest yield in Lisboa?

A

Medieval de Ourém DOC: only 40hl/ha

506
Q

Which DOC of Portugal is exclusively on Brandy/aguardente production?

A

Lourinhã DOC

507
Q

Where is Óbidos DOP? Which styles of wine are produced?

A

Subregion of Lisboa;
Vinho: Branco, Rosado, Tinto; Vinho Espumante (Sparkling).

508
Q

Where is Alenquer DOP? styles of wine?

A

Subregion of Lisboa;
Branco and Tinto

509
Q

Where is Arruda DOP?

A

Subregion of Lisboa;
Branco and Tinto

510
Q

Where is Encostas d’Aire DOP? styles of wine?

A

Northern most of Lisboa region;
Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Medieval de Ourém

511
Q

Where is Torres Vedras DOP? styles of wine?

A

A subregion of Lisboa;
Branco, Tinto

512
Q

Which subregions of Lisboa can produce Rosado?

A

Encostas d’Aire DOP, Óbidos DOP

513
Q

Which subregions of Lisboa can produce Espumante?

A

Bucelas, Óbidos DOP

514
Q

Which subregions of Lisboa can produce Licoroso(fortified)?

A

Carcavelos DOP

515
Q

Which subregions of Portugal can only produce Branco and Tinto still wines?

A

Alenquer DOP
Arruda DOP
Colares DOP
Torres Vedras DOP

516
Q

What are the grape varieties of Carcavelos DOP?

A

Tinto: Min. 75% combined Castelão and Preto Martinho (Negra Mole)
Branco: Min. 75% combined Arinto, Ratinho, and Galego Dourado

517
Q

What are the grape varieties of Ourém?

A

Tinto: Trincadeira
Branco: Fernão Pires

518
Q

Where is Alcobaça? What are the grape varieties of Alcobaça

A

It’s a subzone of Encostas d’Aire DOP within Lisboa;
Tinto: Alcobaça:Min. 65% combinedAragonez (Tinta Roriz), Baga, Castelão, Tinta Miúda, Touriga Nacional.
Branco: Min. 65%Fernão Pires, Ratinho, Tamarez, Vital; plusBical, Cercial, Chardonnay, Rabo de Ovelha, Trincadeira Branca.

519
Q

What are the recommended grape varieties of Lourinhã DOP?

A

Tinta: Cabinda
Branco: Alicante Branco, Alvadurão, Boal Espinho, Marquinhas, Malvasia Rei, Tália [Ugni Blanc].

520
Q

What’s the synonym of Ugni Blanc in Lourinha ?

521
Q

Name the most common grape varieties in Lisboa?

A

Tinto: Aragonez (Tinta Rotiz), Castelao, Tinta Miuda, Touriga Nacional, Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela)
Branco:Arinto (Pedernã), Fernão Pires (Maria Gomes), Rabo de Ovelha, Seara Nova, Vital;

522
Q

What’s the climate in Tejo?

A

Northwest: humid Atlantic influence
Southeast: arid Mediterranean heat

523
Q

What’s the River flows through the Tejo region?

A

Tejo River

524
Q

Where is Tejo?

A

East of Lisboa IGP/VR

525
Q

What’s the floodplains locally called surrounding Tejo River ?

526
Q

What’s the dominant grape variety in Tejo?

A

Fernão Pires (white)

527
Q

Name the 6 subregion of Tejo?

A

Tomar, Santarém, Chamusca, Cartaxo, Almeirim, Coruche

528
Q

What’s the soil types surround Tejo River?

A

North: rockier (hillier)
West: limestone
East: granite and schist
South: red clay (similar to Alentejo)

529
Q

Name the three subregions north of the Tejo River? Name the 3 subregions on the southern bank of Tejo River?

A

North of Tejo River: From southwest to northeast: Cartaxo, Santarém, Tomar
South of Tejo River: From south to north: Coruche, Almeirim, Chamusca

530
Q

What’s the major red grape variety in Tejo?

531
Q

What’s the VR and DOC of Tejo region?

A

Tejo VR and DoTejo DOC

532
Q

Which types of wine are produced in DoTejo DOC?

A

Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)

533
Q

What are the styles of wine in RV Tejo?

A

Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Frisante (semi-sparkling)
Vinho Leve

534
Q

What’s Vinho Leve?

A

“Light wine” in Portuguese, known for its cool climate influence, low alcohol content, and refreshing, crisp flavors.

535
Q

What was the Península de Setúbal known before 2009?

A

Terras do Sado

536
Q

What’s the soil types in Setúbal?

A

Calcareous clay and sandy soils

537
Q

Where is Setúbal Peninsula?

A

Southeast of Lisboa

538
Q

Which part of Setúbal is the exception that has colder climate?

A

Southeastern coast of the peninsula, the Serra da Arrábida

539
Q

In which region do you find Serra da Arrábida?

A

In Setúbal Peninsula

540
Q

What’s the terroir of Serra da Arrábida?

A

High elevation, colder, with poorer soils

541
Q

What’s the full name of JMF?

A

José Maria da Fonseca

542
Q

Where is José Maria da Fonseca located?

A

In Setúbal Peninsula

543
Q

When was José Maria da Fonseca established?

544
Q

Which producer developed Moscatel de Setúbal?

A

JMF: José Maria da Fonseca

545
Q

What’s the fortifed wine produced in Setúbal called?

A

Moscatel de Setúbal

546
Q

What’s the VR of Setúbal ?

A

Setúbal Peninsula VR

547
Q

Name the two DOCs in Setúbal ?

A

Setúbal/ Moscatel de Setúbal DOC, and Palmela DOC

548
Q

Which is the most liberal appellation in Portugal in terms of permitted styles and grape varieties?

A

Setúbal Peninsula VR

549
Q

Which types of wine can be produced in Setúbal Peninsula VR?

A

Any style:all colors of still wine, frisante, espumante, in any method of production, and fortified and distilled winesl.

550
Q

How many grape varieties can be produced in Setúbal Peninsula VR?

A

More than 200 grape varieties.

551
Q

What’s the soil types in Setúbal ?

A

limestone (Arrábida hills) and sand (Palmela plains)

552
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Palmela DOC?

A

Branco, Rosado, Tinto, Frisante, Espumante, Licoroso

553
Q

Which is the key grape variety of Palmela DOC? Wine style?

A

Castelão: high alcohol, soft, velvety tannins

554
Q

Where is Palmela ?

A

In Setúbal (the same geographic area as Setúbal Peninsula VR)

555
Q

When did Moscatel de Setúbal originally receive Região Demarcada status ?

556
Q

What are the other two names of Setúbal DOC?

A

Setúbal DOC=Moscatel de Setúbal=Moscatel Roxo紫色de Setúbal DOC

557
Q

Which type of wine is produced in Setúbal DOC?

A

Sweet red and white fortified dessert wines solely

558
Q

Which type of wine is produced in Setúbal DOC?

A

Sweet red and white fortified dessert wines solely

559
Q

What’s the grape variety of Setúbal DOC? what’s the %?

A

Branco: min 67% Moscatel Graúdo (local name for Muscat of Alexandria or Moscatel de Setúbal),
Tinto: min 67% Moscatel Galego Roxo (a red color mutation of Moscatel Galego).

560
Q

What does the age statement of Moscatel de Setúbal refer to ?

A

Rarely corresponds to the actual average age, which is generally much older.

561
Q

Which designation can be labeled for Moscatel de Setúbal?

A

1) Vintage 2) age statements 3) both
Answer: 3)

562
Q

What’s the unique winemaking technique for Moscatel de Setúbal?

A

The wine often undergo a very long maceration after fortification, generally 5-6months. Then age in barrel until they are bottled.

563
Q

What’s the style of Moscatel de Setúbal?

A

Deeply perfumed, structured.

564
Q

What are the international grapes allowed for both red and white wines in Palmela DOP?

A

Cab S, Syrah, Merlot, Tannat;
Chardonnay, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc.

565
Q

What are the main grape varieties for white wines of Palmela DOP?

A

Fernão Pires and Arinto.

566
Q

What’s Palmela DOP’s premier grape for reds? What’s the min % of this grape for red wine?

A

Castelão; 66.7%

567
Q

Which part of Palmela has the best terroir for Castelão?

A

The sandy plains

568
Q

Name the two areas of Palmela DOP and its soil?

A

Low-lying plains: sand
Lower slopes of the Arrabida Mountains: clay-limestone

569
Q

What’s the climate of Península de Setúbal IGP?

A

Mediterranean

570
Q

The Península de Setúbal IGP is defined by which two estuaries河口?

A

Tagus and Sado, and section of the Atlantic Coast.

571
Q

What’s the % to be labeled varietal for Moscatel de Setubal?

A

May be labeled by variety if either grape comprises a minimum 85% of the blend

572
Q

Which producer stocks Moscatel de Setubal dating to the 19th century, some of which crossed the equator at sea?

A

Jose Maria da Fonseca

573
Q

Which is Setubal’s largest producer?

A

Jose Maria da Fonseca

574
Q

What’s the alcohol content range for Muscatel de Setubal?

A

16%-22% abv

575
Q

What’s the mini. RS for Moscatel de Setubal?

A

Under or equal to 20years old: 280g/l
Over 20years old: 340g/l

576
Q

What’s the mini aging for Moscatel de Setubal?

577
Q

What’s the age desinations for Moscatel de Setubal?

A

10/20/30/+40 years old
Superior: mini. 5yrs of age

578
Q

Where is Alentejo?

A

South of the Tejo River and north of Algarve.

579
Q

What’s the soil type in Alentejo?

A

Red clay with granite, schist, limestone.

580
Q

What’s the climate in Alentejo?

A

Very hot and dry summer with the largest diurnal shifts (reaching a difference of 22-28 degrees celsius)

581
Q

Which is the largest wine region in Portugal?

582
Q

Name two high quality producers in Alentejo?

A

Tapada do Chaves, in Portalegre,
Herdade do Mouchão, near the city of Estremoz, in Borba.

583
Q

Where is Tapada do Chaves?

A

in Portalegre, Alentejo

584
Q

Where is Herdade do Mouchão?

A

near the city of Estremoz, in Borba, Alentejo

585
Q

What’s Talhas?

A

Clay pots陶罐, a vessel for winemaking in Alentejo

586
Q

What’s the special designation for traditionally made talha wines?

A

Vinho de Talha DOC

587
Q

Where is Vinho de Talha DOC?

A

In Alentejo

588
Q

When was Vinho de Talha DOC established?

589
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Alentejo DOC?

A

Same as Alentejano VR:
Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)

590
Q

What’s the mini alcohol content of nonfortified wines of Alentejano VR? And fortified wines?

A

11%abv; 17.5% abv for fortified wines.

591
Q

What styles of wine are permitted in Alentejano VR?

A

Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Espumante (sparkling)
Vinho Licoroso (fortified)

592
Q

What’s the VR of Alentejo?

A

Alentejano VR

593
Q

Name the 9 sub-designations in Alentejo DOC from north to south?

A

Portalegre, Borba, Redondo, Évora, Reguengos, Granja-Amareleja, Vidigueira, Moura,
Vinho de Talha DOC

594
Q

What’s the soil in Portalegre?

595
Q

What’s the mountain range in Portalegre?

A

Serra de São Mamede

596
Q

Where is Portalegre?

A

In the far northeastern corner of Alentejo

597
Q

What’s the altitude of Portalegre?

A

Up to 800m

598
Q

Which subregion of Alentejo has the highest elevation?

A

Portalegre

599
Q

In which region is Serra de São Mamede located?

A

Portalegre: subregion of Alentejo

600
Q

Where is Portalegre?

A

It’s in the far northeastern corner of Alentejo

601
Q

What’s the climate of Portalegre?

A

Cool-climate

602
Q

What’s the terroir and wine style of Portalegre?

A

High elevation, poor soils-granite, abundance of bush vines, allow the grapes ripen slower and have lower potential alcohols than other subregions.

603
Q

Where is Herdade do Mouchão winery located? (Herdade财产)

A

In Borba, subregion of Alentejo

604
Q

When was Herdade do Mouchão established?

A

In 1901 (one of Portugal’s oldest estate producers of table wine)

605
Q

Where is Borba?

A

It’s a subregion of Alentejo, south of Portalegre

606
Q

What’s the soil of Borba?

607
Q

What’s the elevation of Borba?

608
Q

Where is Serra d’Ossa?

A

In Borba, subregion of Alentejo

609
Q

What’s the most notable geographic feature/mountain in Borba?

A

Serra d’Ossa

610
Q

What’s the wine style of Borba?

A

Ripe, structured, mineral forward, incredibly ageworthy, dark fruited and graphite-scented石墨香Alicante Bouschet.

611
Q

Which grape variety has the best expression in Borba?

A

Alicante Bouschet

612
Q

Which producer introduced Alicante Bouschet to Borba?

A

Herdade do Mouchão

613
Q

Name the oldest cooperative winery in Redondo? When was it established?

A

Adega de Redondo, in 1956 (one of the oldest cooperative wineries in Portugal)

614
Q

Where is Évora?

A

Just west of Redondo, it’s a subregion also capital city of Alentejo

615
Q

What’s the soil of Évora?

616
Q

Which is the capital and largest city in Alentejo?

A

Évora (medieval walled city)

617
Q

Name the largest co-op in Reguengos?

A

CARMIM - Cooperativa Agrícola de Reguengos de Monsaraz

618
Q

What’s the soil in Reguengos, Granja-Amareleja, Moura?

619
Q

Where is Moura?

A

A Subregion in Alentejo

620
Q

Where is Granja-Amareleja?

A

A Subregion in Alentejo

621
Q

Where is Reguengos?

A

A Subregion in Alentejo

622
Q

Where is Vidigueira?

A

A western subregion of Alentejo

623
Q

Which subregion of Alentejo has stronger influence of the Atlantic?

A

Vidigueira

624
Q

When is Vinho de Talha released?

A

On November 11 the same year of the vintage, which is Saint Martin’s Day.

625
Q

Which wine is served on the Saint Martin’s Day圣马丁节in Portugal?

A

Vinho de Talha

626
Q

What’s the size of Talhas?

627
Q

What’s the traditional lining of pes内衬of Talhas?

A

Olive oil, pine resin, beeswax ( Pesto seal the talha, should impart virtually no flavor to a finished wine, regulating the exposure to oxygen, preserving fruit).

628
Q

What’s the soil of Algarve?

629
Q

Where is Algarve?

A

The southern most region of Portugal

630
Q

What’s the climate in Algarve?

A

Mediterranean

631
Q

Which region was the first place grapevines were planted in Portugal?

632
Q

What’s the key white grape in Algarve?

633
Q

What’s the key red grape in Algarve?

A

Negra Mole黑鼹鼠=Tinta Negra

634
Q

Name the four DOCs in Algarve?

A

From west to east: Lagos, Portimão, Lagoa, Tavira

635
Q

Which are the recommended white grape varieties in Algarve’s subregions?

A

Arinto (Pedernã) and Síria (Roupeiro)

636
Q

Which are the recommended red grape varieties in Algarve’s subregions?

A

Negra Mole (Tinta Negra), Castelão, Trincadeira

637
Q

Which subregion of Algarve does not include Castelão in its recommended varieties?
Lagoa DOC

638
Q

Which subregion of Algarve added Malvasia Fina in its recommended white varieties?

639
Q

What’s the synonym of Roupeiro?

640
Q

What’s the synonym of Arinto?

641
Q

Which styles of wine are produced in Algarve IGP?

A

Vinho: Tinto, Branco, Rosado
Vinho Licoroso (fortified): Tinto, Branco

642
Q

What styles of wine are prudced in the subregions of Algarve?

A

Lagoa DOP,LagosDOP,Portimao DOP, Tavira DOP
Tinto and Branco for all four DOP’s

643
Q

Name the two islands in Madeira?

A

Madeira and Porto Santo

644
Q

What’s the climate in Madeira island?

A

mild, temperature during growing season around 25degrees celsius, high levels of moisture in winter.

645
Q

What’s the training system in Madeira? Why?

A

Pergolas = latadas (棚架); to make use of limited space and protect the vines from disease.

646
Q

What’s the Portuguese name for Pergolas?

647
Q

What’s the soil in Madeira?

648
Q

Where is Porto Santo?

A

Located northeast of Madeira

649
Q

What’s the soil in Porto Santo?

A

Very rocky calcareous soils

650
Q

What’s the vine training method in Porto Santo?why?

A

Head-trained Bush vine;
it has semiarid climate (different from Madeira)

651
Q

What’s Medeira’s main port?

652
Q

To whom did farmers sell their fruit to store the Madeira wines?

A

shippers托运人

653
Q

When did phylloxera arrive in Madeira?

654
Q

When were the hybrid grape varieties banned in Madeira?

655
Q

When did Barbeito transformed bulk wine business to high-quality Madeira production?

656
Q

Who relaunched the Madeira in the US as a fine-wine concept in 1988?

A

Madeira Wine Company invested by Symyngton Family and partnered with the Broadbent family(US fine-wine importer and distributor)

657
Q

When did Symyngton family invest in Madeira Wine Company?

658
Q

Name the 5 noble grape varieties of Madeira?

A

Sercial, Verdelho, Boal, Malvasia, Bastardo

659
Q

Which grape varieties are most used for producing dry wines in Madeira and Porto Santo?

A

Tinta Negra, and Verdelho

660
Q

Name the two designations for Madeira dry wines?

A

Terras Madeirenses VR, and Madeirense DOC

661
Q

Which is the VR designation for Madeira dry wine? When was it established?

A

Terras Madeirenses VR; in 2004

662
Q

Which is the DOC designation for Madeira dry wine? When was it established?

A

Madeirense DOC, in 1999

663
Q

When was Terras Madeirenses VR established?

664
Q

When was Madeirense DOC established?

665
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Madeirense DOC?

A

Tinto, Branco, Rosado

666
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Terras Madeirenses VR?

A

Tinto, Branco, Rosado

667
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Madeira DOC?

A

Vinho Licoroso (fortified)

668
Q

Which regions produce Madeira DOC? and Madeirense DOP?

A

Both can be produced from Madeira and Porto Santo

669
Q

Which region of Portugal has the most maritime climate?

670
Q

What’s the VR designation for Azores?

671
Q

When was Azores VR established?

672
Q

Where is São Jorge?

A

São Jorge is an island in the central group of the Azores

673
Q

Where is Pico?

A

South of São Jorge, an island in the central group of Azores

674
Q

Which is the most famous island for wine production in Azores?

675
Q

What’s the soil in Pico’s vineyard?

676
Q

What’s aa lava locally called in Pico?

A

chão de biscoitos (floor of cookies)

677
Q

What does “ chão de biscoitos” refer to?

A

aa lava soil in Pico island in Azores

678
Q

What’s aa lava?

A

Aa lava comes from fast eruptions where the lava solidifies into pebbly, jagged stones.

679
Q

What’s pahoehoe?

A

Pahoehoe originates from much slower, gradual lava flows that dry in smooth, wavy formation, which must be physically broken up before vines can be planted on them.

680
Q

What’s the microclimate of Criação Velha?

A

It’s far enough from the Pico moutain to avoid cloud cover and fog, which has the warmest microclimate on the island.

681
Q

What’s the most famous and most planted zone on Pico island?

A

Criação Velha

682
Q

Where is Criação Velha?

A

West of Pico Mountain, in Pico island

683
Q

Which is Portugal’s tallest mountain? Where is it?

A

Mount Pico, on Pico island in Azores

684
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Pico DOP?

A

Branco, Espumante, Licoroso

685
Q

What’s the key grape variety in Pico DOP?

A

Arinto, Terrantez and Verdelho

686
Q

Which is the northernmost and smallest island in the central group of Azores?

687
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Graciosa?

A

Branco, Espumante, Licoroso

688
Q

Where is Biscoitos饼干?

A

A northern district of Terceira isaland in Azores

689
Q

Where is Terceira?

A

A large round island, east of São Jorge圣乔治

690
Q

What’s the soil type in Biscoitos?

691
Q

What’s the volcanic stone walls surround the vineyards in Pico and Terceira?

A

jeirões (singular jarão)

692
Q

What’s jarão/jeirões ?

A

Volcanic stone walls to protect the vineyards from the cold wet wind in Pico and Terceira islands

693
Q

What’s the purpose to build the stone walls on Pico and Terceira?

A

1) to move the volcanic rocks to plant vines, building walls close to the vineyards was the easiest way to use the rocks.
2) The walls block wind and absorb heat.

694
Q

What’s the training system in Pico and Terceira?

A

Head-trained very low to the ground (for wind protection).

695
Q

What’s the main style of wine produced in Açores?

A

Dry white wine mostly from Verdelho and Arinto

696
Q

How many islands in Azores?

697
Q

Which types of wine are produced in Pico, Graciosa, Biscoitos DOPs? What are the grape varieties?

A

Branco, Espumante, Licoroso Branco (fortified, similar to Madeira);
All three DOPs: mini 80% combined Verdelho, Arinto dos Açores, Terrantez do Pico

698
Q

Name the three DOCs in Azores?

A

Pico, Graciosa, Biscoitos

699
Q

What’s the mini alcohol content of Pico’s licoroso wine?

A

Mini 16% abv after fortification

700
Q

How long are the Pico’s licoroso wines aged ?

A

Mini 2years in barrel

701
Q

Where is Transmontano VR located?

A

To the east of Minho

702
Q

Which DOC is included in Transmontano VR ?

A

Trás-os-Montes

703
Q

Which DOCs are included in Duriense VR?

A

Douro and Porto

704
Q

Beiras was divided into 4 VRs in 2011, name the 4 VRs?

A

Terras do Dao
Terras de Cister
Terras da Beira
Beira Atlantico

705
Q

Which DOCs are included in Terras do Dão VR?

A

Dão DOC
Lafões DOC

706
Q

Which DOC is included in Terras de Cister VR?

A

Távora-Varosa

707
Q

Which DOC is included in Terras da Beira VR?

A

Beira Interior DOC

708
Q

Which DOC is included in Beira Atlântico VR?

A

Bairrada DOC

709
Q

Which DOC is included in Alentejano VR?

A

Alentejo DOC

710
Q

Which DOC is included in Tejo VR?

A

DoTejo DOC

711
Q

Name the 6 subregions of DoTejo DOC?

A

six subregions: Coruche, Chamusca, Cartaxo, Santarém, Tomar, and Almeirim.

712
Q

Name the 8 subzones of Alentejo?

A

eight subzones: Moura, Granja-Amareleja, Évora, Vidigueira, Reguengos, Redondo, Borba, and Portalegre

713
Q

What’s the former name of Península de Setúbal VR?

A

Terras do Sado

714
Q

Which VR does Terras do Sado refer to?

A

Península de Setúbal VR

715
Q

Which DOCs are included in Península de Setúbal VR (formerly Terras do Sado)?

A

Setúbal DOC and Palmela DOC

716
Q

Name the 4 DOCs included in Algarve VR?

A

Lagos, Lagoa, Portimão, Tavira

717
Q

Which DOCs are included in Açores (Azores) VR?

A

Pico DOC, Biscoitos, Graciosa

718
Q

Which DOCs are included in Terras Madeirenses VR?

A

Madeira DOC, Madeirense DOC

719
Q

Which DOC is included in Minho VR?

A

Vinho Verde DOC

720
Q

What are the subzones of Lisboa VR?

A

Estremadura, Alta Estremadura

721
Q

Name three rivers that affect Minho

A

Lima, Minho,Tamega

722
Q

What are the sparkling aging designations of Planalto Mirandes?

A

Rserva:12-24months
Extra Reserva: 24-36months
Reserva Velha/Gran Reserva:>36months

723
Q

What DOP is most known for sparkling wine in Portugal? What IGP is it in?

A

Tavora-Varosa in Terras de Cister

724
Q

What does Terras do Cister derive it’s name from?

A

Cistercian Monks. They planted Chardonnay and Pinot Noir early on.