Greece Flashcards
Which are the typical producing regions of Agiorgitiko?
Nemea (Peloponnese), other areas: Macedonia, Attika, Rest of Peloponnese
Characteristics of Agiorgitiko?
*Medium-full bodied, moderately deep purple red color, m to high acidity, m to high tannins;
*intense aromas of fresh red fruits when young;
*matured in oak, have a firm structure with ripe tannins, deep color, complex aromas of red fruits, sweet spices, and chocolate.
Which are the typical producing regions of Assyrtiko?
PDO Santorini (origin), dry PDO Slopes of Meliton, PDO Rhodes, PDO Handakas Candia
What are the characteristics of Assyrtiko?
Full body, high alcohol.
For Santorini: it’s lean, mineral, very concentrated, high alcohol blanced by its crisp acidity;
It’s more of a textureal variety, emphasizing extract, body and structure, rather than an aromatic grape, excellent aging potential (developes honey, ripe fruits, and intense minerality).
Outside of Santorini: crisp, mineral but it also shows a higher level of primary fruit aromas and a less dense structure.
Which are the main regions producing Malagousia grape variety?
PDO Rhodes and Paros.
What are the characteristics of Malagousia?
**hugely successful variety, widely acclaimed around the world; It’s aromatic grape.
*Malagousia producing outstanding dry whites, and a few sweet exampls;
*Medium to full body, medium acidity;
*Medium pale lemon green in color, nose is very intense and highly expressive; Showing hints of peaches, green bell pepper, fresh herbs, and flowers.
*Palate, round, full but always fresh, with moderately high levels of alcohol.
Most of Malagousia are vinified in stainless steel tanks, to preserve their aromatic characters.
But some versions are aged in oak, more complex and richer.
Pairing: When dry, it can be an exquisite match to greens, salads and even artichokes, a famous “wine killer.”
Moschofilero
?? What are the characteristics of Moschofilero grape variety?
It’s the best choice if you want a wine refreshing and exotic from Greece 异国情调的希腊品种.
*Body light and medium, high acidity; Explosive爆炸性的, refreshing.
**It’s skin is raddish and grayish呈淡红色或淡灰色, but it’s mostly used for production of dry white and sparkling wine. And increasing Rose wine.
*On the cold, high mountain terrain of Mantinia Plateau, its nose is delicate and expressive, laced with aromas of citrus, green fruits and rose petals.
*Apéritif, or pairing with elegant dishes.
Which are the typical reigons producing Moschofilero?
Peloponnese, PDO Mantinia
Which is Greek’s one of the most widely planted varieties?
Savatiano
What are the characteristics of Savatiano?
Medium body, medium acidity, distinct aromas of yellow fruit, freshly cut grasses, round mouth.
Savatiano is famous for producing which type of wine?
It’s the key variety which has traditionally been used to make retsina
Main regions producing Savatiano?
Attica and Central Greece
What does Xinomavro mean?
Xino=sour, mavro=black
Which types of wine are produced from Xinomavro?
Vin de garde reds, Rose, aromatic Sparkling wine, and sweet wines.
What are the characteristics of Xinomavro?
*Medium to full body, pale to medium color intensity, high acidity, high tannins, good aging potential.
*Bright red in colour, with firm tannins, tight structure, bright acidity and pure elegance. With distinct aromas of red fruits, flowers, tomatoes, olives, dried prunes, tobacco and nuts, while wood-aging becomes evident in the subtle hints of spices.
Which are the main regions producing Xinomavro?
PDO Naoussa, PDO Amynteo, PDO Goumenissa, PDO Rapsani reds, also in the blends of Amynteo’s dry wine and sparikling.
What’s Retsina? How is it made?
An aromatized wine flavored with Aleppo pine resin.
Retsina is produced as a white wine, from Savatiano grapes, and flavored with the addition of pine resin.
Is Retsina a PGI? Can it be labeled with a vintage?
Yes, it’s protected by the EU as a PGI, and by law it cannot be labeled with a vintage.
Name two large producers in Greece?
Boutari, Tsantali
How many indigenous grape varieties are there in Greece?
More than 300
When was Greece first implemented wine laws? By which organization?
In 1969 and 1970 (most of the country’s appellations established in 1971).
By the Greek Wine Institute.
What’s the regulations for Reserve, Grande Reserve, Cava?
White: mini 1 year (at least 6 mths in barrel + 3 mths in bottle)
Red: mini 2 years (at least 1 year in barrel + 6 mths in bottle)
Grande Réserve (PDO wines):
White: mini 2 years (at least 1 year in barrel + 6 mths in bottle)
Red: mini 4 years (at least 18 mths in barrel + 18 mths in bottle)
Cava (PGI wines):
White/ Rosé: mini 1 year (at least 6mths in barrel)
Red: mini 3 years (at least 1 year in barrel)
PDO - Protected Designation of Origin:
AOC/OPE Controlled Appellation of Origin
AOSQ/OPAP Appellation of Superior Quality
PGI - Protected Geographical Indication - Varietal wines/ Table wines
PGI regional: major regions (eg: Peloponnese, Crete)
PGI district: peripheral unites
PGI area: very small, may only include a single estate.
What’s Verdea ?
An oxidative white wine produced on the island of Zakynthos, in the Ionian Sea.
Name the 8 regions of Greece?
Greek mainland: Macedonia, Epirus, Peloponnese, Thessalia, Thrace, Central Greece (Sterea Ellada);
Greek islands: Aegean, Ionian Islands.
Name the 4 PDO of Macedonia? Which is the smallest? Which is the northern most PDO? Which has the highest elevation? Which is single owner PDO?
PDO Goumenissa, PDO Naoussa, PDO Amyndeon, PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Goumenissa is the smallest;
Amyndeon is the northernmost PDO;
Amyndeon has the highest elevation (615m);
Slopes of Meliton PDO.
Which type of wine is famous for Amyndeon PDO?
Blush wine=rosé
In Greece, which PDO produces blush wine?
Amyndeon (Macedonia)
Which types of wines are produced in Amyndeon?
Dry rosé, Dry red, Sparkling dry rosé, Sparkling semi-dry rosé.
What’s the soil in Amyndeon?
Sandy soil, resulted in the presence of many old, self-rooted vines.
Which region is Goumenissa located in? What’s the wine style?
Macedonia;
Dry red only, from Xinomavro, with mini 20% Negoska;
Because of the addition of Negoska (not 100% Xinomavro), the wine is softer than Naoussa.
Name the areas in Naoussa PDO?
Kopanos, Lefkada, Marina, Anthemion, Naoussa, Giannakochori, Stenimachus, Rodochori Trilofos, Fitia and Dobra
What’s the Terroir of Naoussa (climate, altitude, aspect)?
*Climate is temperate Mediterranean温带地中海, with continental influences, cold winters and hot summers.
*South-eastern slopes of Vermio;
* 150-400m altitude on hilly slopes of Mt Vermio.
What’s the traditional style of Naoussa wines?
Longer macerations, extended maturation in wood in order to soften the harsh tannins.
They are austere when young, developing more vegetal and eathy aromas and are approachable only after additional ageing in the bottle. It has aging potential, developing eathy, mushrooms, truffles and dried fruit notes.
What’s the mordern style of Naoussa wine?
Fruit-driven with greater color and more approachable upon release.
Fruit is more concentrated, tannins are powerful yet less aggressive, oak can be noticeable.
What’s the characteristics of wines of Naoussa?
100% Xinomavro: pale color, high tannins, needs time to soften, high acidity, aromas range from strawberry, sour cherry, tamato, olives, sweet spices and floral notes.
Which is the important mountain for Naoussa?
Mt Vermio
What are the types of wines produced in Naoussa PDO? From which grape?
Red dry, Red semi-dry, Red semi-sweet;
Xinomavro.
Which region is Maoussa PDO located in?
Macedonia
Where is Amynteo located?
Macedonia
Which two PDOs are producing red wines solely from Xinomavro? What’s the characters of Xinomavro? What’s the meaning of Xinomavro?
Naoussa and Amynteo PDO;
Firmly tannic;
Acid black.
In Greece, which is the first PDO whose composition included foreign grape varieties? Which is the second included foreign varieties?
First is PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Second is PDO Messenikola.
Which wine types are produced in PDO Slopes of Meliton? From which grape varieties?
Dry white, dry red.
Dry white: Athiri (50%), Assyrtiko (35%), Roditis (15%);
Dry red: Lemnio, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc (max 30%).
Where is Boutari located?
In Naoussa PDO.
Which is Greece’s coolest region?
Amynteo
Which is the single appellation in Macedonia? What’s the name of the winery? Who is the winemaker? Who is the wine consultant?
PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Domaine Carras;
Evangelos Gerovassiliou is the winemaker;
Émile Peynaud (lynchbages, antinori…)
Name the 3 PDO in Thessaly/ Thessalia?
PDO Rapsani, PDO Messenikola, PDO Anchialos.
Which is the tallest mountain in Greece?
Olympus奥林匹斯山(2917m)
Which are the 4 PDO producing Xinomavro in Greece? Which is the southernmost PDO among these four?
Amynteo, Goumenissa, Naoussa, Rapsani.
Rapsani is the southernmost.
Which is the most important producer in Rapsani PDO?
Tsantali company
Rapsani PDO is in which region? Which types of wine are produced? Which grape varieties? What’s the wine style?
Thessaly;
Dry red;
Xinomavro, Krassato, Stavroto (=Ambelakiotiko) 各占1/3 planted with approximately 1/3 of all three varieties.
The appellation is the southernmost outpost of the Xinomavro grape, whose tannins and acid structure are softened by the warmer climate and blending with the Krassato and Stavroto varieties.
Which are the 2 PDO in Greece whose composition includes foreign varieties?
PDO Messenikola (Thessaly), and PDO Slopes of Meliton (Macedonia).
Which district is Mesenikola located?
Karditsa district
Which are the most recently established wine zones in Greece?
PDO Mesenikola in 1994;
PDO Monemvasia-Malvasia in 2010;
PDO Malvasia Paros in 2011;
PDO Handakas-Candia in 2011;
PDO Malvasia Handakas - Candia in 2011;
PDO Malvasia Sitia in 2011.
Which is the smallest PDO in Greece? How many hectares?
PDO Mesenikola; 95ha.
Which types of wine are produced in Mesenikola? From which grape varieties?
Dry Red;
Mesenikola Black 70%, Carignan+Syrah (up to 30%).
Where is PDO Anchialos located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape varieties? 风土特点?
Thessalia/Thessaly;
Dry white, medium-dry white, medium-sweet white (only white);
Roditis (80% mini), Savatiano;
Higher altitude.
Which PDO in Greece produce Roditis grape variety?
PDO Anchialos (Thessaly), PDO Patras (Peloponnese), PDO Slopes of Meliton (Macedonia).
Where is Thessalia/Thessaly?
South of Macedonia.
Where is Epirus? What’s the PDO in Epirus?
West of Thessalia; PDO Zitsa.
What’s the altitude of Zitsa?
650m
Which is the main grape variety for Retsina? Why is it preferred for retsina?
Which is the second most planted variety? Under which PDO?
Savvatiano;
Because Savvatiano is low-acid, retains some varietal character when resinated;
Roditis;
No PDO zones.
Where is Sterea Ellada located?
Central Greece
Which is the producing center of Retsina? Under which appellation?
Attiki, the region surrounding Athens;
PGI Retsina of Attika,
PGI Retsina of Koropi (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Markopoulo (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Megara (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Mesogeia (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Paiania (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Pallini (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Pikermi (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Spata (Attiki)
Where is Zitsa located? What types of wine are produced in Zitsa? From which grape variety?
Central of Epirus;
Dry white, Sparkling white dry, Sparkling white semi-dry;
Debina 100%.
Name the 7 PDO in Peloponnese?
PDO Mantinia
PDO Nemea
PDO Patra
PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra
PDO Muscat of Patra
PDO Muscat of Rio Patra
PDO Monemvasia - Malvasia
Where is Mantinia PDO? What’s the altitude of Mantinia?
Central-eastern part of Peloponnese;
660m-800m;
Mantinia PDO is surrounded by which mountains?
Mainalo to the east, Oligirto to the north, Artemisio to the northeast, Ktenia to the east, Parnonas to the southeast.
What’s the climate in Mantinia PDO?
Mediterranean with continental influence, one of the coldest PDO zones in Creece;
Rainy region and snow, hail and frost are dangerous during the spring months.
Cooler temperatures result in a slow and even ripening of the grapes and a late harvest which takes place in mi-october.
What are the types of wine in Mantinia PDO? Made from which grape varieties?
Dry white wine,
Sparkling white: brut nature, extra brut, brut, extra sec, sec, demi-sec, doux.
Moschofilero (min 85%), Asproudes (but many wines are made from 100% Moschofilero nowadays);
Why Can Mantinia PDO produce sparkling wines? Which methods are used to produce sparkling here?
Why Can Mantinia PDO produce sparkling wines? Which methods are used to produce sparkling here?
What’s the characteriestics of Moschofilero grape?
Color: pale lemon with some pink (grey) hues that derive from the colored skins;
Aromas: floral, roses, green fruits, citrus.
Palate: very energetic, fresh with crisp acidity levels.
Wines from plateau: more intense aromatic profile, with rose-petal aromas;
Wines from slopes: are more citrusy and higher in acidity.
Where is PDO Nemea ?
In Peloponnese;
Which types of wine are produced in Nemea? Made from which grape variety?
Dry red, Semi-sweet red, Sweet fortified red, Sweet red made from dried grapes.
100% Agiorgitiko.
What’s Phliasios Oenos?
A renowned wine of antiquity一种古老的著名葡萄酒, produced in the region of Nemea.
What does “Hercules Blood” refer to?
Wine made from Agiorgitiko in Nemea region.
Which is the largest red wine PDO in Greece?
PDO Nemea
Name the 17 villages of Nemea PDO?
Aidonia, Ancient Kleones, Ancient Nemea, Asprokambos, Galatas, Dafni, Kastraki, Kefalari, Koutsi, Leontio, Bozika, Nemea, Petri, Titani and Psari in Korinthia and the communes of Gymno and Malandreni in Argolida.
Which is the most famous subzone of PDO Nemea?
Koutsi
What’s Namea’s wines called?
Blood of Hercules/ blood of the lion.
What’s the altitude in PDO Nemea? What’s the climate?
Up to 850m, Mediterranean.
Which are the three unofficial sub-zones of Nemea?
Low part: altitude of 230-450m;
Semi-mountainous area 450-650m;
Mountainous zone: 850m.
What the classic style of Agiorgitiko?
Lovely, red-fruit character, with notes of sweet spices that leads to a consumer-friendly palate with velvety texture and refreshing acidity.
Where is PDO Patras located? Which types of wine are made? From which grape ?
North of Peloponnese;
Dry white, medium-dry white, medium-sweet white;
100% Roditis.
Which is the largest PDO zone in Greece?
PDO Patras
Where is PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
In Peloponnese;
Sweet red fortified;
Mavrodaphne (at least 51%), Corinthian Black.
Name the three sub-zones of PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra?
Main and central sub-zone: Vrachneika, Dymi, Larissos (Agios Nikolaos), Messatis, Paralia, Farron, Olenia;
Eastern sub-zone (smaller): Rio ;
Western sub-zone (smallest): Dymi (Kato Achaia, Petrohori), Morvi, Larissos (Petas).
What’s the regulation requirements for PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra? What does “Reserve” require? “Grand Reserve”?
Naturally sweet wines (vin de liqueur) have to be aged for at least one year in oak barrels of a capacity not exceeding 1000L.
Reserve: aged in oak for 2years + 1 year in bottle
Grand Reserve: total 7 years in oak (mini 3 years in barrel and 3years in bottle)
Which is the most popular Greek sweet red wine as dessert wine?
PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra
Where is PDO Muscat of Patras located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
North of Peloponnese;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes(Vin naturellement doux),
Or Sweet fortified (Vin doux naturel);
Muscat white 100%.
What’s Muscat white called in Achaia region of Peloponnese?
Moschoudi
What’s Muscat white called in Achaia region of Peloponnese?
Moschoudi
Name the 5 PDO(s) which produce Muscat based wines?
PDO Muscat of Patras,
PDO Muscat of Cephalonia,
PDO Muscat of Rio Patras
PDO Muscat of Rhodes,
PDO Samos.
What kind of wine from PDO Muscat of Patras can be labeled “Grand Cru”?
If grapes come from privately-owned vineyards of low yields per hectare.
Where is PDO Muscat of Rio Patras located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
orthernmost (偏东一点eastern) of Peloponnese;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes, or Sweet fortified;
Muscat white 100%.
Where is Monemvassia-Malvasia PDO located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape varieties?
Southeast corner of Peloponnese;
Sweet fortified white from sun dried grapes, or Sweet white from sun dried grapes;
Monemvassia (at least 51%), Assyrtiko, Asproudes, Kydonitsa.
What’s “Malvasios Oenos” ?
Sweet wine made from Monemvassia.
What’s the oxidized aging requirements for PDO Monemvasia-Malvasia? Vintage reuiquirements?
At least 2 years is mandatory 强制的;
If longer, it has to be 4years or multiples of 4. 如果陈酿更久需要是4年或者4的倍数。
Can be a single harvest, or blending of different harvests.
Where is Peloponnese located?
Directly south of Sterea Ellada.
Which are the three PDO zones of Northern Peloponnese?
Nemea, Mantinia, Patras.
What’s the synonym of Agiorgitiko?
Saint George
What’s the characteristics of Agiorgitiko?
Softly tannic, intensely fruity black grape, one of Greece’s most noble native varieties.
Which is the only PDO which is producing dry red in Peloponnese region?
PDO Nemea
What’s the characteriestic of Moschofilero grape variety?
Red-skinned, aromatic similar to Muscat; Is the principle component of Mantinia PDO wines, one of Greece’s most exciting white wines.
Name the dry to semisweet white wine appellation of Patras? And three sweet wine PDO zones connected to Patras?
Dry wine PDO Patras (100% Roditis);
Muscat of Patras, Muscat of Rio Patras, Mavrodaphne of Patras.
What’s the synonym of Mavrodaphne?
Black laurel
How is Mavrodaphne of Patras wine made?
*Aged for at least 1 year in wood, but may rest in cask for a decade or more.
*Both vintage and nonvintage versions are produced.
Which winery is the progenitor鼻祖of long aging style of Mavrodaphne of Patras?
Achaia Clauss, has a Mavrodaphne solera dating to 1882.
Which is the traditional aperitif developed to temper the briny, salty character of Greek first courses, and used for the communion sacrament in Greek Orthodox services?
Mavrodaphne of Patras
in 2010, the Greeks awarded PDO status a small zone on the southeastern coast of the Peloponnese?
PDO Monemvassia-Malvasia
Where is Ionian Islands located?
Central western of Greece (Islands)
Name the 3 PDO(s) in Ionian Islands?
PDO Robola of Kefalonia/Cephalonia
PDO Mavrodaphne of Kefalonia/ Cephalonia
PDO Muscat of Kefalonia/ Cephalonia