Greece Flashcards
Which are the typical producing regions of Agiorgitiko?
Nemea (Peloponnese), other areas: Macedonia, Attika, Rest of Peloponnese
Characteristics of Agiorgitiko?
*Medium-full bodied, moderately deep purple red color, m to high acidity, m to high tannins;
*intense aromas of fresh red fruits when young;
*matured in oak, have a firm structure with ripe tannins, deep color, complex aromas of red fruits, sweet spices, and chocolate.
Which are the typical producing regions of Assyrtiko?
PDO Santorini (origin), dry PDO Slopes of Meliton, PDO Rhodes, PDO Handakas Candia
What are the characteristics of Assyrtiko?
Full body, high alcohol.
For Santorini: it’s lean, mineral, very concentrated, high alcohol blanced by its crisp acidity;
It’s more of a textureal variety, emphasizing extract, body and structure, rather than an aromatic grape, excellent aging potential (developes honey, ripe fruits, and intense minerality).
Outside of Santorini: crisp, mineral but it also shows a higher level of primary fruit aromas and a less dense structure.
Which are the main regions producing Malagousia grape variety?
PDO Rhodes and Paros.
What are the characteristics of Malagousia?
**hugely successful variety, widely acclaimed around the world; It’s aromatic grape.
*Malagousia producing outstanding dry whites, and a few sweet exampls;
*Medium to full body, medium acidity;
*Medium pale lemon green in color, nose is very intense and highly expressive; Showing hints of peaches, green bell pepper, fresh herbs, and flowers.
*Palate, round, full but always fresh, with moderately high levels of alcohol.
Most of Malagousia are vinified in stainless steel tanks, to preserve their aromatic characters.
But some versions are aged in oak, more complex and richer.
Pairing: When dry, it can be an exquisite match to greens, salads and even artichokes, a famous “wine killer.”
Moschofilero
?? What are the characteristics of Moschofilero grape variety?
It’s the best choice if you want a wine refreshing and exotic from Greece 异国情调的希腊品种.
*Body light and medium, high acidity; Explosive爆炸性的, refreshing.
**It’s skin is raddish and grayish呈淡红色或淡灰色, but it’s mostly used for production of dry white and sparkling wine. And increasing Rose wine.
*On the cold, high mountain terrain of Mantinia Plateau, its nose is delicate and expressive, laced with aromas of citrus, green fruits and rose petals.
*Apéritif, or pairing with elegant dishes.
Which are the typical reigons producing Moschofilero?
Peloponnese, PDO Mantinia
Which is Greek’s one of the most widely planted varieties?
Savatiano
What are the characteristics of Savatiano?
Medium body, medium acidity, distinct aromas of yellow fruit, freshly cut grasses, round mouth.
Savatiano is famous for producing which type of wine?
It’s the key variety which has traditionally been used to make retsina
Main regions producing Savatiano?
Attica and Central Greece
What does Xinomavro mean?
Xino=sour, mavro=black
Which types of wine are produced from Xinomavro?
Vin de garde reds, Rose, aromatic Sparkling wine, and sweet wines.
What are the characteristics of Xinomavro?
*Medium to full body, pale to medium color intensity, high acidity, high tannins, good aging potential.
*Bright red in colour, with firm tannins, tight structure, bright acidity and pure elegance. With distinct aromas of red fruits, flowers, tomatoes, olives, dried prunes, tobacco and nuts, while wood-aging becomes evident in the subtle hints of spices.
Which are the main regions producing Xinomavro?
PDO Naoussa, PDO Amynteo, PDO Goumenissa, PDO Rapsani reds, also in the blends of Amynteo’s dry wine and sparikling.
What’s Retsina? How is it made?
An aromatized wine flavored with Aleppo pine resin.
Retsina is produced as a white wine, from Savatiano grapes, and flavored with the addition of pine resin.
Is Retsina a PGI? Can it be labeled with a vintage?
Yes, it’s protected by the EU as a PGI, and by law it cannot be labeled with a vintage.
Name two large producers in Greece?
Boutari, Tsantali
How many indigenous grape varieties are there in Greece?
More than 300
When was Greece first implemented wine laws? By which organization?
In 1969 and 1970 (most of the country’s appellations established in 1971).
By the Greek Wine Institute.
What’s the regulations for Reserve, Grande Reserve, Cava?
White: mini 1 year (at least 6 mths in barrel + 3 mths in bottle)
Red: mini 2 years (at least 1 year in barrel + 6 mths in bottle)
Grande Réserve (PDO wines)：
White: mini 2 years (at least 1 year in barrel + 6 mths in bottle)
Red: mini 4 years (at least 18 mths in barrel + 18 mths in bottle)
Cava (PGI wines):
White/ Rosé: mini 1 year (at least 6mths in barrel)
Red: mini 3 years (at least 1 year in barrel)
PDO - Protected Designation of Origin：
AOC/OPE Controlled Appellation of Origin
AOSQ/OPAP Appellation of Superior Quality
PGI - Protected Geographical Indication - Varietal wines/ Table wines
PGI regional: major regions (eg: Peloponnese, Crete)
PGI district: peripheral unites
PGI area: very small, may only include a single estate.
What’s Verdea ?
An oxidative white wine produced on the island of Zakynthos, in the Ionian Sea.
Name the 8 regions of Greece?
Greek mainland: Macedonia, Epirus, Peloponnese, Thessalia, Thrace, Central Greece (Sterea Ellada);
Greek islands: Aegean, Ionian Islands.
Name the 4 PDO of Macedonia? Which is the smallest? Which is the northern most PDO? Which has the highest elevation? Which is single owner PDO?
PDO Goumenissa, PDO Naoussa, PDO Amyndeon, PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Goumenissa is the smallest;
Amyndeon is the northernmost PDO;
Amyndeon has the highest elevation (615m);
Slopes of Meliton PDO.
Which type of wine is famous for Amyndeon PDO?
Blush wine=rosé
In Greece, which PDO produces blush wine?
Amyndeon (Macedonia)
Which types of wines are produced in Amyndeon?
Dry rosé, Dry red, Sparkling dry rosé, Sparkling semi-dry rosé.
What’s the soil in Amyndeon?
Sandy soil, resulted in the presence of many old, self-rooted vines.
Which region is Goumenissa located in? What’s the wine style?
Macedonia;
Dry red only, from Xinomavro, with mini 20% Negoska;
Because of the addition of Negoska (not 100% Xinomavro), the wine is softer than Naoussa.
Name the areas in Naoussa PDO?
Kopanos, Lefkada, Marina, Anthemion, Naoussa, Giannakochori, Stenimachus, Rodochori Trilofos, Fitia and Dobra
What’s the Terroir of Naoussa (climate, altitude, aspect)?
*Climate is temperate Mediterranean温带地中海, with continental influences, cold winters and hot summers.
*South-eastern slopes of Vermio;
* 150-400m altitude on hilly slopes of Mt Vermio.
What’s the traditional style of Naoussa wines?
Longer macerations, extended maturation in wood in order to soften the harsh tannins.
They are austere when young, developing more vegetal and eathy aromas and are approachable only after additional ageing in the bottle. It has aging potential, developing eathy, mushrooms, truffles and dried fruit notes.
What’s the mordern style of Naoussa wine?
Fruit-driven with greater color and more approachable upon release.
Fruit is more concentrated, tannins are powerful yet less aggressive, oak can be noticeable.
What’s the characteristics of wines of Naoussa?
100% Xinomavro: pale color, high tannins, needs time to soften, high acidity, aromas range from strawberry, sour cherry, tamato, olives, sweet spices and floral notes.
Which is the important mountain for Naoussa?
Mt Vermio
What are the types of wines produced in Naoussa PDO? From which grape?
Red dry, Red semi-dry, Red semi-sweet;
Xinomavro.
Which region is Maoussa PDO located in?
Macedonia
Where is Amynteo located?
Macedonia
Which two PDOs are producing red wines solely from Xinomavro? What’s the characters of Xinomavro? What’s the meaning of Xinomavro?
Naoussa and Amynteo PDO;
Firmly tannic;
Acid black.
In Greece, which is the first PDO whose composition included foreign grape varieties? Which is the second included foreign varieties?
First is PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Second is PDO Messenikola.
Which wine types are produced in PDO Slopes of Meliton? From which grape varieties?
Dry white, dry red.
Dry white: Athiri (50%), Assyrtiko (35%), Roditis (15%);
Dry red: Lemnio, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc (max 30%).
Where is Boutari located?
In Naoussa PDO.
Which is Greece’s coolest region?
Amynteo
Which is the single appellation in Macedonia? What’s the name of the winery? Who is the winemaker? Who is the wine consultant?
PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Domaine Carras;
Evangelos Gerovassiliou is the winemaker;
Émile Peynaud (lynchbages, antinori…)
Name the 3 PDO in Thessaly/ Thessalia?
PDO Rapsani, PDO Messenikola, PDO Anchialos.
Which is the tallest mountain in Greece?
Olympus奥林匹斯山(2917m)
Which are the 4 PDO producing Xinomavro in Greece? Which is the southernmost PDO among these four?
Amynteo, Goumenissa, Naoussa, Rapsani.
Rapsani is the southernmost.
Which is the most important producer in Rapsani PDO?
Tsantali company
Rapsani PDO is in which region? Which types of wine are produced? Which grape varieties? What’s the wine style?
Thessaly;
Dry red;
Xinomavro, Krassato, Stavroto (=Ambelakiotiko) 各占1/3 planted with approximately 1/3 of all three varieties.
The appellation is the southernmost outpost of the Xinomavro grape, whose tannins and acid structure are softened by the warmer climate and blending with the Krassato and Stavroto varieties.
Which are the 2 PDO in Greece whose composition includes foreign varieties?
PDO Messenikola (Thessaly), and PDO Slopes of Meliton (Macedonia).
Which district is Mesenikola located?
Karditsa district
Which are the most recently established wine zones in Greece?
PDO Mesenikola in 1994;
PDO Monemvasia-Malvasia in 2010;
PDO Malvasia Paros in 2011;
PDO Handakas-Candia in 2011;
PDO Malvasia Handakas - Candia in 2011;
PDO Malvasia Sitia in 2011.
Which is the smallest PDO in Greece? How many hectares?
PDO Mesenikola; 95ha.
Which types of wine are produced in Mesenikola? From which grape varieties?
Dry Red;
Mesenikola Black 70%, Carignan+Syrah (up to 30%).
Where is PDO Anchialos located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape varieties? 风土特点？
Thessalia/Thessaly;
Dry white, medium-dry white, medium-sweet white (only white);
Roditis (80% mini), Savatiano;
Higher altitude.
Which PDO in Greece produce Roditis grape variety?
PDO Anchialos (Thessaly), PDO Patras (Peloponnese), PDO Slopes of Meliton (Macedonia).
Where is Thessalia/Thessaly?
South of Macedonia.
Where is Epirus? What’s the PDO in Epirus?
West of Thessalia; PDO Zitsa.
What’s the altitude of Zitsa?
650m
Which is the main grape variety for Retsina? Why is it preferred for retsina?
Which is the second most planted variety? Under which PDO?
Savvatiano;
Because Savvatiano is low-acid, retains some varietal character when resinated;
Roditis;
No PDO zones.
Where is Sterea Ellada located?
Central Greece
Which is the producing center of Retsina? Under which appellation?
Attiki, the region surrounding Athens;
PGI Retsina of Attika,
PGI Retsina of Koropi (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Markopoulo (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Megara (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Mesogeia (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Paiania (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Pallini (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Pikermi (Attiki),
PGI Retsina of Spata (Attiki)
Where is Zitsa located? What types of wine are produced in Zitsa? From which grape variety?
Central of Epirus;
Dry white, Sparkling white dry, Sparkling white semi-dry;
Debina 100%.
Name the 7 PDO in Peloponnese?
PDO Mantinia
PDO Nemea
PDO Patra
PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra
PDO Muscat of Patra
PDO Muscat of Rio Patra
PDO Monemvasia - Malvasia
Where is Mantinia PDO? What’s the altitude of Mantinia?
Central-eastern part of Peloponnese;
660m-800m;
Mantinia PDO is surrounded by which mountains?
Mainalo to the east, Oligirto to the north, Artemisio to the northeast, Ktenia to the east, Parnonas to the southeast.
What’s the climate in Mantinia PDO?
Mediterranean with continental influence, one of the coldest PDO zones in Creece;
Rainy region and snow, hail and frost are dangerous during the spring months.
Cooler temperatures result in a slow and even ripening of the grapes and a late harvest which takes place in mi-october.
What are the types of wine in Mantinia PDO? Made from which grape varieties?
Dry white wine,
Sparkling white: brut nature, extra brut, brut, extra sec, sec, demi-sec, doux.
Moschofilero (min 85%), Asproudes (but many wines are made from 100% Moschofilero nowadays);
Why Can Mantinia PDO produce sparkling wines? Which methods are used to produce sparkling here?
Why Can Mantinia PDO produce sparkling wines? Which methods are used to produce sparkling here?
What’s the characteriestics of Moschofilero grape?
Color: pale lemon with some pink (grey) hues that derive from the colored skins;
Aromas: floral, roses, green fruits, citrus.
Palate: very energetic, fresh with crisp acidity levels.
Wines from plateau: more intense aromatic profile, with rose-petal aromas;
Wines from slopes: are more citrusy and higher in acidity.
Where is PDO Nemea ?
In Peloponnese;
Which types of wine are produced in Nemea? Made from which grape variety?
Dry red, Semi-sweet red, Sweet fortified red, Sweet red made from dried grapes.
100% Agiorgitiko.
What’s Phliasios Oenos?
A renowned wine of antiquity一种古老的著名葡萄酒, produced in the region of Nemea.
What does “Hercules Blood” refer to?
Wine made from Agiorgitiko in Nemea region.
Which is the largest red wine PDO in Greece?
PDO Nemea
Name the 17 villages of Nemea PDO?
Aidonia, Ancient Kleones, Ancient Nemea, Asprokambos, Galatas, Dafni, Kastraki, Kefalari, Koutsi, Leontio, Bozika, Nemea, Petri, Titani and Psari in Korinthia and the communes of Gymno and Malandreni in Argolida.
Which is the most famous subzone of PDO Nemea?
Koutsi
What’s Namea’s wines called?
Blood of Hercules/ blood of the lion.
What’s the altitude in PDO Nemea? What’s the climate?
Up to 850m, Mediterranean.
Which are the three unofficial sub-zones of Nemea?
Low part: altitude of 230-450m;
Semi-mountainous area 450-650m;
Mountainous zone: 850m.
What the classic style of Agiorgitiko?
Lovely, red-fruit character, with notes of sweet spices that leads to a consumer-friendly palate with velvety texture and refreshing acidity.
Where is PDO Patras located? Which types of wine are made? From which grape ?
North of Peloponnese;
Dry white, medium-dry white, medium-sweet white;
100% Roditis.
Which is the largest PDO zone in Greece?
PDO Patras
Where is PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
In Peloponnese;
Sweet red fortified;
Mavrodaphne (at least 51%), Corinthian Black.
Name the three sub-zones of PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra?
Main and central sub-zone: Vrachneika, Dymi, Larissos (Agios Nikolaos), Messatis, Paralia, Farron, Olenia;
Eastern sub-zone (smaller): Rio ;
Western sub-zone (smallest): Dymi (Kato Achaia, Petrohori), Morvi, Larissos (Petas).
What’s the regulation requirements for PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra? What does “Reserve” require? “Grand Reserve”?
Naturally sweet wines (vin de liqueur) have to be aged for at least one year in oak barrels of a capacity not exceeding 1000L.
Reserve: aged in oak for 2years + 1 year in bottle
Grand Reserve: total 7 years in oak (mini 3 years in barrel and 3years in bottle)
Which is the most popular Greek sweet red wine as dessert wine?
PDO Mavrodaphni of Patra
Where is PDO Muscat of Patras located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
North of Peloponnese;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes(Vin naturellement doux),
Or Sweet fortified (Vin doux naturel);
Muscat white 100%.
What’s Muscat white called in Achaia region of Peloponnese?
Moschoudi
What’s Muscat white called in Achaia region of Peloponnese?
Moschoudi
Name the 5 PDO(s) which produce Muscat based wines?
PDO Muscat of Patras,
PDO Muscat of Cephalonia,
PDO Muscat of Rio Patras
PDO Muscat of Rhodes,
PDO Samos.
What kind of wine from PDO Muscat of Patras can be labeled “Grand Cru”?
If grapes come from privately-owned vineyards of low yields per hectare.
Where is PDO Muscat of Rio Patras located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
orthernmost (偏东一点eastern) of Peloponnese;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes, or Sweet fortified;
Muscat white 100%.
Where is Monemvassia-Malvasia PDO located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape varieties?
Southeast corner of Peloponnese;
Sweet fortified white from sun dried grapes, or Sweet white from sun dried grapes;
Monemvassia (at least 51%), Assyrtiko, Asproudes, Kydonitsa.
What’s “Malvasios Oenos” ?
Sweet wine made from Monemvassia.
What’s the oxidized aging requirements for PDO Monemvasia-Malvasia? Vintage reuiquirements?
At least 2 years is mandatory 强制的;
If longer, it has to be 4years or multiples of 4. 如果陈酿更久需要是4年或者4的倍数。
Can be a single harvest, or blending of different harvests.
Where is Peloponnese located?
Directly south of Sterea Ellada.
Which are the three PDO zones of Northern Peloponnese?
Nemea, Mantinia, Patras.
What’s the synonym of Agiorgitiko?
Saint George
What’s the characteristics of Agiorgitiko?
Softly tannic, intensely fruity black grape, one of Greece’s most noble native varieties.
Which is the only PDO which is producing dry red in Peloponnese region?
PDO Nemea
What’s the characteriestic of Moschofilero grape variety?
Red-skinned, aromatic similar to Muscat; Is the principle component of Mantinia PDO wines, one of Greece’s most exciting white wines.
Name the dry to semisweet white wine appellation of Patras? And three sweet wine PDO zones connected to Patras?
Dry wine PDO Patras (100% Roditis);
Muscat of Patras, Muscat of Rio Patras, Mavrodaphne of Patras.
What’s the synonym of Mavrodaphne?
Black laurel
How is Mavrodaphne of Patras wine made?
*Aged for at least 1 year in wood, but may rest in cask for a decade or more.
*Both vintage and nonvintage versions are produced.
Which winery is the progenitor鼻祖of long aging style of Mavrodaphne of Patras?
Achaia Clauss, has a Mavrodaphne solera dating to 1882.
Which is the traditional aperitif developed to temper the briny, salty character of Greek first courses, and used for the communion sacrament in Greek Orthodox services?
Mavrodaphne of Patras
in 2010, the Greeks awarded PDO status a small zone on the southeastern coast of the Peloponnese?
PDO Monemvassia-Malvasia
Where is Ionian Islands located?
Central western of Greece (Islands)
Name the 3 PDO(s) in Ionian Islands?
PDO Robola of Kefalonia/Cephalonia
PDO Mavrodaphne of Kefalonia/ Cephalonia
PDO Muscat of Kefalonia/ Cephalonia
Where is PDO Robola of Kefalonia located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
South of Ionian Islands;
Dry white; from 100% Robola.
What’s the altitude of PDO Robola of Kefalonia?
175m-800m
What does “Vino di Sasso” mean? What does it refer to and why?
Means “stone wine”;
Refer to Robola grape, because this grape variety grows well on very poor soils (stone soils).
Where is PDO Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia/Kefalonia located? Which type of wine is produced? From which grape variety?
Eastern part of Ionian Island;
Sweet red fortified;
Mavrodaphne (min 51%), Corinthian Black
Is Mavrodaphne in Cephalonia the same as those of Achaia PDO Mavrodaphne of Patras?
No, not the same.
Where is PDO Muscat of Kefalonia/Cephalonia located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape variety?
Western side of the Ionian Island;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes, or Sweet fortified;
100% Muscat white.
Which are the 4 wine-producing Ionian Islands off the west coast of Greece? Which island has PDOs?
Cephalonia, Kerkyra (Corfu), Lefkada, Zakynthos;
Cephalonia is the only Ionian island that has PDOs.
Is Robola related to Ribolla or Rebula? Which are the grapes found?
No.
Robola is found in Greece Cephalonia island in Ionian Islands;
Ribolla/ Rebula is found in Friuli or Slovenia.
What’s Verdea wine? What’s the appellation?
Verdeais a traditional white multi-varietywine, produced in Zakynthos, an Ionian island in western Greece. Similar to Jura Vin Jaune or Sherry;
PGI Verdea of Zakynthos.
Name the 8 PDOs in Aegean Islands?
PDO Santorini
PDO Paros
PDO Malvasia Paros
PDO Samos
PDO Limnos
PDO Muscat of Limnos
PDO Rodos
PDO Muscat of Rodos
Name the 7 PDOs in Crete?
PDO Archanes
PDO Dafnes
PDO Peza
PDO Handakas - Candia
PDO Malvasia Handakas - Candia
PDO Sitia
PDO Malvasia Sitia
Where is PDO Archanes located? Which type of wine is produced? From which grape?
North-central part of the Heraklion district in Crete;
Dry red;
Kotsifali, Mandilari (Mandilaria).
Where is PDO Dafnes located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape?
Western part of the Heraklion district, in Crete;
Dry red, Sweet fortified red, Sweet red from sun-dried grapes;
Liatiko 100%.
Name the three PDOs occupying the northern and central part of the Heraklion region in Crete? Which is the the largest? Which is the eastern most PDO?
PDO Dafnes, PDO Archanes, PDO Peza.
Dafnes is the largest.
Peza is eaternmost.
Where is PDO Peza located? Which types of wines are produced? From which grape variety?
Central, to the north of Heraklion, Crete;
Dry white, dry red;
White: Vilana 100%,
Red: Kotsifali, Mandilari
Is Vilana a white or red grape? What’s its style? Which PDOs are producing Vilana?
White grape variety;
Light in body, soft acidity, medium alcohol, flavors showing notes of lemon, orange, pear, jasmine…
PDO Peza, PDO Sitia, PDO Handakas-Candia
What’s the altitude for white wines vineyards of PDO Peza?
Must be higher than 300m
Is Kostifali a white or red grape? What’s the characteristis of this grape? Which PDOs are producing Kostifali?
Red;
Kostifaliis the benchmark red variety of the celebrated vineyards of Crete. Low in color, intense on aromas, relatively high in alcohol, soft in tannins and acidity.Aromas of sweet flowers, dried black fruit, and complex spices; often blended with other grapes (Mandilaria).
PDO Peza, PDO Archanes, PDO Handakas - Candia.
What’s the synonym of Mandilaria in Crete?
Mandilari
Which PDOs produce red grape Mandilaria? What’s the grape’s style?
PDO Peza, PDO Archanes, PDO Paros, PDO Rhodes
Rough, it’s necessary to blend with softer grape variety Kotsifali.
Which is the largest PDO zone of Heraklion?
PDO Handakas - Candia
What’s the altitude of PDO Handakas - Candia? What’s the climate? Wine style?
700m;
Mediterranean, mild winters and cool summers = armatic and refreshing high quality wines.
Where is PDO Malvasia Handakas - Candia located? Which types of wine are produced?
From which grapes? What’s the aging requirements?
Northern most of Crete;
White sweet wines from sundried grapes, or White sweet fortified wines from sundried grapes;
From at least 85% Assyrtiko, Athiri, Vidiano, Thrapsathiri, Liatiko, and maximum 15% White Muscat and Malvasia di Candia Aromatica
At least 24 months in oak barrels.
Where is Sitia PDO located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grapes? What’s the altitude?
Eastern Crete;
Dry white, Dry red, Sweet red from sun-dried grapes, Sweet red fortified.
White: Vilana 70%, Thrapsathiri 30%
Red: Liatiko (mini 80%), Mandilaria.
Average altitude 620m.
Where is PDO Malvasia Sitia located? Which types of wines are produced? From which varieties?
East of Crete;
White sweet wines from sundried grapes, or White sweet fortified wines from sundried grapes;
At least 85% Assyrtiko, Athiri, Thrapsathiri, and Liatiko, and maximum 15% White Muscat and Malvasia di Candia Aromatica.
What’s the topography of PDO Malvasia Sitia? Altitude? Climate? What’s the wine style?
Mountainous and semi-mountainous,
at an altitude of 300-700m.
Mediterranean climate, intense sunlight
High alcohol, because of the proximity to the sea, retain high levels of acidity.
Regions, Islands on map?
Which are the 3 new established PDOs on Crete Island in 2011?
Candia, Malvasia Candia, Malvasia Sitia.
Which is the most cultivated white grape in Crete?
Vilana
On Crete, which is the modern and international blend for red?
Kotsifali with Syrah
Which is the dominant grape in the red Sitia and Daphnes PDO? What’s special for this grape?
Liatiko;
It delivers a distinctively orange-hued wine. Low color intensity, Liatikowine is intense, with rich, ripe red fruit and sweet spices. The palate is full, with high levels of alcohol, low and very soft tannins, moderate acidity.
Which are the two training system in Santorini? How old is the oldest vine roots?
Kouloura=basket-trained vines; Koulouraki=gobelet-shaped, low-trained vines.
300-year-old roots.
What’s basket training called in Santorini?
Kouloura
What’s Gobelet training called in Santorini?
Koulouraki
Where is Santorini located?
Santorini is the southernmost island of the Cycladic complex in the southern Aegean.
What’s the altitude of Santorini vineyards?
From sea level to terraces up to 300m
In which appellation found the oldest vines of Greece?
In Santorini, which were never affected by phylloxera.
what’s the soil of Santorini? Have ever been affected by phylloxera?
Volcanic soil, sandy with very small percentage of clay;
Never.
What’s the strong wind called in Santorini?
Meltemia
Which types of wine are produced in Santorini? From which grape varieties?
Dry white,
Sweet wine from dried grapes,
Sweet fortified wines from dried grapes;
Assyrtiko at least 85%, Athiri, Aidani for dry white;
Assyrtiko at least 85%, Athiri, Aidani and small amounts of the varieties Gaidouria, Katsano… for Sweet white.
What’s the wine style of Santorini?
Most of the dry White is produced from 100% Assyrtiko;
Powerful, intense bursting with sea-salt minerality.
Assyrtiko is not aromatic, it’s steely, austere in youth, structure and the depth of citrus fruit, along with the high levels of acidity and alcohol. Maturation on the fine lees and sometimes in oak barrels.
What does the indication “Nykteri” refer to?
It refers to PDO Santorini dry wines that have at least 13.5% abv content and spend at least 3 months in oak barrels.
How is “Vinsanto” made in Santorini?
*Produced from overripe grapes dried in the sun to achieve 370g/l of sugar.
*The wines should be aged for mini 24months of oxidative maturation.
*There are also wines with indication of 4, 8, 12 and so on years of ageing in the label.
*Vinsanto is among the best dessert wine in the world, displays amber-brown color and balanced by its high acidity, with aromas of dried fruits, honey, caramel, coffee, nuts and spices, long finish.
Where is PDO Paros located?
In the center of the Cycladic island of Paros, Aegean Islands
Which regions haven’t been attacked by phylloxera in Greece? With self-rooted vines.
Santorini, Paros, Rhodes (phylloxera appreared but didn’t spread)
Which types of wine are produced in PDO Paros? From which grape varieties?
Dry white, Dry red;
Dry white: Monemvassia 100%;
Dry red: Mandilaria (at least 35%), Monemvassia.
Which color is Monemvasia grape variety? What are the characteristics? Which PDOs are producing Monemvasia?
White; M-full body, m acidity;
PDO Paros, PDO Malvasia Paros, PDO Monemvasia-Malvasia
Which is the only PDO in Greece producing red wine including white grape variety? Which grape varieties?
PDO Paros, from Mandilaria (at least 35%) + Monemvassia (white grape).
Which are the best vineyards located in PDO Malvasia Paros? What’s the altitude?
Best located around Mt. Profitis Ilias;
Altitude of 250-400m.
Which types of wines are produced in PDO Malvasia Paros? From which grape varieties?
What’s the winemaking requirement for the appellation?
White sweet wines from sundried grapes,
White sweet fortified wines from sundried grapes.
Monemvassia (at least 85%) + Assyrtiko.
It’s obligatory that the wines age for at least 24months in oak barrels.
Where is PDO Samos located? Which types of wines are produced? From which grape varieties?
Eastern Aegean island.
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes, and Sweet white fortified.
Muscat white 100%.
Which is the only Muscat based PDO where the mention of the Muscat variety is not mandatory as part of its PDO name? 哪个muscat的PDO的原产地命名里没有体现Muscat?
PDO Samos
Which wine in PDO Samos can be titled “Grand Cru”?
For Vin Doux Naturel (fortified), the fruit comes from exceptional vineyards, at altitude exceeding 400m.
Where is PDO Limnos located? Which types of wines are produced? From which grape varieties?
Northern Aegean island;
Dry white, Medium-dry white, Medium-sweet white,
Dry red, Sweet red fortified from sun-dried grapes, Sweet red from sun-dried grapes;
For white: Muscat of Alexandria 100%;
For dry red: Limnio (Kalampaki) for dry reds;
For red sweet: Limnio 90%, Muscat of Alexandria 10%
What’s the synonym of Limnio grape? What’s its color? Charicteristics? Which DOPs are producing Limnio?
Kalampaki;
Red;
Moderate in color, dominated by fresh, aromatic herbs and elegant, red berry fruits.
Medium acidity, medium and very silky tannins, m+ alcohol.
PDO Slopes of Meliton, PDO Limnos.
What’s the special aspect on cultivation in PDO Limnos?
A large percentage of the island’s vineyards are organic.
Is there significant elevation in Limnos?
No
Where is PDO Muscat of Limnos? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape varieties?
Northern Aegean island;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes, Sweet white fortified;
Muscat of Alexandria 100%.
Which wines can be titled “Grand Cru” in PDO Muscat of Limnos?
Produced from the grapes from own, private vineyards of lower yields/ha.
Where is PDO Rhodes located?
South-eastern Aegean islands.
Which types of wines are produced in PDO Rhodes? From which grape varieties?
Dry white, Medium dry white, Medium-sweet white;
Dry red, Medium-dry red, Medium-sweet red;
Dry rose, Medium-dry rose, Medium-sweet rose;
Sparkling white (burt nature, extra brut, brut, extra sec, sec, demi sec, doux);
Sparkling rose (brut nature, extra brut, brut, extra sec, sec, demi sec, doux).
For white: at least 70% Athiri, Assyrtiko, Malagousia;
For red: at least 70% Amorgiano (Mandilaria), Mavrothiriko.
What’s the color of Athiri grape? What’s the characteristics of this grape? Which PDOs are producing Athiri?
White;
Moderate intensity of flavors, mainly focusing on white and yellow and citrus fruits, with moderate alcohol levels, soft acidity and a medium body, displaying freshness and vivacity.
Greeks enjoyAthirias an aperitif, especially on warm summer lunches;
Athiriis grown all over the Aegean Islands, most notably is in Macedonia, specially in PDO Slopes of Meliton, High percentage in PDO Rhodes, and small percentage in PDO Santorini, PDO Handakas-Candia, PDO Malvasia Sitia, PDO Malvasia Handakas Candia.
What’s the synonym of Mandilaria in Rhodes?
Amorgiano
Which PDO produces the best Sparkling rose?
PDO Rhodes/Rodos
Where is PDO Muscat of Rhodes located? Which types of wine are produced? From which grape varieties?
South-east of Aegean Islands;
Sweet white from sun-dried grapes, Sweet white fortified;
Muscat white, Muscat di Trani.
What’s Stefani shape?
Basket
Why is basket training is used in Santorini?
In order to protect them from the strong Aegean winds and collect the little moisture that becomes available as morning dew.
Who is considered as the master of Assyrtiko? What’s the name of his winery? Which styles of wine are produced?
Paris Sigalas; Domaine Sigalas;
Both barrel-aged and fresher versions of Assyrtiko; vinsanto from Assyrtiko as well.
What’s the naturally sweet version wine is called in Samos? How is it made?
Samos Nectar;
It’s similar to vin de paille, produced form dried grapes and aged for mini 3years.
What’s the synonym of Muscat a Petits Grains in Samos?
Moscato Aspro
Which is the most famous sweet wine from Greece? When was it gained the appellation?
Muscat of Samos, PDO Samos.
In 1934.
Which are the exclusive grape varieties for producing Retsina?
Savatiano and Roditis
Which grape can be used to produce rosé of Retsina? What’s Rose Retsina called?
Roditis is pink-skinned, can be produced Rose of Retsina.
It’s called Kokkineli.
Which is the most planted grape variety in Greece? Second? Third?
Savatiano (16.52%), Roditis (14.34%), Agiorgitiko (5.28%).
Which are the three most mountainous countries in Europe?
Switzerland, Austria, Greece
How many % of Greece is covered by mountains?
70%
Which is the main range in Greece? Which is Greece’s tallest peak?
Pindos (is the southernmost extension of the central Alps);
Mount Olympus (3000m), located on the eastern edge of the country, close to Aegean sea.
Which are the few plains平原in Greece?
Thessaly, Sterea Ellada, Macedonia, Thrace.
What’s the main soil type of Sterea Ellada/Central Greece?
Clay
?? The soil type of Santorini?
Volcanic
?? Which are the three seas surround Greece?
The Aegean to the east,
The Lonian爱奥尼亚海 to the west,
The Libyan利比亚海 to the south of Crete.
?? Name the main camps of Islands in Greece?
Two main camps: The Lonian (Cephalonia is the most important), and the Aegean.
Aegean Islands are subdivided into:
The Cyclades (which contains Santorini), the Dodecanese, and the North Aegean Islands.
Crete (also occupies the Aegean, but tends to be its own terms because of its size and history of independence).
?? What’s Athens called in Greek?
Attica
?? Which is the island included in Central Greece/ Sterea Ellada?
Evia
?? Which is the large peninsula that is separated from the mainland of Greece?
Peloponnese
?? Which are the continental areas in Greece?
Epirus, Central part of the Peloponnese, Western Thessaly, Western Macedonia.
?? Which is the hottest and driest part of Greece?
Attica
?? Which are the coolest areas of Greece?
Epirus and Amynteo(west Macedonia)
?? What’s the cool winds from the north called in Greece?
Meltemi
?? Why are many vines planted on the north in Crete?
To avoid the hot winds from Africa in the south.
?? Why are most Greek dessert wines produced using sun-dired grapes or through fortification?
As the national climate is dry, botrytis is not really a factor.
?? What’s the spirit used for Greek fortified wines?
Tsipouro = Greek grappa.
?? What are the requirements for sweet wine Grand Cru?
In order to be labeled Grand Cru,
*must be fortified by Tsipouro(Greek grappa)?
*from a select group of vineyards,
*high elevation,
*stricter maximum yields,
*Grand Cru designation is only cpplicable to certain Muscats and sweet Liatiko from Crete’s Daphnes PDO.
?? What does Asproudi (plural: Asproudes) mean?
A generic term for unknown white grapes (aspromeans “white”).
?? What does Cava refer to in Greece?
For PGI and Varietal wines only. Refers to a minimum of oak aging.
For white and rosé wines: 1 year of aging with at least 6 months in barrel.
For reds: 3 years of aging with at least 1 year in barrel.
?? What’s the requirement for Grand cru?
Applies to certain sweet wines, made via the vin doux naturel process, that are sourced from select vineyards of a given region, typically from higher elevation sites.
?? What’s the requirement for “Reserve”?
For PDO wines only. Refers to a minimum of oak aging.
For white wines: 1 year of aging with at least 6 months in barrel and 3 months in bottle.
For red wines: 2 years of aging required with a minimum of 12 months in barrel and 6 months in bottle.
?? Requirements for Grand/Grande reserve?
For PDO wines only. Refers to a minimum of oak aging.
For white wines: 2 years of aging with at least 1 year in barrel and 6 months in bottle.
For reds: 4 years of aging with at least 18 months in barrel and 18 months in bottle.
White grande reserve wines cannot be aged in barrels larger than 600 liters.
?? What’s Kouloura? Another name for Kouloura?
A traditional method of vine training specific to Santorini, wherein vines are trained along the ground in a basket shape. This protects the grapes from the harsh, hot winds and keep moisture.
Stefani.
?? What does Ktima mean?
Estate.
?? What does Mavroudi refer to?
An indigenous variety but also a generic term for unknown red grapes (mavromeans “black”).
?? What’s meaning of “Paleomenos se vareli”?
For PDO, PGI, and Varietal wines that are labeled with cava, reserve, or grande reserve. Indicates extended oak aging beyond the required minimums表示橡木陈酿时间延长，超出了最低要求.
?? How many PDOs in Greece?
33
?? What’s the full name of PDO?
Protected Designations of Origin
??What’s the full name of PGI? How many PGIs are there? What are the three levels?
Protected Geographic Indication; 120 PGIs;
Regional, district, and area.
?? As a PGI, how many % of grapes minimum should come from the appellation? How many % grapes should be vinified within the PGI boundary?
85% must from the appellation;
100% should be vinified in the PGI.
?? Which are the two traditional wines in PGI category?
Verdea: an oxidized white wine from the Ionian isaland Zakynthos;
Retsina: can only be produced in 15 locations within Greece, cannot be labeled with a vintage.
?? When can Table wines be labeled variety and vintage?
Since 2011.
?? As Table wine, how many % of wine must come from the stated vintage? If it’s a single variety, how many % of the fruit must come from the variety? If more than one variety is listed, how many % of the wine must be composed of those varieties?
85%, 85%, 100%.
?? Regions of Greece???
Northern Greece
Thrace: Evros PGI
-Macedonia
-Amynteo PDO
Goumenissa PDO
Naoussa PDO
Slopes of Meliton PDO
Macedonia PGI
-Thessaly
Anchialos PDO
Messenikola PDO
Rapsani PDO
Thessaly PGI
-Epirus
Zitsa PDO
Epirus PGI
Central Greece
-Sterea Ellada PGI
-Evia PGI
-Attica PGI
Peloponnese
-Nemea PDO
-Mantinia PDO
-Achaia PGI
-Patras PDO
-Mavrodaphne of Patras
-Muscat of Patras
-Muscat of Rio Patras
-Monemvasia-Malvasia
Ionian Islands
-Robola of Cephalonia PDO
-Muscat of Cephalonia PDO
Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia PDO
-Corfu PGI
-Zakynthos PGI
Aegean Islands
-Cyclades (south Aeagean):
Santorini PDO
Paros PDO
Malvasia Paros PDO
Cyclades PGI
-Dodecanese:
Muscat of Rhodes PDO
Rhodes PDO
Dodecanese PGI
-North Aegean:
Samos
Lemnos
Muscat of Lemnos
Chios PGI
Crete
-Archanes PDO
-Candia PDO
-Daphnes PDO
-Malvasia Candia PDO
-Malvasia Sitia PDO
-Peza PDO
-Sitia PDO
-Crete PGI
?? Which are the Mountain PGIs of Thrace? What’s the elevation?
Avdira PGI (west), Ismaros PGI (east); 350meters
?? Where is Thrace located? What’s the climate in Thrace? What’s the soil?
1: Northern Greece between Aegean Sea and Bulgaria (shares some viticultural similarity with Bulgaria);
2: Mediterranean, warm, wet air flows off the Aegean in the south cause humidity, making grey rot is a concern.
3: Coast: deep, sandy; Further inland: clay; Area of Mountains: rocky and poor.
?? Which are the two most important indigenous grape varieties in Thrace?
Mavroudi: small-berried, tannic red grape;
Limnio: light-to-medium colored wines that can be austere, with higher tannin and alcohol, moderate acid, and an herbal nose.
?? Which Greek and international blend is successful in Thrace?
Sauvignon blanc and Assyrtiko
?? Which important City is in Macedonia?
Thessaloniki塞萨洛尼基 (Greece’s second largest city and an important port)
?? Which are the two major winemaking families in Macedonia?
Boutaris, Tsantalis
?? What’s the elevation of Amynteo PDO?
520-720m
?? What’s the soil type of Amynteo?
Sand is dominant ( remaining patches of own-rooted vines).
?? Which PDO in Macedonia produced Rose and Rose sparkling? From which grape?
Amynteo; Xinomavro, dry or off-dry.
?? What’s the style of Amynteo wine?
Elegant, lean and light, more floral and aromatic, sometimes herbal tone.
?? What’s the climate of Naoussa? Soil? Elevation?
Continental, more clay and limestone; lower 80-350m.
?? There are 13 crus in Naoussa, please name the three important ones?
Trifolos: lower elevation, fuller body, due to richer soil;
Fytia: higher elevation, rocky soil;
Ramnista: fuller body, smooth tannins, modern style influenced by Kir-Yianni.
?? Where is Kir-Yianni located? What’s the style of the winery?
In Ramnista, Cru of Naoussa; modern, polished.
?? Where is Boutari located? When was it established?
Naoussa; In 1879.
?? Where is Goumenissa PDO located? Climate? Wine style?
1: Northeast of Naoussa, Macedonia;
2: Warm with ample sunshine;
3: Riper and more generous style, so require to blend with a soft, fruit-forward variety Negoska (20%).
?? Which is the warmest of the three Xinomavro-dominant PDOs in Macedonia?
Goumenissa
?? Where is PDO Slopes of Meliton?
Along the Aegean coast, there are three finger-like peninsulas, Slopes of Meliton is in the central peninsula.
?? Name the single estate PDO in Greece? What’s the name of winery? How many hectares?
Soil? Elevation? Terroir? Grape varieties?
PDO Slopes of Meliton;
Domaine Porto Carras; 450ha; Sandy laom with limestone; 100-350m; steep slopes, Mediterranean climate;
Red: Limnio+Cab S+/Cab F
White: Assyrtiko+Athiri+Roditis
?? Which is the first PDO in Greece to allow international varieties? When was it granted?
PDO Slopes of Meliton; in 1982.
?? What’s the topography of Thessaly? Soil? Climate?
Large, fertile plain;
Schist and grey clay;
Mediterranean.
?? Which is the most common grape variety for producing Tsipouro (Greek Grappa)?
Muscat of Hamburg
?? Which is the most exciting indigenous grape variety in Thessaly? What’s the characteristic?
1: Limniona;
2: Tend to be dark and soft, with lifted, floral aromatics and a bright acidity.
?? Which is the notable winery prouding Limniona in Thessaly? Wine style?
Domaine Zafeirakis; similar to Pinot Noir.
?? Which is the most important PDO in Thessaly?
Rapsani
?? Which is the smallest PDO in Greece?
Rapsani (60ha), northeast of Thessaly.
??Which is the only PDO feature Xinomavro outside of Macedonia?
Rapsani
?? Which is the southwest PDO region in Thessaly?
Messenikola
?? Which is the only second Greece’s PDOs to feature international varieties? Which are the grape varieties? Elevation?
1: Messenikola (Thessaly);
2: Mavro Messenikola, with max 30% Carignan and Syrah;
3: 750m.
?? Which the westernmost reigon of mainland Greece?
Epirus
??What’s the elevation of Epirus?
700m
?? Where is PDO Zitsa?
In Epirus
?? Why does Zitsa has a cool continental climate?
It’s influenced by the Pindos Mountains to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west.
?? What’s the main grape variety of Zitsa PDO? Wine types?
Debina; still, semi-sparkling, sparkling (dry or off-dry).
?? What’s the characteristic of the sparkling wines from Zitsa PDO?
Light-bodied with bright acidity, and delicate Green apple, lemon, and citrus flowers.
?? Where is PGI Metsovo located? Best known for which grape variety?
Eastern end of Ioannina in Epirus,
Best known for Cabernet Sauvignon
?? Which are the two district PGIs in Sterea Ellada? Which are the two area PGIs?
Attica PGI, island Evia PGI (District);
Fthiotida PGI, Viotia PGI (Area)
?? What’s the best vineyard facing and elevation in Attica?
North-facing slopes of Mount Parnitha, 500m.
?? Which is the coolest and least fertile PGI area in Attica?
Mesogia
?? Which is Greece’s largest PDO ?
Patras
?? Which is the Greece’s top boutique estate in West Peloponnese?
Domaine Mercouri (an old vineyard dating back to the late 1800’s)
?? Who is the pioneer of richer, more extractive style of pure Agiorgitiko?
Gaia Estate
?? Where is Gaia estate located? Which are the flagship wines?
1: Wineries inNemeaand on the island ofSantorini.
2: It is particularly known for its mineral, crisp Thalassitis Santorini wine made from theAssyrticogrape, and its flagship wine from Nemea, made fromAgiorgitiko.
?? What’s the most famous Cru in Nemea? What’s the soil and elevation?
Who is the producer?
Koutsi; Limestone soil, around 650m elevation; Gaia.
?? Which is the coolest, most continental part of the Peloponnese?
Mantinia PDO
?? What’s the soils of Mantinia PDO? Altitude? Made from which grape varieties?
Red clay with iron, rocky.
750m.
85% Moschofilero.
?? Where is PGI Achaia located? Topography? Climate?
Northernmost coast of the Peloponnese;
The steepest slopes in Greece, face north toward the Corinthian Gulf, high elevation.
Warm.
?? Which are the 4 PDOs of Patras, the main city of Achaia? Which is the only dry wine PDO?
PDO Patras, PDO Muscat of Patras, PDO Muscat of Rio Patras, PDO Mavrodaphne of Patras.
PDO Patras made entirely of Roditis.
?? Which is the most famous sweet PDO of Achaia?
PDO Mavrodaphne of Patras.
?? Which winery and when created Mavrodaphne of Patras? Who is the founder?
By Achaia Clauss, in 1861;
Founder Gustav Clauss, who had spent time in Douro and originally crafted his wine in Port’s image.
?? Which is the source of “Greek Champagne”? Who is the main producer?
Rhodes, CAIR.
?? What’s the elevation, climate, soil of Rhodes?
600m; hot and dry; sand, clay and limestone.
?? Which is the largest Dodecanese Islands?
Rhodes
?? In Samos, which is the PGI specific zone for dry whites from Muscat?
Slopes of Ambelos PGI
?? Which is the doninant producer of Samos?
United Winemaking Agricultural Cooperative of Samos=UWC Samos
?? Give the three names for Basket training system?
Kouloura, Stefani, Ampelia
?? In which PDO do you find Olympus mountain?
Rapsani
