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MS Study > Champagne > Flashcards

Champagne Flashcards

1
Q

How far is Champagne from Paris?

A

145km east of Paris

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2
Q

How many % of France’s wine revenue is brought by Champagne?

A

20%

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3
Q

Which is the most important factors contributing to Champagne’s terroir?

A

Climate and location

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4
Q

Name the 5 departments in Champagne?

A

Marne (66% of Champagne’s vineyards), Aube (23%), Aisne (10%), Haute-Marne (0.002%), Seine-et-Marne (1%)

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5
Q

What’s the tipical soil in Aube?

A

Clay

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6
Q

How many % of nonvintage wines are produced in Champagne?

A

85%-90%

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7
Q

What’s the latitude of Champagne?

A

48th-49th parallels

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8
Q

Which year was the first August harvest in the history of Champagne?

A

2003

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9
Q

What’s the growing season daily mean temperature日平均气温in Champagne?

A

14.3 degrees Celsius from 1950s-1980s;
15degrees Celsius in the 1990s;
16.6 degrees Celsius after 2000

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10
Q

Which are the parent varieties of Chardonnay?

A

Gouais Blanc x Pinot Noir

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11
Q

What’s the full name of CIVC?

A

Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne

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12
Q

The styles of Chardonnay in different villages of Champagne?

A

Cramant: floral;
Le Mesnil: intensely mineral;
Trépail and Villers-Marmery (Eastern Montagne de Reims): emphatic突出的minerality but is less chalky, with fruit that has more body and structure without any appreciable gain in weight更有酒体和结构然而重量并没有增加;
Côte de Sézanne: overt, but can be very fine with careful selection;
Monts de Berru (north of Montagne de Reims):light and delicate;
Vitryat: shares both lightness and minerality.

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13
Q

Which villages in Montagne de Reims produce Chardonnay rival the greatest in Cote des Blancs?

A

Trépail and Villers-Marmery

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14
Q

When was Chardonnay listed as an authorized variety of Champagne?

A

Until 2010!

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15
Q

What’s Noirien?

A

Pinot Noir’s local name in Champagne

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15
Q

What’s Plant Doré?

A

Pinot Noir’s local name in Champagne

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16
Q

Name 3 villages that produce outstanding Pinot Meunier in Champagne?

A

Sainte-Gemme, Leuvrigny, Hautvillers in Marne Valley

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17
Q

Name four ancient survivors grape varieties in Champagne?

A

Arbanne, Fromenteau, Petit Meslier, Pinot Blanc

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18
Q

Name 4 synonyms of Pinot Noir in Champagne?

A

Plant Doré, Morillon, Noirien, Auvernat

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19
Q

Name 5 producers who grow Arbanne in Champagne?

A

Drappier, Laherte Frères, Moutard, Olivier Horiot, Tarlant, Thomas Perseval

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20
Q

Who are responsible for the revival of Arbanne?

A

Lucien Moutard, who planted Arbanne in 1952
His grandfather: Henry Maréchaux, who had maintained the variety in his nursery since 1990

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21
Q

Name two cuvees of Champagne made from 100% Arbanne?

A

Olivier Horiot’s Arbane Pure;
Moutard’s Cépage Arbane

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22
Q

What’s Fromenteau?

A

Pinot Gris

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23
Q

What’s the synonym of Pinot Gris in Champagne?

A

Fromenteau

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24
Q

Where is Fromenteau mostly grown in Champagne?

A

Aube

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25
Q

Name two Cuvées made from 100% Fromenteau in Champagne?

A

Dérot-Delugny’s Cuvée des Fondateurs;
Drappier’s Trop M’en Faut我太需要他了

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26
Q

Who revived使复苏Petit Meslier? Where?

A

By Chiquet family who owned later Jacquesson, in lieu-dit of Corne Bautray in Dizy

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27
Q

Name 5 producers who grow Fromenteau in Champagne?

A

Aubry, Drappier, Laherte Frères, Olivier Horiot, Perseval-Farge

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28
Q

Name the other four districts of Champagne ?

A

Coteaux du Morin, Côte de Sézanne, Vitryat, Montgueux

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28
Q

Name two Cuvées made from 100% Petit Meslier?

A

Duval-Leroy Petit Meslier;
Laherte Freres Petit Meslier

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29
Q

Name a few producers who grow Petit Meslier?

A

Aubry, Drappier, Duval-Leroy, Jacquesson, Laherte Freres, Moutard, Olivier Horiot, Perseval-Farge, Tarlant, Thomas Perseval

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30
Q

Name 3 Cuvées made from 100% Pinot Blanc?

A

Cédric Bouchard’s Roses de Jeanne La Bolorée;
Pierre Gerbais’s L’Originale;
Charles Dufour’s Le Champ du Clos

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31
Q

Name a few producers who grow Pinot Blanc in Champagne?

A

Cédric Bouchard, Drappier, Laherte Frères, Moutard, Olivier Horiot, Tarlant, Thomas Perseval

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32
Q

Name the four major producing districts of Champagne?

A

Montagne de Reims, Cote des Blancs, Marne Valley, Cote des Bar

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33
Q

Name the 6 subdistricts of Montagne de Reims? Which is located east of Reims?

A

1) Grande Montagne, Massif de Saint-Thierry, Monts de Berru, Ardre Valley, Vesle Valley, City of Reims
2) Monts de Berru, east of Reims.

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34
Q

Where is Grande Montagne?

A

Subdistrict in Montagne de Reims

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34
Q

Where is Monts de Berru?

A

Subdistrict in Montagne de Reims

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35
Q

Where is Massif de Saint-Thierry?
Subdistrict in Montagne de Reims

A

Subdistrict in Montagne de Reims

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36
Q

Which Grand Cru is located the south of Montagne de Reims?

A

Bouzy

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37
Q

Which subdistrict is formerly called Petite Montagne?

A

Ardre Valley

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38
Q

Where are Bouzy and Ambonnay located?

A

Southernmost of Montagne de Reims

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39
Q

Where is Grande Montagne located? Which grape variety is preeminent ? How many grands crus?

A

Bottom (south) of Montagne de Reims; Pinot Noir;10 Grands Crus.

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40
Q

Where is Ambonnay?level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (southern most)

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41
Q

Where is Beaumont-Sur-Vesle? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (east)

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42
Q

Where is Bouzy? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (southern most)

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43
Q

Where is Louvois? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (south)

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44
Q

Where is Mailly-Champagne? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (central)

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45
Q

Where is Puisieulx? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (north)

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46
Q

Where is Sillery? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (northeast)

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47
Q

Where is Verzenay?level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne(central)

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48
Q

Where is Verzy? Level?

A

Grand Cru in Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne (central)

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48
Q

Name the 12 premier Crus in Grande Montagne?

A

Billy-le-Grand, Chigny-Les-Roses, Ludes, Montbré, Rilly-la-Montagne, Taissy, Tauxières-Mutry, Trépail, Trois Puits, Vaudemanges, Villers-Allerand, Villers-Marmery

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49
Q

Name the 9 Grand Cru villages in Grande Montagne?

A

Ambonnay, Beaumont-sur-Vesle, Bouzy, Louvois, Mailly-Champagne, Puisieulx, Sillery, Verzenay, Verzy

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50
Q

Where is Grande Montagne? What’s famous for?

A

Subdistrict of Montagne de Reims; Pinot Noir

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51
Q

Where is Vaudemanges located? Level? Dominant grape variety?

A

In Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne; 1er Cru, 83% Chardonnay.

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52
Q

Where is Trépail located? Level? Dominant grape variety?

A

In Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne; 1er Cru, 91% Chardonnay.

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52
Q

Where is Villers-Marmery located? Level? Dominant grape variety?

A

In Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne; 1er Cru, 98% Chardonnay.

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53
Q

Name the three microzones of Grande Montagne?

A

Northern Montagne, Eastern Montagne, Southern Montagne

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54
Q

Where is Trépail? Level? Variety?

A

A premier cru in Eastern Montagne - Grande Montagne - Montagne de Reims;
91% Chardonnay

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55
Q

Where is Vaudemanges? Level? Variety?

A

A premier cru in Eastern Montagne - Grande Montagne - Montagne de Reims;
83% Chardonnay

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55
Q

Where is Billy-le-Grand? Level? Variety?

A

A premier cru in Eastern Montagne - Grande Montagne - Montagne de Reims;
66% Chardonnay

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55
Q

From which Grand Cru does Eastern Montagne start?

A

Start from Verzy

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55
Q

Where is Villers-Marmery? Level? Variety?

A

A premier cru in Eastern Montagne - Grande Montagne - Montagne de Reims; 98% Chardonnay

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56
Q

What’s the training system in Montagne de Reims?

A

Cordon de Royat (preferred for Pinot Noir) and Chablis system (Chardonnay)

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57
Q

What’s the wine style of Northern Montagne?

A

Linear with great minerality

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58
Q

Where produce ageworthy Chardonnay in Montagne de Reims?

A

Eastern Montagne in Grande Montagne

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59
Q

Where are the Chardonnay of Champagne Palmer Blanc de Blancs sourced from?

A

Montagne de Reims-Grande Montagne-Eastern Montagne (different from Cote des Blancs)

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60
Q

Tours-sur-Marnes belongs to which district according to UMC?

A

It’s a Grand Cru part of the Montagne de Reims

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61
Q

Which Grand Cru is in the southern most of Southern Montagne and touches the Marne River?

A

Tours-sur-Marne

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62
Q

How much chalk content in the soils of Southern Montagne and Northern Montagne?

A

Southern Montagne: 93%
Northern Montange (Verzenay): 59%

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63
Q

Which grand crus villages are located in Southern Montagne?

A

Bouzy, Ambonnay

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64
Q

What’s UMC?

A

Union des Maisons de Champagne

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64
Q

What’s the style difference between Northern Montagne and Southern Montagne?

A

Southern Montagne is more complex;
Northern Montagne is linear, with greater minerality (尽管despite Southern Montagne has higher chalk content).

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65
Q

Name two most famous Grands Crus in Southern Montagne of Montagne de Reims?

A

Bouzy and Ambonnay

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66
Q

Which soil type is common in Grande Montagne?

A

Lignite褐煤

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67
Q

Where is Clos de Saint-Thierry? What’s famous for?

A

It’s a walled vineyard in Massif de Saint-Thierry, North of Montagne de Reims;
Famous for vin rouge

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68
Q

Where is Massif de Saint-Thierry?

A

It’s a subdistrict in the North of Montagne de Reims

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69
Q

Who is the sole owner of all vineyards in Selles and Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers?

A

Moët & Chandon

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69
Q

Where is Nogent-l’Abbesse? What’s unique for?

A

In Monts de Berru eastern subdistrict of Montagne de Reims;
Southeastf-facing slopes, with pure chalk soils, almost entirely planted with Chardonnay

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70
Q

Where is Pontfaverger-Moronvilliers? What’s special?

A

Village in Monts de Berru- eastern subdistrict of Montagne de Reims
Exclusively planted Chardonnay

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71
Q

Where is Selles? What’s special?

A

Village in Monts de Berru- eastern subdistrict of Montagne de Reims
Almost entirely planted with Meunier

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72
Q

Where is Lagery?

A

Village with excellent exposure in Ardre, western Montagne de Reims

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73
Q

Where is Brouillet?

A

Village with excellent exposure in Ardre, western Montagne de Reims

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74
Q

Where is Saint-Gilles?

A

Northern most village in Ardre Valley, western Montagne de Reims

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75
Q

Where is Saint-Euphraise-et-Clairizet? What’s the exposure?

A

In Ardre Valley, western Montagne de Reims;
South exposure

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76
Q

Where is Nanteuil-La-Forêt?

A

Southermost village in Ardre Valley, western Montagne de Reims

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77
Q

Which grape variety is dominated in Ardre Valley?

A

Pinot Meunier

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78
Q

Where is Courmas?

A

It’s a premier cru village in Ardre Valley, in western Montagne de Reims

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79
Q

Which is the finest site in all Ardre Valley? What’s the terroir?

A

Premier cru Courmas; on the right bank of Ardre, southwest-facing

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79
Q

Name two villages in Petite Montagne mainly planted Pinot Meunier?

A

Sermiers and Villedommange

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80
Q

Where is Vrigny? Level?

A

Northernmost premier cru village in Petite Montagne, in Montagne de Reims

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81
Q

Where is Villedommange? Level? Main grape variety?

A

Permier cru village in the center of Petite Montagne, in Montagne de Reims
Meunier

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82
Q

Where is Sermiers? Level? Main grape variety?

A

Southernmost premier cru village in Petite Montagne, in Montagne de Reims
Meunier

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83
Q

Which are the two vineyards are within the city of Reims?

A

Clos Pompadour
Clos Lanson

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83
Q

Who is the owner of Clos Pompadour? How many hectares? Where is it?

A

Pommery; 22ha; within the city of Reims

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84
Q

Name the 6 subdistricts of Vallée de la Marne? From west to east

A

Vallée de la Marne Ouest, Terroir de Condé, Vallée de la Marne Rive Droite,
Vallée de la Marne Rive Gauche, Coteau Sud d’Epernay, Grande Vallée de la Marne

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85
Q

Where is Mareuil-sur-Aÿ? Level?

A

In the Grande Vallee de la Marne (Vallee de la Marne)
It’s a premier cru, but it earned 99points in the échelle des crus, many believe is of grand cru level

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85
Q

Where is generally considered to be the home of Meunier?

A

Vallee de la Marne

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86
Q

Which was the first ever single vineyard Champagne?

A

Philipponnat Clos des Goisses

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87
Q

Where is Clos des Goisses located?

A

In Mareuil-sur-Aÿ, in the Grande Vallee de la Marne (Vallee de la Marne)

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88
Q

Where is Aÿ?

A

Grand Cru on the right bank of Grande Vallee de la Marne

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89
Q

Where is Cumières? Level?

A

It’s premier cru in the Grande Vallee de la Marne (in Vallee de la Marne)

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90
Q

Where is Bisseuil located? Level?

A

It’s premier cru in the easternmost corner of the Grande Vallee de la Marne (in Vallee de la Marne)

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91
Q

Which is the most famous property in Coteaux Sud d’Épernay?

A

Taittinger’s Chateau de la Marquetterie

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91
Q

Which village is situated in the easternmost and westernmost points of the Grande Vallee?

A

Bisseuil is the easternmost, Cumières is the westernmost

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92
Q

Who owns Chateau de la Marquetterie? Where is it located?

A

Taittinger;
In Pierry, northeast corner of Coteaux Sud d’Épernay

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93
Q

Why was the Chateau called La Marquetterie?

A

Marquetterie means “marquetry”镶嵌工艺, was named for the plots of black and white grapes cultivated in response to the differences in soil composition.

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94
Q

Name the 4 villages in Terroir de Condé? Which one is on the left(south) bank?

A

Barzy-sur-Marne, Passy-sur-Marne, Trélou-sur-Marne, Baulne-en-Brie;
Baulne-en-Brie is on left bank

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94
Q

Where is Terroir de Condé?

A

It’s a subdistrict of Vallee de la Marne

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95
Q

What’s the other name of Aisne?

A

Champagne Axonais

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96
Q

Which grape is mainly produced in Vallée de la Marne Ouest?

A

Pinot Meunier

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96
Q

Which two departments are comprised in Vallée de la Marne Ouest?

A

Aisne and Seine-et-Marne

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97
Q

Which is the second-best subdistrict of Vallee de la Marne?

A

Right bank (Rive Droite)

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98
Q

Which is the best village for Meunier in Rive Droite?

A

Sainte-Gemme

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99
Q

What’s the soil in Vallee de la Marne Rive Droite ?

A

Just 8% chalk, with sand, marl, and clay

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100
Q

Where is Sainte-Gemme? What’s famous for? Level?

A

In Vallee de la Marne Rive Droite; best Pinot Meuner; autre cru

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101
Q

Which river flows through Vallee de la Marne Rive Gauche?

A

Surmelin River

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101
Q

Name 3 key villages in Surmelin Valley?

A

Celles-lés-Condé, Connigis, and Le Breuil

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102
Q

Where is Surmelin Valley? What’s famous for ?

A

In Vallee de la Marne Rive Gauche,
one of the most important Meunier zones in Champagne

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103
Q

Where is Leuvrigny? What’s famous for ?

A

Autre cru village in Vallee de la Marne Rive Gauche;
It has a strong reputation for Meunier

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104
Q

Name two Grand Crus located middle section of Cote des Blancs? What’s the style of the wine?

A

Oger, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger
Greatest minerality, and longevity

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104
Q

Where is Surmelin River?

A

It’s a tributary of Marne that flows through the Marne department

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104
Q

Name the 5 subdistricts of the Greater Cote des Blancs?

A

Côte des Blancs, Coteaux du Morin, Côte de Sézanne, Montgueux, Vitryat, Côte de Sézanne

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104
Q

Name two Grand Crus located norhern end of Cote des Blancs? What’s the style of wine?

A

Cramant, Avize
Style: floral, with citrus fruit

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105
Q

Where is Berères-lès-Vertus? Level?

A

Premier cru in Cote des Blancs, just south of Vertus

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106
Q

Where is Cuis? Level?

A

Premier Cru in Cote des Blancs, just west of Chouilly and Cramant

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107
Q

How many premiers crus in total in Champagne?

A

42 premier crus

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107
Q

Where is Grauves? Level?

A

Premier cru in Cotes des Blancs, just west of Avize and Oger

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108
Q

How many Crands Crus in Cote des Blancs? Which are they?

A

6 Grands Crus: Chouilly, Oiry, Cramant, Avize, Oger, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger

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108
Q

Where is Vertus? Level?

A

Premier cru in Cotes des Blancs, just south of Le Mesnil-sur-Oger

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109
Q

How many premiers crus in Cote des Blancs? Which are they?

A

4 premiers crus: Cuis, Grauves, Vertus, Bergères-lès-Vertus

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110
Q

How many Grands Crus in total in Champagne?

A

17

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111
Q

Which departments are Cote de Sézanne located in?

A

Marne and Aube departments

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112
Q

Which and only village of Cote de Sezanne is located in Aube?

A

Villenauxe-la-Grande

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113
Q

What’s the style of Chardonnay in Cote de Sezanne?

A

Extremely aromatic, with lush tropical fruit that can almost musky, yet still show the typicity

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114
Q

What’s another name of Coteaux du Morin?

A

Val du Petit Morin

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115
Q

What’s the main grape variety in Cote de Sezanne?

A

Chardonnay

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116
Q

Where is Coteaux du Morin located?

A

Between Cote des Blancs and Côte de Sézanne

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117
Q

Which grape varieties are mainly planted in Coteaux du Morin?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Meunier

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117
Q

Where is Voipreux? Level and main grape variety?

A

East of Vertus, in Coteaux du Morin;
Premier cru; Chardonnay

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118
Q

Name 4 premiers crus located in Coteaux du Morin?

A

Étréchy
Val-des-Marais (Coligny)
Villeneuve-Renneville
Voipreux

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119
Q

Where is Villeneuve-Renneville? Grape variety?

A

Southeast of Le Mesnil-sur-Oger and Oger, in Coteaux du Morin
Premier Cru; Chardonnay

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120
Q

Where is Étréchy? Level?

A

Southwest of Vertus, in Coteaux du Morin
Premier cru

121
Q

Which is the southernmost premier cru in Coteaux du Morin?

A

Val-des-Marais

122
Q

What’s the major soil types in Coteaux du Morin?

A

Clay and argillaceous alluvium soil

122
Q

What’s another name of Val-des-Marais? Where is it located? Level?

A

Coligny; Within Coteaux du Morin, southernmost of the district
It’s a premier cru

123
Q

What’s another name of Vitryat?

A

Vitry-le-François/ Coteaux du Vitryat

124
Q

Which region does Vitryat belong to?

A

Greater Cote des Blancs

125
Q

Where is Montgueux?

A

Just west of Troyes

125
Q

What’s the soil and grapes in Vitryat?

A

Pure chalk, and almost exclusively Chardonnay

125
Q

Name the two subdistricts within Côte des Bar? Which is smaller?

A

Bar-sur-Aube (Barsuraubois), smaller;
Bar-sur-Seine (Barséquanais)

126
Q

Where is Vitryat?

A

50km southeast of Vertus

126
Q

Which district does Montgueux belong to?

A

Greater Cote des Blancs

126
Q

What’s the grape and soils in Montgueux?

A

Chardonnay, Chalk

127
Q

Which subdistricts are within Aube department?

A

Côte des Bar (Bar-sur-Seine, and most of Bar-sur-Aube)
Villenauxe-la-Grande (southernmost village of Cote de Sezanne, Cote des Blancs)
Entire Montgueux (belongs to Cote des Blancs)

128
Q

Which department does Montgueux belong to?

A

Aube

128
Q

Which part of Cote de Sezanne belongs to Aube department?

A

Villenauxe-la-Grande, the southernmost village of Cote de Sezanne

128
Q

Which is the key grape variety in Cote des Bars? Soils?

A

Pinot Noir is dominated, but it’s more suitable for Chardonnay, because the soils are similar to Chablis which is Kimmeridgian

129
Q

What’s the climate and geographical location of Aube?

A

It’s warmer and sunnier than the rest of Champagne, but it’s still farther north than Chablis

130
Q

Where is Urville? The region is driven by which negociant?

A

It’s the heart of winemaking of Bar-sur-Aube, within Cote des Bars;
By Drappier

130
Q

Devaux is a brand belongs to which cooperatif?

A

UCAVIC=Union des coopératives auboises de vin de Champagne

131
Q

Where is the heart of winemaking in Bar-sur-Aube?

A

Urville

132
Q

Where is Devaux?

A

Bar-sur-Seine, within Cote des Bars

133
Q

Name three producers based in Bar-sur-Seine?

A

Cédric Bouchard, Vouette et Sorbée, and Marie Courtin

134
Q

Where is Cedric Bouchard located?

A

Celles-sur-Ource in the Côte des Bar

134
Q

Where is Vouette et Sorbee?

A

Buxières-sur-Arce, Côte des Bar

135
Q

Which seperate AOC is encompassed in Bar-sur-Seine?

A

Rosé des Riceys

136
Q

Subdistricts of Montagne de Reims?

A

Grande Montange Reims
Massif de St Thierry
Monts de Berru
Reims: Vesle & Ardre

136
Q

Which type of wine is produced in Rosé des Riceys? Grape variety?

A

Dark-colored still rosé exclusively from Pinot Noir

137
Q

Subdistricts of Vallée de la Marne?

A

Grande Vallée de Marne
Côteaux Sud d’Epernay
Terroir de Condé
Vallée de la Marne Ouest
Vallée de la Marne Rive Droîte
Vallée de la Marne Rive Gauche

138
Q

Subdistricts of Greater Côte des Blancs?

A

Côte des Blancs
Val du Petit Morin/ Coteaux du Marin
Sézannais
Montgueux
Vitryat

139
Q

Subdistricts of The Côte des Bars?

A

Bar-sur-Aube
Bar-sur-Seine

140
Q

What’s échelle des crus?

A

The system was created in the 18th century to formalize the price of grapes for negociants.
Grapes from Grand cru sties earned 100% of the price that was set by the houses and negociants, from premier cru sites earned 90-99%, and 80-89% for autres crus.

141
Q

When was échelle des crus officially abolished?

A

In 2010

142
Q

Why were 44 premiers crus reduced to 42 in 2007?

A

Because it removed the premiers crus status for black grapes in Chouilly and white grapes in Tour-sur-Marne, authorizing all varieites for grands crus.

143
Q

What does crémant mean originally? What’s the pressure level in old Champagne regulations?

A

Means “creaming” inferring a mousse that unfolds slowly, leaving a soft, creamy texture in the mouth.
3.6 atmospheres

144
Q

What does “grand mousseux” mean?

A

Fully sparkling

145
Q

What’s the level of pressure for grand mousseaux?

A

5-6 atmospheres of pressure

146
Q

What’s the aging requirements for nonvintage champagne ?

A

15 monts after the date of tirage, with at least 12months on lees

147
Q

What’s the aging requirements for vintage champagne?

A

36months after tirage

148
Q

Which was the first commercially available prestige cuvée? When was it launched?

A

Dom Pérignon, in 1936

149
Q

For whom was Louis Roederer’s Cristal created? When was it sold to the public?

A

for Czar Alexander II, in 1945

149
Q

Which was the first prestige cuvée of Champagne? When was it produced first time?

A

Louis Roederer’s Cristal, in 1876

150
Q

Name the 3 Special Club founding members that still remain today?

A

Pierre Gimonnet, Gaston Chiquet, Paul Bara

151
Q

What’s Club Trésors de Champagne?

A

A group of growers (initially 12 producers) marketing their wines together to compete with the larger negociants. The members are by invitation-only.

152
Q

How many members are there in Clubs Trésors de Champagne today?

A

25

153
Q

When was Club Trésors de Champagne established?

A

In 1971

154
Q

Who is the producer of “Trilogie des Grands Crus”? When was it launched?

A

Moët et Chandon; in 2001

154
Q

Name the three wines of Moet’s Trilogie des Grands Crus ?

A

Les Sarments d’Aÿ; Les Champs de Romonts (Sillery); Les Vignes de Saran (Chouilly)

155
Q

When was Clos des Goisses launched first time?

A

1935

156
Q

Who is the producer of the collection Les Authentiques? When was it first launched?

A

Leclerc-Briant, in 1994

157
Q

Name the single vineyard Champagne of Pierre Peters? First year?

A

Les Chetillons, in 1971

157
Q

Which is the single vineyard Champagne of Drappier? When was it first launched?

A

Grande Sendrée; in 1975

158
Q

When did Krug launch its Clos du Mesnil? For which vintage?

A

First launched in 1986, for 1979vintage

159
Q

What’s the single vineyard Champagne of Billecart-Salmon? When was it launched? First vintage?

A

Clos Saint-Hilaire; it was launched in 2003 for 1995first vintage

160
Q

Who is the producer of Clos Saint-Hilaire?

A

Billecart-Salmon

161
Q

Which is the most expensive Blanc de Noirs Champagne?

A

Krug’s Clos d’Ambonnay

161
Q

Name the single vineyard Champagne of Pommery? First vintage? When was it launched?

A

Clos Pompadour, 2002, launched in 2011

162
Q

Who is the producer of Les Folies de la Marquetterie? When was it launched?

A

Taittinger in 2002

163
Q

Which is the single vineyard Champagne of Taittinger?

A

“Les Folies”de la Marquetterie

164
Q

Name 4 villages where can produce first class Blanc de Blancs?

A

Cramant, Le Mesnil-sur-Oger in Cote des Blancs;
Trépail, Villers-Marmery in Eastern Montagne de Reims

165
Q

Name the first vintage and launching year of Clos d’Ambonnay?

A

First vintage was 1995, and launched in 2007

166
Q

How is Ruinart’s Dom Ruinart rosé made? What’s the wine style?

A

Pure Dom Ruinart Blanc de Blancs to which some red wine was added;
It has a pronounced color and distinctive Pinot aromas

166
Q

Which is the palest rosé Champagne?

A

Louis Roederer’s Cristal Rosé

167
Q

What’s the unique method for making Cristal rosé?

A

Pinot Noir grapes are cold-soaked in Chardonnay juice for one week, then the colored Chardonnay juice are pressed, with 20% fermented in 9000L used French oak foudres.

168
Q

Name 3 nonvintage demi-sec serious-quality Champagnes?

A

Pol Roger Rich, Selosse Equise, Roederer Carte Blanche

168
Q

What’s the sweet level for Riche in Champagne?

A

Equivalent to demi-sec, between sec and doux

169
Q

Which are the most successful Doux Champagne? Wha’t the RS?

A

Veuve Clicquot’s Rich and Rich Rosé; 60g/l RS

170
Q

How to drink Veuve Clicquot’s Rich and Rich Rosé?

A

Adding ice, orange peel, or other garnishes for mixology.

171
Q

Which hybrid grape was approved for planting in Champagne? When was it approved?

A

Voltis; approved by INAO in Nov 2022

172
Q

Which was the first hybrid grape to be permitted in France AOP? In which appellation?

A

Baco Blanc (Baco 22A); in Armagnac

173
Q

What are the advantage of Voltis grape?

A

It’s entirely resistant to powdery mildew白粉病and highly resistant to downy mildew霜霉病

173
Q

What are the limits for Voltis in Champagne?

A

No more than 5% of the vineyard area for planting;
Max 10% of the final blend of any cuvee

173
Q

Which is the oldest still wine Champagne house still in operation today? When was it founded?

A

Gosset, in 1584

173
Q

Which was the second hybrid grape to be permitted in France AOP?

A

Voltis

173
Q

Who is André François? What’s his contribution in Champagne winemaking?

A

The pharmacist药剂师who measured the precise amount of sugar required to induce诱导it without breaking the bottle.

174
Q

What were the contributions of Madame Barbe-Nicole Ponsardin?

A

Veuve Clicquot, under her leadership, the house pioneered the process of remuage (riddling), a procedrue that allows sediment to be easily removed from a bottle during dégorgement (disgorgement).

174
Q

Which is the oldest sparkling Champagne house? When was it founded?

A

Ruinart, in 1729

174
Q

Who produced the first Brut Champagne? What’s the name of wine? When?

A

Pommery Nature in 1874

174
Q

Chaptalization was name after whose name?

A

Jean-Antoine Chapatal, the French chemist and statesman政治家who identified the the relationship between sugar and fermentation in a seminal 1801 work开创性著作中确定了糖和发酵之间的关系.

174
Q

When was Champagne strucked by Phylloxera ?

A

In 1890

174
Q

Which is the only AOP/AOC that does not need to include Appellation Contrôlée (or Protégée) on the label?

A

Champagne

175
Q

Which was one of the finest vintages of the 20th century in 1910s?

A

1914

176
Q

What was the purpose of founding CIVC?

A

1) Union of growers, producers and shippers to represen the Champagne industry and protect its interests in the face of Nazi occupation在纳粹占领期间保护其利益;
2) It’s also a mediation between the large Champagne houses and the numerous smaller growers from whom they source grapes( the producers drove down Champagne grape prices 1908, and caused the revolt of growers in 1911)

177
Q

What was the first vintage of Dom Perignon?

A

1921

178
Q

Who founded CIVC? When?

A

Robert-Jean de Vogüé of Moët et Chandon, in 1941

179
Q

What’s the average annual temperature in Champagne?

A

10° C

179
Q

What’s the latitude of Champagne?

A

48th -49 th parallels

179
Q

What’s “les bleus de ville”?

A

shreds of blue plastic scattered throughout many of the vineyards—remnants of bags used to ship composted trash许多葡萄园里散落着蓝色塑料碎片——用于运送堆肥垃圾的袋子的残留物

180
Q

What’s the limit of yield set by CIVC in 1992?

A

102 L of must for every 160kg of grapes;
2550 L per 4000kg

181
Q

How many liters of must produced from 4000kg of grapes limited by CIVC?

A

2550 L

182
Q

How many liters of must produced from 160kg of grapes limited by CIVC?

A

102L

182
Q

What’s the amount held in a traditional Coquard basket press in Champange?

A

4000kg

183
Q

What’s “a marc of grapes”?

A

The amount held in a traditional Coquard basket press

184
Q

Which are the four training systems permitted in Champagne?

A

Cordon de Royat, Chablis, Vallée de la Marne, Guyot (double and simple)

185
Q

What’s the max. Yield of Champagne?

A

66hl/ha

186
Q

What’s the average vine age in Champagne?

A

20 years old

187
Q

What do the three grape varieties bring to Champagne?

A

Chardonnay: elegance, longevity;
Pinot Noir: structure, richness, body;
Meunier: youthful fruitness and approachability

188
Q

Why is Meunier dominated in Vallee de la Marne?

A

The region is frost-prone霜冻多发, and Meunier buds late and ripen early is prized by growers

189
Q

How many villages are permitted to grow grapes for Champagne?

A

357

189
Q

Which districts are dominated by Pinot Noir in Champagne?

A

Montagne de Reims and Aube

190
Q

What does “blocage” and “deblocage” mean?

A

Reserve and release of wine stocks for use in future vintages

191
Q

What’s the founctions of CIVC?

A

1) The CIVC, the regulatory body responsible for mediating relations between growers and producers;
2) oversees the production methods and promotion of Champagne.
3) Regulates the size of harvests, authorizes blocage and deblocage
4) Protect designation of Champagne

192
Q

What does échelle mean?

A

Scale

192
Q

What’s Echelle de Crus?

A

A percentile system by which the villages of the Champagne appellation are rated, through which the prices of grapes were set.
100points were classified as grands crus,
90-99points were premiers crus

193
Q

When was Echelle de Crus set up?

A

1990

194
Q

Name the only two villages ranked 99% in Echelle de Crus?

A

Mareuil-sur-Ay in Vallee de la Marne;
Tauxières in Montagne de Reims

195
Q

What’s NM?

A

Négociant Manipulant: a house that purchase grapes and/ or base wines from growers and other smaller houses.

196
Q

What’s RM?

A

Récoltant Manipulant: A grower-producer who makes Champagne from estate-grown fruit.

196
Q

What’s CM?

A

Coopérative Manipulant: A growers’ co-operative that produces the wine under a single brand.

197
Q

What’s RC?

A

Récoltant Coopérateur: A grower whose grapes are vinified at a co-operative, but whose wines are sold under the grower’s own label.

198
Q

What’s SR?

A

Société de Récoltants: A firm, not a co-operative, set up by a union of often related growers, who share resources to make their wines and collectively market several brands.

199
Q

What’s ND?

A

Négociant Distributeur: A middleman company that distributes Champagne it did not make.

200
Q

What’s MA?

A

Marque d’Acheteur: A buyer’s own brand, often a large supermarket chain or restaurant, that purchases Champagne and sells it under its own label.

201
Q

What’s vin de cuvée? What’s Vin de taille?

A

The extraction for making Champagne is limited to 2550liters from 4000kg, and the first 2050liters of must is called vin de cuvée; the rest 500liters is called vin de taille.

202
Q

What’s vins clairs? What’s th ealcohol content?

A

High-acid base wines (of Champagne); 11% abv.

203
Q

What’s bourbes?

A

The solids remained in the must

204
Q

What’s débourbage?

A

Settle the juice at cool temprature after pressing (for 8-15 hours) so that remaining solids can be removed by racking.

204
Q

What’s liqueur de tirage?

A

A mixture of still wine, yeasts, sugar and fining agents that will serve to ignite[ɪɡˈnaɪt]引发the second fermentation.

205
Q

What is rebêche used for?

A

For distillation, not Champagne

205
Q

What’s rebêche?

A

A third extration of the grapes (first 2050liters is vin de cuvee, the rest 500liters is vin de taille)

206
Q

What does “sur latte” mean?

A

Bottles are stored horizontally

206
Q

What’s bidule?

A

A plastic capsule胶囊/小塑料容器that will serve to capture the sediment during remuage.
bidule

207
Q

How long does the gyropalette take for riddling cycle?

A

1-2weeks

207
Q

How long does second fermentation last?

A

8 weeks

207
Q

What’s pupitre?

A

Two large wooden planks fastened together in an upright “A” shape, with sixty angled holes cut into each plank of wood.

208
Q

How long does the entire remuage process take?

A

at least six weeks and sometimes as much as 2-3 months

208
Q

What does “pointage” mean?

A

Pointage is the shaking of the bottles to dislodge驱逐any sediment.
(each bottle would be briskly shaken in order to prevent the sediment from sticking to the sides of the bottle before remuage)

208
Q

How many bottles can be handled by a top remueur?

A

50000-60000bottles a day (70,000bottles a day 20years ago)

208
Q

What’s gyropalette?

A

An automated device for remuage that holds 504bottles

208
Q

What’s “Récemment Dégorgé”?

A

The wines are kept sur pointe for a number of years, and only disgorged upon order.

208
Q

What does sur pointe mean?

A

By the end of remuage (riddling) a few weeks later, the bottles are positioned head down and almost vertical (sur pointe).

209
Q

What’s dégorgement à la glace?

A

Dipping the neck of bottles in a freezing brine盐水solution. The bottle can then be turned upright, the pressure in the bottle will push out the frozen sediments when the crown cap is removed.

209
Q

What’s liqueur d’expédition?

A

A liquid mixture of sugar syrup and wine.

209
Q

What does “en masse” mean?

A

Neck down (after remuage)

209
Q

What does “entreillage” mean?

A

horizontal stacking bottles

209
Q

What’s dégorgement à la volée?

A

An older method, using the pressure in the bottle to push out the sediment without freezing, so some extra wine will be lost.

210
Q

What’s the dosage of Brut Nature/Non-Dosé?

A

0-3g/l

211
Q

What’s the dosage of Extra Brut?

A

0-6g/l

212
Q

What’s the dosage of Brut?

A

0-12g/l

213
Q

What’s the dosage of Sec?

A

17-32g/l

213
Q

What’s the dosage of Extra Dry?

A

12-17g/l

213
Q

What’s the dosage of Demi-Sec?

A

32-50g/l

214
Q

Name the 7 levels of dosage?

A

Brut Nature/Non-Dosé; Extra Brut; Brut; Extra Dry; Sec; Demi-Sec; Doux

214
Q

What’s the dosage of Doux?

A

50+ g/l

214
Q

What’s muselet?

A

The wire cage to secure the Champagne cork with six half-twists.

214
Q

What’s the wire cage which twists the cork of Champagne?

A

muselet

214
Q

What’s quarter bottle called? How many ml?

A

Piccolo, 187ml

214
Q

Melchizedek?

A

30L = 40bottles

215
Q

Primat?

A

27L=36bottles

216
Q

Nebuchadnezzar?

A

15L=20bottles

216
Q

Sovereign?

A

25L=33.33bottles

217
Q

What’s the bottle size of 18L/24bottles called?

A

Solomon or Melchior in Bordeaux

218
Q

Solomon/ Melchior?

A

18L=24bottles

219
Q

What’s the bottle size of 15L/20bottles called?

A

Nebuchadnezzar

220
Q

Balthazar?

A

12L=16bottles

221
Q

What’s the bottle size of 12L/16bottles called?

A

Balthazar

222
Q

What’s the bottle size of 9L/12bottles called?

A

Salmanazar

223
Q

Methuselah?

A

6L/ 8bottles

223
Q

Salmanazar?

A

9L=12bottles

224
Q

What’s the bottle size of 6L/8bottles called?

A

Methuselah

225
Q

What’s the bottle size of 4.5L/6bottles called?

A

Rehoboam

226
Q

Rehoboam? When was it discontinued?

A

4.5L/6bottles; in 1983

227
Q

What’s the bottle size of 3L/4bottles called?

A

Jeroboam

228
Q

Jeroboam?

A

3 L = 4bottles

229
Q

Name 5 the current members of Special Club?

A

Marc Hébrart, Pierre Gimonnet, Paul Bara, J. Lassalle, Gaston Chiquet

230
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted for Coteaux Champenois?

A

All 7 Champagne grapes: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, Arbane, Petit Meslier, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris

231
Q

Where can be Coteaux Champenois produced from?

A

Département: Aisne, Aube, Haute-Marne, Marne, Seine-et-Marne

232
Q

Where is Rosé de Riceys produced from? What are the permitted grape varieties?

A

Les Riceys, a village in the Aube;
100% Pinot Noir

232
Q

Which types of wine are produced from Coteaux Champenois?

A

Still white, rosé, red

233
Q

Name the two still wines’ appellation in Champagne?

A

Coteaux Champenois AOC;
Rosé de Riceys

234
Q

How many AOP for crémant wines in France?

A

Crémant d’Alsace, Crémant de Loire, Crémant de Bourgogne, Crémant du Jura, Crémant de Die, Crémant de Limoux, Crémant de Savoie, Crémant de Bordeaux

235
Q

What’s the yield limite for Crémant in France?

A

100L from 150kg or 2666L from 4000kg

236
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant de Bourgogne? Mini pressure?

A

1) Blanc and Rosé
Encepagement: Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, Aligote, Melon de Bourgogne, Sacy, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Gamay
Assemblage: min. 30% combined Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc, and Pinot Noir
Max. 20% Gamay
2) Mini. 4 atmospheres

237
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant de Die? Mini pressure? RS? Department?

A

1) Blanc only
2) Encepagement: min. 55% Clairette, min. 10% Aligote, 5-10% Muscat Blanc a Petites Grains
3) 3.5 atmospheres
4) Max. 15g/l
5) Drôme

237
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant du Jura? Mini pressure? RS? Department?

A

1) Blanc and Rosé
2) Encepagement: Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Poulsard, Trousseau, Chardonnay, Savagnin
Blanc Assemblage: min. 70% combined Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and/or Trousseau
Rosé Assemblage: min. 50% combined Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Trousseau, and/or Poulsard
3) 3.5 atmospheres

238
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant de Loire? Mini pressure?

A

1) Blanc and Rosé
Encepagement: Chenin Blanc, Chardonnay, Orbois, Cab F, Grolleau, Grolleau Gris, Pinot Noir, Cab S, Pineau d’Aunis
Assemblage: Max. 30% combined Cab S and Pineau d’Aunis
2) 4 atmospheres

239
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant de Limoux? Mini pressure?

A

1) Blanc and Rosé
Encepagement: max. 90% combined Chardonnay (min 50%) and Chenin Blanc (10-40%); plus max. 20% combined Mauzac and Pinot Noir (max 15%)
2) Min. 3.5 atmospheres

240
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant d’Alsace? Mini pressure? RS? Department?

A

1) Blanc and Rosé
2) Blanc: Riesling, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Auxerrois, and/or Chardonnay
Rose: 100% Pinot Noir
3) 4 atmospheres
4) Haut Rhine et Bas Rhine

241
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant de Savoie? Mini pressure? RS? Department?

A

1) Blanc only
2) Principal varieties: Jacquère, Altesse, Aligote, Chardonnay, Mondeuse Blanche, Gamay, Mondeuse, Pinot Noir (for Haute-Savoie only)
Assemblage: min. 40% Jacquère; additional 20% must be Jacquère, Altesse; max. 20% combined red varieties
3) 3.5 atmospheres

242
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Vouvray mousseaux?

A

Blanc only: min. 95% Chenin Blanc plus a max. 5% Orbois

243
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Montlouis-sur-Loire mousseaux ? What’s the requirement for dosage?

A

100% Chenin Blanc
No dosage is permitted

244
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Saumur mousseaux ?

A

1) Blanc/Rosé permitted grapes: Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Cab F, Sauvignon, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Pineau d’Aunis, Grolleau, Grolleau Gris
Assemblage blanc: min. 60% Chenin Blanc, max. 10% Sauvignon Blanc
Assemblage rose: min. 60% Cab F, max. 10% Sauvignon Blanc

245
Q

What’s the winemaking method for Blanquette de Limoux?

A

Traditional method

246
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Seyssel mousseaux ?

A

Blanc only: Molette, Altesse, Chasselas
Assemblage: min. 75% Molette and min. 10% Altesse

247
Q

What are the grape varieties for Limoux Méthode Ancestrale and Blanquette de Limoux? Min. Alcohol content? Min pressure?

A

Limoux Méthode Ancestrale: 100% Mauzac; 10%abv; min. 3 atmospheres
Blanquette de Limoux: min. 90% Mauzac + Chardonnay and Chenin Blanc; 9.5% abv; min. 3.5 atmospheres

247
Q

Which are the grape varieties for Crémant de Bordeaux? Mini pressure?

A

1) Blanc: Cab F, Cab S, Merlot, Cot, Petit Verdot, Carmenere, Muscadelle, Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris
Rosé: Cab F, Cab S, Merlot, Cot, PV, Carmenère
2) 3.5 atmospheres

248
Q

Apart from Crémant, name 5 AOPs that produce traditional method sparkling wines in France?

A

Vouvray, Montlouis-sur-Loire, Saumur, Seyssel in Savoie, Blanquette de Limoux

249
Q

What’s lightly sparkling wines called in France?

A

pétillant

250
Q

What does mousseux mean?

A

Fully sparkling wines

251
Q

Name two DOCGs producing traditional method sparkling wines in Italy?

A

Franciacorta,
Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico.

252
Q

Where is White Cliffs?

A

In Dover, England

253
Q

Name two sparkling wineries in Sussex?

A

Nyetimber, Ridgeview

254
Q

Where did Roederer establish winery in US?

A

Anderson Valley in Mendocino

255
Q

Where are the quality sparkling wine regions in US?

A

Carneros, Anderson Valley, Willamette Valley, Washinton

256
Q

Where did Taittinger establish winery in US?

A

Carneros

257
Q

Where did Moet et Chandon establish winery in US?

A

Yountville

258
Q

Name one top producer of Cap Classique?

A

Graham Beck

259
Q

What are the winemaking methods of Gaillac Mousseux and Gaillac Mousseux Méthode Gaillaçoise?

A

Gaillac Mousseux: traditional method
Gaillac Mousseux Methode Gaillacoise: Méthode Ancestrale

260
Q

What are the colors of Gaillac Mousseux and Gaillac Mousseux Méthode Ancestrale?

A

Both are Blanc

261
Q

What are the grape varieties of Gaillac Mousseux and Gaillac Mousseux Méthode Ancestrale?

A

Gaillac Mousseux: Min. 50% combined Len de l’El, Mauzac, Mauzac Rosé, and Muscadelle
Gaillac Mousseux Methode Ancestrale: Mauzac and Mauzac Rosé

262
Q

What are the grape varieties of Gaillac Mousseux Methode Ancestrale?

A

Mauzac and Mauzac Rose

262
Q

What are the grape varieites of Clairette de Die Methode Traditionelle and Clairette de Die Methode Dioise Ancestrale? What are the RS? Pressures?

A

Methode traditionelle: 100% Clairette; max. 15g/l; 3.5 atmospheres
Dioise Ancestrale: min. 35g/l; 3 atmospheres
Blanc: min. 75% Muscat à Petits Grains plus Clairette
Rosé: min. 75% Muscat à Petits Grains plus Clairette and Gamay (max. 10%)

262
Q

What are the winemaking methods of these appellations? Bugey Vin Mousseux/Pétillant Blanc and Rosé; Bugey “Montagnieu” Vin Mousseux/Pétillant; Bugey “Cerdon”?

A

Bugey Vin Mousseux Blanc and Rose: traditional method
Bugey Montagnieu Vine Mousseux Blanc: traditional method
Bugey Cerdon: Methode Ancestrale

262
Q

Which colors of Mousseux/Petillant are produced under Bugey Montagnieu Vin Mousseux? Which grape varieties?aging on lees?

A

Blanc: Min. 70% combined Mondeuse, Chardonnay, and Altesse
12months on lees min.

262
Q

Which colors of Mousseux can be produced under Bugey Cerdon? What are the varieties ? winemaking method? Pressure?

A

Rosé: Gamay and Poulsard
Méthode Ancestrale
3 atmospheres

262
Q

Which colors of Mousseux/Petillant are produced under Bugey Vin Mousseux?
Which grape varieties? Aging on lees?

A

Blanc: Min. 70% combined Chardonnay, Molette, and Jacquère
Rosé: Min. 70% combined Gamay and Pinot Noir
9 months on lees

262
Q

Name 3 AOPs that produce sparkling wines using Méthode Ancestrale?

A

Bugey Cerdon,
Clairette de Die Méthode Dioise Ancestrale,
Gaillac Mousseux Méthode Gaillaçoise

262
Q

What’s another name of méthode rurale?

A

Méthode Ancestrale

262
Q

What’s Méthode Ancestrale?

A

A single fermentation begins in tank, then the wine is transferred to bottles before the fermentation is complete, yeasts continut to ferment the remaining sugar in the bottle gaving the wine sparkle.
Liqueur de lirage is unneccessary.

262
Q

Explain Tank Method?

A

After the primary fermentation, liqueur de tirage is added to the wine, provoking a second fermentation in the pressurized closed tank.

263
Q

What’s the other two names of Tank Method?

A

Charmat, Cuve Close

263
Q

What’s Continuous Method/ Russian Continuous Method?

A

Developed in the USSR, it’s similar to the Tank Method, but the base wine is pumped throught a series of continuous tanks while undergoing the second fermentation. Liqueur de tirage is constantly added 不断地添加, the lees accumulate聚集in the first several tanks, offering a higher degree of autolyzed flavors than the tank method.

263
Q

Which wines are usually using tank method?

A

Most Asti and Prosecco

264
Q

Which type of wine is usually using Russian Continuous Method?

A

German Sekt

265
Q

What’s TEVC?

A

Terroirs et Vignerons de Champagne (TEVC) is the largest Union of Champagne cooperatives, comprising 82 cooperatives which represent nearly 6000 wine-growers across 2750 hectares.

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