Northern Italy Flashcards
What does Arneis mean in Piemont dialect?
Rascal 无赖流氓
What are the characteristics of Arneis?
*early ripenning which makes it the first grape sweet enough to attract the birds and protect the more prestigious Nebbio planted alongside it.
*it has low and irregular yields
*sensitive to disease and peasts
*it prefers sandy soil in Roero
*It has round and creamy texture, need to be picked early to keep the freshness(acidity)
*easy to get oxidized, requires care in the cellar.
Which producers resurrected使复兴 Arneis in the 1960s?
Vietti and Bruno Giacosa
Who made Arneis became most popular wine in the 1980s? What’s the wine called?
Ceretto; Ceretto Blangé Arneis Langhe
Which grape variety is Ceretto Blangé made from?
Arneis
Characteristics of Garganega?
*One of the oldest and most important white grapes of Veneto;
*Thick skinned, very late ripening,
*reliable and generous yields,
*sweet recioto style is rich, honeyed and floral without any botrytis.
*floral, medium body, medium to m+ acidity.
What’s the synonym of Ribolla Gialla in Slovenia?
Rebula
Ribolla Gialla is not the same grape variety from Ribolla Verde, Ribolla Nera, Ribolla Spizade (Prosecco Lungo), Rèbola (Pignoletto) of Emilia-Romagna, Robola of Cephalonia.
Ribolla Gialla is not the same grape variety from Ribolla Verde, Ribolla Nera, Ribolla Spizade (Prosecco Lungo), Rèbola (Pignoletto) of Emilia-Romagna, Robola of Cephalonia.
What’s the meaning of Gialla?
“Yellow” in Italian
What are the characteristics of Ribolla Gialla?
*Primarily in Friuli-Venezia Giulia;
highest quality wines are from old vines on hillsides;
**Very high acidity, so can be made for sparkling wine;
*white pepper, lemon, tangerine;
*often made to orange wines too.
What are the characteristics of Timorasso?
*Very late ripening, difficult to achieve full ripeness, so nearly abandoned.
Today, there is a Timorasso renaissance among quality producers.
**VERY high acidity, ageworthy, rich, powerful, intensely herbal and mineral!
*showing TDN-based flavors of petrol like Riesling.
What’s the color of Timorasso grape? Where is it grown?
White; most planted in Piemonte.
Where is Corvina grown in Italy?
Veneto and Lombardy; best known as the principle grape in Amarone and Valpolicella.
What does Corvina mean?
Little raven小乌鸦
What are the characteristics of Corvina?
*dark color,
*thick skinned with samll berries making it suitable for air-drying and appassimento process,
*high yield,
*sensitive to botrytis and sunburn,
*high acidity, fine tannins, flavors of red cherry, violets, and herbs.
Which grape is called Nebbiolo di Gattinara and Spanna di Ghemme? Is it the same grape from Nebbiolo/Spanna found in Piemonte?
Croatina; Noooo
Which grape is called Bonarda but different from Bonarda Piemontese?
Croatina grape in Italy is also called Bonarda and Argentina’s Bonarda; But they are all different
IS Corvina related to Corvinone?
NO (Corvinone meaning “big Corvina”, because it was once thought to be a Corvina clone with larger berries and bunches, but there is no relations at all)
Which is the earliest ripening of the three main Piemont red varieties?
Dolcetto
Which grape is “little sweet one”?
Dolcetto
What are the characteristics of Dolcetto?
*Medium bodied, purple hue, low in acidity, high in tannin;
*Grapey, lavender, orange peel, black tea flavors;
*If harvest early, it retains acidity and more floral.
*Usually monovarietal.
What are the disadvantages of Dolcetto grape?
Sensitive to frost, storms, cold temperatures and grows close to the ground, making picking difficult; and also can be reductive.
So steadily decreased in recent years.
What is Dolcetto called in Piedmontese dialect?
Dosset
What’s the meaning of Schiava?
Slave 奴隶
What is Dolcetto called in Liguria?
Ormeasco
Where is Schiava grape mainly planted in Italy?
In Alto Adige and Lombardy
Name four clones of Schiava?
Schiava Gentile=Schiava Piccola (small bunches, lightest bodied, most perfumed);
Schiava Grigia=gray bloom, most refined;
Schiava Grossa: large berries, most delicate aromas;
Schiava Nera=Schiava Lombarda in Lombardia
What’s Schiava called in Austria or Germany?
Trollinger
What’s Schiava called in Alto Adige?
Vernatsch
What are the characteristics of Schiava?
Light color, light body, high acidity, fragrant strawberry, violet, and sweet almond flavors.
Which mountain is surrounded on three sides of Piemonte?
Alps and Apennines
Which river extends to the east of Piemonte?
Po River
What is the cause of fog in Piemonte?
Warm air from Po River valley meets the humid air from Mediterranean sea, creating precipitation and fog.
How many DOCGs and DOCs in Piemonte? How many IGT?
19 DOCGs, 41 DOCs; No IGT.
Name two regional DOCs in Piemonte?
Piemonte DOC and Langhe DOC
Which types of wine can be produced from Piemonte DOC?
Bianco: Still dry, Spumante, Passito bianco, passito spumante
Rosato: Still dry, Spumante
Rosso: Still dry, Spumante, Passito, Passito spumante
What’s the producing province of Langhe DOC?
Cuneo
Which types of wines are produced from Langhe DOC?
Bianco, Bianco Passito;
Rosato;
Rosso, Rosso Passito.
Piemonte’s wines have the highest quality level? Why?
Nearly all (94%) of Piemonte’s wines are at DOC or DOCG level. (the national average is 45%)
What’s the origin of Nebbiolo name?
Fog-like bloom that appears on the dark berries;
Or because it is harvested in the late autumn when thick fog engulfs吞没the Langhe.
Name 3 subvarieties/biotypes of Nebbiolo?
Nebbiolo Lampia: most common and reliable Nebbiolo;
Nebbiolo Michet: more highly valued for the quality; smaller berries, lower yields, higher concentration of aromas and flavors;
Nebbiolo Rosé: prized aromatic perfume and pale color.
Name 3 synonyms of Nebbiolo?
Chiavennasca in Lombardia’s Valtellina;
Spanna in Ghemme, Gattinara;
Picoutener/Picotendro: The French and Italian names for the smaller-bunched and darker-berried Nebbiolo in Valle d’Aosta and Carema.
What’s the Synonym of Nebbiolo in Valle d’Aosta and Carema?
Picoutener and Picotendro
What’s the Synonym of Nebbiolo in Ghemme and Gattinara?
Spanna
Where are Barolo and Barbaresco located in? Along which river?
Cuneo province, in the Langhe Hills.
Tanaro River.
What’s the Synonym of Nebbiolo in Lombardia’s Valtellina?
Chiavennasca
When did first Barbaresco appear?
1894
Nebbiolo from Barolo was historically know as a sweet wine, who made first dry Barolo and when?
French enologist Louis Oudart or Paolo Francesco Staglieno (Italian General) in 1840s.
Who is Louis Oudart?
A French winemaker made first dry Barolo in the 1840s.
Who famously took a chainsaw电锯 to his father’s old barrels in 1983, and being disowned断绝关系by his father, bought new French barriques?
Elio Altare
When did Barolo and Barbaresco gain DOCG status?
In 1980
What’s the aging requirements for Barbaresco and Barolo? Riserva?
Barbaresco: mini 26mths for total aging (9mths in wood), Riserva 50mths (9mths in wood);
Barolo: mini 38mths for total aging (18mths in wood); Riserva 62mths (18mths in wood).
Name the 4 communes of Barbaresco production?
Barbaresco, Neive, Treiso, San Rocco Seno d’Elvio (smaller piece).
Name the 6 core communes of Barolo where produce 90% Barolo?
Barolo, Castiglione Falletto, La Morra, Monforte d’Alba, Serralunga d’Alba, Novello.
Name the other five communes where produce the rest 10% production of Barolo?
Diano d’Alba, Verduno, Grinzane Cavour, Cherasco, Roddi.
What’s the main training system in Barbaresco and Barolo?
Guyot
Which part of Barolo is cooler? Where is warmer?
Southeastern part is cooler (because of the Serralunga Valley funnels cool air);
Northwestern part is warmer ( with a low-lying amphitheater in the village of Barolo and the highest altitudes in the commune of La Morra)
Why are the grapes harvested earlier in Barbaresco than Barolo?
Barbaresco is closer to the Tanaro River, receives more of its moderating influence, resulting in a warmer climate. (grapes are harvested two weeks earlier than in Barolo).
What’s the topography difference between Barbaresco and Barolo?
Barolo has steep slopes, and Barbaresco has gentler slopes and lower lying.
What’s a Sorí?
A hillside vineyard with full southern exposure (most desirable sites).
What’s the full name of MGAs ? What does it mean?
Menzioni Geografiche Aggiuntive = additional geographical mentions
How many MGAs in Barolo and in Barbaresco?
181=170+11communes in Barolo,
66 in Barbaresco
What’s the altitude range for Barolo by law? How about Barbaresco?
Barolo vineyards must be planted between 170-540m; no minimum altitude for Barbaresco, but can not be higher than 550m.
Are four producing communes of Barbaresco are included in the MGAs designation?
No
When did Barbaresco get its MGAs? And Barolo?
In 2007; 2010 for Barolo
Which is the highest cru in La Morra? Supply grapes for which supplier?
Serradenari;
Bruno Giacosa (Barolo Croera).
Who is the owner of monopole “Francia”?
Giacomo Conterno
Who is the owner of monopole “Falletto”?
Bruno Giacosa
What’s the mini alcohol content of Barolo? And Barbaresco?
13% (includes Normale, Riserva, and MGAs); 12.5% for Barbaresco.
Where is Cru Arborina? Who is the famous producer?
In La Morra; Elio Altare
Where is Rocche dell’Annunziata? Exposures? Important producers?
La Morra; Southeast and south-facing;
Paolo Scavino, Renato Ratti
Where is Bricco Rocca? Where is Bricco Rocche?
Bricco Rocca in La Morra;
Bricco Rocche in Castiglione Falleto.
Name the producer in Bricco Rocche?
Ceretto’s Bricco Rocche estate.
Where is La Serra? Exposure? Producers?
In La Morra; East and South; Marcarini, Roberto Voerzio.
Where is Cerequio? Producers?
Barolo and La Morra; Michele Chiarlo, Baroli, Batasiolo.
Where is Brunate? Exposure? Producers?
Shared between Barolo and La Morra;
Southern exposure;
Ceretto, Marcarini.
Which is the most prestigious cru in Barolo?
Cannubi
Where is Villero? How is this cru? Important producers?
Castiglione Falleto; It’s a large cru of excellent reputation, with southwestern exposure;
Giuseppe Mascarello, Vietti, Cordero di Montezemolo.
Where is Cannubi located? Important producers?
In Barolo;
Michele Chiarlo, Paolo Scavino, Marchesi di Barolo, Ceretto.
Where is Pira? Terroir? Producer?
In Castiglione Falleto;
Rocky soils almost entirely planted to Nebbiolo;
Roagna.
Name the most famous crus in La Morra?
Cerequio (huge reputation, shared with Barolo), Brunate (shared with Barolo);
Bricco Rocca; Rocche dell’Annunziata; La Serra.
Name the important Crus of Castiglione Falleto?
Pira, Bricco Rocche, Villero
Where is Gabutti? How is this cru?
In Serralunga d’Alba;
It’s small in size, has excellent reputation with excellent soils and southern-facing vineyards.
Where is San Rocco ? It’s famous because of which producer?
Serralunga d’Alba; Azelia.
Where is Parafada? How is this cru?
In Serralunga d’Alba;
Soil, altitude, exposure is extremely similar to adjacent Gabutti, well regarded;
Where is Vignarionda? How is this cru? Producers?
In Serralunga d’Alba;
Famed south-facing cru, almost totally planted to Nebbiolo;
Oddero, Giovanni Rosso.
Where is Brea? Which producer buit its fame?
In Serralunga d’Alba, Brovia
Where is Rivette? Who is the most important producer? For which wine?
In Serralunga d’Alba, Gaja, for white wine.
Name famous crus in Castiglione Falleto?
Villero, Bricco Rocche
Name Famous crus in Serralunga d’Alba?
San Rocco, Gabutti**, Parafada, Brea, Vignarionda
Where is Secondine? Who is the most famous producer? How is this cru?
In Barbaresco; Gaja; excellent reputation.
Where is Cole? Which is the most producer of this cru? Any other producers?
In Barbaresco; Moccagatta; Carlo Giacosa, Ca Nova, Produttori del Barbaresco.
Which Cru is the home of Gaja’s San Lorenzo vineyard?
Secondine in Barbaresco.
Which is the smallest Cru of Barbaresco? How many hectares?
Rabaja-Bas, only 2ha.
Where is Ronchi ? how is the this cru?
In Barbaresco; well regarded, eastern-facing vineyards.
Where is Faset?
In Barbaresco; It’s a well known site southern-facing.
Where is Martinenga? How is it?
In Barbaresco; one of the most famous sites in Barbaresco.
Who is the producer of Camp Gros Monopole? Which cru is this vineyard within?
Marchesi di Gresy, within Martinenga in Barbaresco
Where is Basarin? How is it? Producer?
In Neive; Very large, south-facing, highly regarded and steep;
Fratelli Giacosa.
which Cru in Barbaresco is highly regarded fro over 100years?
Rio Sordo
Where is Rabajà?
In Barbaresco
Where is Albesani? How is it? Producers?
Neive; Higly regarded; Bruno Giacosa, Castello di Neive.
Where is Gallina ? how is it? Producers?
In Neive; excellent reputation; La Spinetta, Oddero, Piero Busso.
Where is Pajorè? Who owns most of this cru? How is it?
In Treiso; Gaja; Well regarded site for its excellent soil, altitude, exposure.
Where is Valeirano? How is it? Producer?
In Treiso; Historically one of Treiso’s finest sites; La Spinetta.
Where is Giacosa? Who is the most important producer? For which grape?
In Treiso; Gaja; For Chardonnay.
Name a producer of Bricco di Treiso? What’s the terroir of this Cru?
Pio Cesare; It’s well regarded, high altitude, with southern exposures.
Name 4 important Crus in Treiso?
Pajorè, Valeirano, Giacosa, Bricco di Treiso.
Name 3 Crus in Neive?
Albesani, Gallina, Basarin.
Name most famous crus in Barbaresco?
Cole, Secondine, Pajè, Martinenga, Rabajà, Rio Sordo
Sori Tildin and Costa Russi are both within which Cru? Who is the producer?
Roncagliette, Barbaresco; Gaja.
Where is Martinenga? Who is this monopole’s producer?
Barbaresco, Marchesi di Gresy
What’s Rocche?
Steep sandy cliffs formed by slow erosion from the Tanaro river塔纳罗河缓慢侵蚀形成的陡峭沙崖。
Where is Roero DOCG located?
In Cuneo province, north of the Langhe, left bank of the Tanaro River.
What’s the climate of Roero?
Farther inland, semiarid and slightly warmer.
Which types of wine are produced in Roero? Grape varieties? Aging requirements? Alcohol?
Red, White, Spumante:
Red: mini 95% Nebbiolo +5%(non aromatic red grapes);
At least 20 months, of which at least 6 in wooden barrels;
32 months, of which at least 6 in wooden barrels for Reserve;
Minimum alcohol content: 12.50% vol.
White: mini 95% Arneis+5%(NAG), 11% vol; Mini 4months, riserva mini 16months.
Roero Arneis Spumante: mini 95% Arneis+5%(NAG); 11.5%vol, 可有不同甜度。
How many producing communes are there in Roero? Name the four communes Entirely included in DOCG?
19 villages; Canale, Corneliano d’Alba, Piobesi d’Alba, Vezza d’Alba.
Which are the two only DOCGs that produce both white and red wines in Piemonte?
Roero and Terre Alfieri
Where is Terre Alfieri DOCG? When was it upgrated to DOCG?
It’s just east of Roero, in Piemonte; in 2020.
What’s the producing provinces of Terre Alfieri?
Cuneo, Asti.
Which types of wines are produced in Terre Alfieri DOCG? Grape varieties?
Dry white and dry red;
mini 85% for both Nebbiolo and Arneis based wines.
Which are the producing areas of Nebbiolo d’Alba DOC?
A larger denomination covering much of the Roero and Langhe areas.
What’s the aging requirements for Terre Alfieri DOCG wines?
Arneis Superiore: min. 6 months
Nebbiolo: min. 4 months
Nebbiolo Superiore: min. 12 months, including 6 months in wood
Nebbiolo Riserva: min. 24 months, including 12 months in wood
Which types of wine are produced from Nebbiolo d’Alba DOC? From which grape variety?
Rosso, Spumante Rosso and Spumante Rosato;
From 100% Nebbiolo.
Name the five denominations dedicated to Barbera in Piemonte?
Barbera d’Asti DOCG
Nizza DOCG
Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG,
Barbera del Monferrato DOC
Barbera d’Alba DOC
Where is the origin of Barbera grape?
Monferrato province of Alessandria
Which is the most planted grape variety in Piemonte?
Barbera, 31% of planting.
What’s the characteristics of Barbera?
Deep color, high acidity, low tannins, and needs high alcohol to express the complexity (15%abv is not uncommon).
What’s the soil and styles of Barbera?
Sandier soil: higher acidity, lower alcohol and tannins, deeper color.
Clay soil: converse style相反的
What are the ageing requirements for Barbera d’Asti DOCG? Alcohol level?
Barbera d’Asti: 4months; 12% abv;
Barbera d’Asti Superiore: 14months (including 6months in oak); 12.5% abv;
Barbera d’Asti Superiore + denominations: 24months total (including 6mths in barrel and 6mths in bottle); 13% abv.
Which grape varietes are produced in Barbera d’Alba?
90-100% Barbera, +NARedG (Dolcetto, Freisa, Grignolino).
Where is Barbera d’Asti area located?
South of Tanaro River
Is Barbera d’Asti a DOC or DOCG?
DOCG
Where is Nizza? Which types of wine are produced? Grape varieties?
It’s a DOCG in Piemonte; 100% Barbera.
Which are the producing provinces of Babera d’Asti?
Asti (principally) and Alessandria
Which types of wine are produced from Barbera d’Asti?
Only Red still:
Barbera d’Asti
Barbera d’Asti Superiore
Barbera d’Asti Superiore + indication of subzone
Nizza was formerly a subzone of Barbera d’Asti, when was it elevated to its own denomination?
In 2014 to DOCG.
What’s the uniqueness of Nizza DOCG?
100% Barbera mostly from old vines of 50years or more.
What’s the wine style of Barbera del Monferrato DOC?
lighter, fruitier, youthful Barberas even can be frizzante.
What are the soil types in Nizza?
North is sandy and silty soils; South is marl and sandstone.
What’s the aging requirements for Nizza DOCG?
At least 18months (including mini 6mths in barrel);
Riserva at least 30mths (including 12mths in barrel).
Is Barbera del Monferrato Superiore a DOC or DOCG?
DOCG (elevated in 2008)
Which types of wines are produced from Barbera del Monferrato DOC? Grape variety? Aging requirements?
Rosso dry, and Rosso frizzante;
Mini 85% Barbera, + (max. 15% Freisa, Grignolino, Dolcetto).
No ageing requirements.
What’s the difference of aging and alcohol content requirements for Barbera del Monferrato DOC and Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG ?
Barbera del Monferrato DOC: no ageing requirements; frizzante 11.5%abv, and Rosso 12%abv;
Barbera del Monferrato Superiore DOCG: mini 14months (including 6mths in barrel); 13%abv.
Which are the producing provinces of Barbera del Monferrato DOC?
It’s a large area in Asti and Allessandria.
What’s the wine style of Barbera d’Alba?
Richer, rounder and fleshier than those from Asti.
Which is the producing province of Barbera d’Alba? Overlap which famous denominations?
Cuneo province, overlap Langhe’s Barolo and Barbaresco.
What’s the alcohol content and ageing requirements of Dogliani DOCG?
Dogliani: 12% abv
Dogliani Superiore: 13% abv, mini 12months of ageing.
Which types of wine are produced from Barbera d’Alba? From which grape varieties?
Aging?
Rosso and Rosso superiore; mini 85% Barbera and remainder is Nebbiolo.
Superiore: mini 12 months aging including 4 months in wood.
Which types of wine are produced in Dogliani DOCG? Grape variety?
Rosso; 100% Dolcetto
Where is Dogliani ? is it a DOC or DOCG?
In South of Barolo; DOCG.
Dolcetto delle Langhe Monregalesi DOC was absorbed into which DOCG? In which year?
Into Dogliani DOCG, in 2011.
Which type of wine are produced from Diano d’Alba? Grape variety?
Rosso, 100% Dolcetto
Where is Diano d’Alba located? Is it a DOC or DOCG?
Northeastern edge of Barolo, DOCG.
Which types of wine are produced from Dolcetto d’Alba DOC? Producing provinces? Ageing requirement?
Rosso from 100% Dolcetto;
Asti, Cuneo;
Superiore: minimum 12 months aging.
Name the 7 denominations of Dolcetto in Piemonte? Which one is NOT 100% Dolcetto?
1) Dogliani DOCG
Dolcetto d’Alba DOC
Dolcetto di Diano d’Alba DOCG(Diano d’Alba DOCG)
Dolcetto d’Asti DOC
Dolcetto d’Acqui DOC
Dolcetto di Ovada DOC
Dolcetto di Ovada Superiore/ Ovada DOCG
2) Dolcetto di Ovada DOC is from 97% Dolcetto+NAG (not 100%).
Which denomination was formerly part of Dolcetto di Ovada and elevated to a separate DOCG? When was it elevated?
Ovada DOCG, in 2008
Which levels is Dolcetto di Ovada and Ovada (DOC or DOCG)? which type of wine are produced from both denominations? Grape varieties?
Dolcetto di Ovada is DOC, Ovada is DOCG.
Both are Rosso;
Dolcetto di Ovada is made from 97% Dolcetto+3%NARG
Ovada is made from 100% Dolcetto.
Where is Ovada? DOC or DOCG? Wine type?
In Piemonte, DOCG, 100% Dolcetto
What’s the ageing requirements for Ovada DOCG?
Normale: mini 12mths
With a vigna designation: 20mths
Riserva: 24mths
Which are the producing provinces of Alsti DOCG?
Asti, Cuneo, and Alessandria
Which is Piemonte’s largest denomination for Sparkling wine in total production volume?
Asti DOCG
Which grapes are Asti DOCG produced from?
97% Moscato Bianco (Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains) +other aromatic grapes
What are the other two names for Tank method?
Charmat method and metodo Martinotti.
How long should Asti/Asti Spumante “Metodo Classico” aged on lees ?
Mini 9months
What’s the atmosphere of Asti Spumante and Moscato d’Asti? Alcohol content? Which is sweeter and RS? What kind of closer is used?
1) Asti Spumante: 4.5-5 atmospheres; Moscato d’Asti: 2.5 atmospheres;
2) Asti S: mini 6% abv; Moscato d’Asti: 4.5% - 6.5% abv;
3) Moscato d’Asti is sweeter, about 80g/l; before 2017 Asti Spumante must be dolce, but now all sweetness levels are permitted including secco.
4) Asti is closed by muselet wire cage; Moscato d’Asti is closed by regular cork or Stelvin closure/screw cap.
What’s the minimum alcohol content of Moscato d’Asti Vendemmia tardiva? Minimum ageing?
11%abv, minimum ageing for 1year.
Name the four types of wines are produced under Asti DOCG?
Asti/Asti Spumante
Asti/Asti Spumante “Metodo Classico”
Moscato d’Asti
Moscato d’Asti “Vendemmia Tardiva”
What’s the traditional wire cage called for sparkling wine?
Muselet
Which is the most famous subzone of Asti DOCG and became a sperated DOCG?
When was it elevated?
Canelli; in 2023.
Where is Canelli DOCG? Which type of wine is produced? Alcohol?
In Piemonte, it’s within Asti DOCG;
Only Moscato d’Asti style from 100% Moscato Blanco.
4.5%-6.5% abv
What are the requirements for Canelli DOCG by law?
1) Elevation must be between 165-500meters above sea level;
2) Riverva: mini 30mths aging including 20mths in bottle;
3) Moscato d’Asti style only from 100% Moscato Blanco.
What’s the minium aging requirement for Santa Vitoria d’Alba Vendemmia Tardiva?
2 years
Where is Santa Vittoria d’Alba ?
It’s a subzone of Asti DOCG
Where is Strevi?
It’s a subzone of Asti DOCG
Which types of wine can be produced in Brachetto d’Acqui DOCG? Which grape?
1) Rosato,
Rosato Spumante
Rosso (maximum pressure 2 bars)
Rosso Spumante (Traditional or Charmat Method)
Rosso Passito
2) Mini 97% Brachetto + max 3% other grape varieties.
Where is Alta Langa? DOC or DOCG? When was it elevated?
Piemonte, DOCG, in 2011.
? Which are the producing provinces of Alta Langa DOCG?
Cuneo, Asti, Alessandria
Which are the grape varieties of Alta Langa DOCG? Winemaking method? Color?
Mini 90% Pinot Nero and/or Chardonnay;
Must be traditional method and vintage dated;
Bianco or Rosato
Is there NV Alta Langa DOCG?
NO (must vintage dated)
What are the dosage levels for Alta Langa DOCG?
From zero dosage to extra dry
What’s the mini aging requirement for Alta Langa and Riserva?
Mini 30months for normal, 36months for Riserva level.
Which types of wine can be produced from Gavi DOCG? From which grape?
1) Bianco
Bianco Riserva
Bianco Frizzante
Bianco Spumante
Bianco Spumante Metodo Classico Riserva
100% Cortese.
Where can you find Frazioni di Rovereto?
Within Gavi
Where is Tassarolo ?
A producing commune of Gavi DOCG
Which are the two best communes for Gavi?
Gavi di Gavi, Gavi di Tassarolo
Which denominations can produce sparkling wines in Piemonte?
Asti DOCG: four types (Asti, metodo classico, moscato d’asti, ventimmia tardiva)
Canelli DOCG: moscato d’asti only
Brachetto d’Acqui DOCG
Barbera del Monferrato DOC: Rosso Frizzante
Nebbiolo d’Alba: Spumante Rosso and Spumante Rosato
Roero DOCG: Arneis Spumante
Alta Langa DOCG: traditional method sparkling
Gavi DOCG (Frizzante, Spumante, Metodo Classico Riserva)
Colli Tortonesi DOC Cortese Frizzante/Cortese Spumante
Colli Tortonesi DOC Terre di Libarna Bianco Spumante (Timorasso)
Canavese DOC Bianco Spumante or Rosato Spumante
Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG Spumante (traditional method mini 15mths on lees)
Where can you find Rovereto? What’s the style of wine?
Within Gavi, “central zone”: a vast area ideally included within the municipality of Gavi.
Powerful and concentrated wines.
What’s the climate and soil of the town of Gavi ?
Cool, rainy, close to the Ligurian coast.
Chalky soil
Name the two subzones of Colli Tortonesi DOC?
Monleale, and Terre di Libarna
Where is Monleale? Which types of wine are produced? Grape Variety?
Subzone of Colli Tortonesi DOC;
min 85% Barbera ONLY red wine
Where is Terre di Libarna? Which types of wine are produced? Grape Varieties?
1) Subzone of Colli Tortonesi DOC;
2) Timarosso, Bianco, Rosso, Spumante;
3) Timorasso: 95% Timorasso
Bianco Spumante: 60% Timorasso +max 40% other non aromatic white grapes
Rosso: 60% Barbera + max 40% other red grapes.
Which province is Colli Tortonesi DOC produced from
Alessandria
Timorasso is primarily produced in which denomination in Piemonte??
In Colli Tortonesi DOC
What’s the characteristics of Timorasso?
Very high acidity, rich and powerful body, intensely herbal and mineral, many compare it to German Riesling.
Which term is labeled for the best example of Timorasso ?
Derthona (ancient Roman name for the town of Tortona)
Where is Colli Tortonesi ? what’s the level DOC or DOCG?
In Piemonte (eastern most), DOC level.
Which types of wine are produced in Colli Tortonesi DOC?
*Bianco/Bianco Frizzante
*Chiaretto/Chiaretto Frizzante
*Rosso/Rosso Frizzante/Novello
*Varietal wine:
Cortese/Cortese Riserva/Cortese Frizzante/Cortese Spumante
Favorita
Timorasso/Timorasso Riserva
Moscato
Barbera/Barbera Riserva/Barbera Superiore
Dolcetto/Dolcetto Novello
Croatina/Croatina Riserva
Freisa
Which types of wine are produced from Langhe DOC? Grape varieties?
Bianco: one or more white grapes suitable for cultivation in Piemonte
Rosso/ Rosso Riserva: one ore more red grapes
Bianco Passito: mini 60% Arneis, Chardonnay, Nascetta, Riesling alone or combined;
Rosato: mini 60% Barbera, Dolcetto, Nebbiolo alone or combined;
Rosso Passito: 85% Barbera, Dolcetto, Nebbiolo alone or combined;
Varietal wines: mini 85% ot the stated varietal
Nascetta del Commune di Novella: 100% Nascetta
Which grapes can be produced as varietal wine in Langhe DOC? How many % for varietal wine?
1) Arneis, Chardonnay, Favorita, Nascetta, Riesling, Rossese Bianco, Sauvignon;
Barbera, Cabernet Sauvignon, Dolcetto, Freisa, Merlot, Nebbiolo, Pinot Nero.
2) Mini 85% of the stated grape variety.
Under which appellation is Nascetta del Comune di Novella produced? What’s the grape variety? How many %? Where are the grapes from ?
Langhe DOC; must be 100% Nascetta grape for still or passito wines.
Exclusively grown in the classic Novello subzone.
What’s the color of Nascetta grape? What are the other two names of this grape? Who made efforts to save this grape from the brink of extinction灭绝?
White; also called Anascetta or Nas-cëtta.
Elvio Cogno.
What are the characteristics of Nascetta?
Semiaromatic grape with an herbal and saline character.
What’s the subzone of Langhe DOC? In which province?
Novello; in Cuneo.
Which color is Freisa grape? What are the characteristics of Freisa?
Red; It’s like its parent Nebbiolo, light in color and high in acidity and tannin, with falvors of strawberries, roses, violets, and tobacco.
Which level is Freisa d’Asti DOC or DOCG? How many % of Freisa?
DOC; 100% Freisa.
Where is Freisa di Chieri located? DOC or DOCG? Producing province?
North-west of Asti, in Piemonte; It’s DOC;
Torino province.
Where is Grignolino del Monferrato Casalese DOC?
North of Asti
Name two DOCs of Freisa? From how many % of the grape? Which types of wine are produced?
Freisa di Chieri DOC: mini 90%;
Freisa d’Asti DOC: 100%
Both can produced still and sparkling wines from Freisa (frizzante and spumante).
What’s the color of Grignolino grape? What are the characteristics?
Red; very pale red or pink color, light in body and alcohol, but it has high tannins and powerful acidity.
Is Ruche a red or white grape? Is it aromatic or nonaromatic variety?
It’s one of the few example of aromatic red variety.
Name two DOCs of Grignolino ? how many % of Grignolino is required?
Grignolino d’Asti DOC;
Grignolino del Monferrato Casalese DOC;
Both DOCs require mini 90% Grignolino.
Where is Castagnole Monferrato ?
In Asti province of Piemonte.
Name the DOCG of Ruche grape?
Ruchè di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG
What’s the % of Ruche grape for Ruchè di Castagnole Monferrato DOCG?
Mini 90% + max 10% Barbera and Brachetto
What’s the meaning of Vigna del Parroco? Who made this wine? Which grape variety is this wine made from? And what’s the style?
The priest’s vineyard; Don Giacomo Gauda;
Ruchè, dry.
Who is Don Giacomo Gauda?
A priest made Vigna del Parroco, top Ruche bottling.
What are the characteristics of Verduno Pelaverga DOC?
Light-colored red with freshness, high acidity, and herbal flavors
Which varietal wines can be produced by Colline Saluzzesi DOC?
All red:
Barbera
Chatus
Pelaverga
Pelaverga Rosato
Quagliano(red)
Quagliano Spumante
In which communes are Pelaverga Piccolo grown in Piemonte?
Verduno Pelaverga DOC
Where is Verduno Pelaverga? DOC or DOCG? Which types of wine are produced?Grape Variety?
In Piemonte, west of Alba (bordered).
DOC, produces only Rosso from mini 85% Pelaverga Piccolo.
Where is Colline Saluzzesi? DOC or DOCG? Which types of wine are produced? What’s the % of grapes?
West of Piemonte, DOC level;
Rosso and varietal wine.
Rosso: min 60% alone or combine Barbera, Chatus, Nebbiolo, Pelaverga
Varietal: 100% of stated grape
In Piemonte, which DOCs produce Pelaverga Grosso?
Colline Saluzzesi DOC and Collina Torinese DOC
Which towns can Pelaverga Grosso be found in Piemonte?
Saluzzo and Chieri
What’s the soil of Gattinara?
Volcanic
What’s the soil of Ghemme?
Gravelly alluvial soil (left bank of Sesia river)
What’s Northern Piemonte called?
Alto Piemonte
Which is the river in Northern Piemonte?
Sesia River (flows from North to south into Po River)
What’s the climate in Northern Piemonte?
Cooler, more alpine高山influence and higher rainfall than the north.
Which grapes are historically blended with Spanna in Northern Piemonte?
Uva Rara, Croatina, Vespolina (to balance unripe Nebbiolo in cooler vintages).
What’s the synonym of Nebbiolo in Gattinara DOCG?
Spanna
What’s the synonym of Uva Rara?
Bonarda Novarese
Which characters can be given to the blend of Nebbiolo by Uva Rara, Croatina and Vespolina?
Uva Rara: gives deep color, freshness, softening;
Croatina: rounder, fleshier, soften Nebbiolo;
Vespolina: brings spices and pepper notes to the blend.
Name the producing province of Gattinara DOCG?
Vercelli
Where is Gattinara located?
Northern Piemonte, in Vercelli province, west bank (right bank) of Sesia River.
Which types of wine are produced in Gattinara DOCG? Grape varieties? Alcohol? Ageing requirements?
1) Rosso dry, Gattinara and Gattinara Riserva;
2) Mini 90% Spanna (max 10%Bonarda di Gattinara and Vespolina) **many are 100%Spanna;
3) Gattinara 12.5%, Gattinara Riserva 13%.
4) Gattinara: mini 35 months(including 24 mths in wood);
Gattinara Riserva: 47 mths (including 36 mths in wood).
Which types of wine are produced in Ghemme DOCG? Grape varieties? Alcohol? Ageing?
1) Rosso: Ghemme and Ghemme Riserva;
2) Mini 85% Spanna + Vespolina and/or Uva Rara;
3) Ghemme 12%, Riserva 12.5% (比Gattinara低0.5%, Ghemme is cooler);
4) Ghemme: mini 34 mths (including a mini 18 mths in wood + 6 mths in bottle)
Ghemme Riserva: mini 46 mths (including a mini 24 mths in wood + 6 mths in bottle).
Which is cooler between Ghemme and Gattinara?
Ghemme is slightly cooler
Which is the producing province of Ghemme DOCG?
Novara province
Where is Ghemme DOCG?
East (left bank) of Sesia river, in Novara province in Piemonte.
Where is Fara? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grape?
Northern Piemonte, eastern side of Sesia river; DOC, Rosso from 50-70% Nebbiolo (blend with Vespolina and Uva Rara)
Which denomination is located the northern most of Piemonte?
Boca DOC
Where is Boca? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grape?
Farthest north of Piemonte, eastern side of Sesia river; DOC, Rosso from 70-90% Nebbiolo (blend with Vespolina and Uva Rara).
Where is Coste della Sesia? DOC or DOCG? Which types of wine and grape varieties?
In Northern Piemonte, western side of Sesia river;
Bianco, Rosato, Rosso; Bianco from 100% Erbaluce and mini 50% Nebbiolo for Rosso and Rosato.
Where is Sizzano? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grape?
Northern Piemonte, eastern side of Sesia river; DOC, Rosso from 50-70% Nebbiolo (blend with Vespolina and Uva Rara).
Where is Colline Novaresi? DOC or DOCG? Which types of wine and grape varieties?
In Northern Piemonte, eastern side of Sesia river;
Bianco, Rosato, Rosso; Bianco from 100% Erbaluce and mini 50% Nebbiolo for Rosso and Rosato.
Name two denominations from Northern Piemonte which can produce Bianco, Rosato and Rosso? Which is the west of Sesia river which is east? What are the grape varieties?
1) Coste della Sesia DOC (west of Sesia) and Colline Novaresi DOC (east of Sesia);
2) Bianco both from 100% Erbaluce, Rosso and Rosato both from mini 50% Nebbiolo and other NARG.
Name two denominations for Spanna-based wine located on the western side of the Sesia river? Soils?
Bramaterra DOC: volcanic soils;
Lessona DOC: sandier soils.
Where is Bramaterra? DOC or DOCG? Wine type and grape?
Northern Piemonte, western side of Sesia River, DOC, Rosso from 50-80% Spanna (blend with Croatina and Uva Rava)
Where is Lessona? DOC or DOCG? Wine type and grape?
Nothern Piemonte, western side of Sesia River, DOC, Rosso from mini 85% Spanna (blend with Vespolina and Uva Rara)
Where is Erbaluce di Caluso? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grapes?
Northern Piemonte, DOCG;
White grape only 100% Erbaluce,
Produces: Bianco, Spumante (traditional method mini 15mths on lees), Passito and Passito Riserva
Where is Carema? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grape?
Farther northwest of Piemonte, alpine area near the border of Valle d’Aosta, within Canavese DOC;
Carema is a DOC;
Only Rosso, from 85-100% Nebbiolo.
Which appellation is Piemonte produces botrytis wine? From which grape ?
Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG/Caluso DOCG, from Erbaluce grape.
What’s main white grape variety in Alto Piemonte? What are the characteristics?
Erbaluce;
Lean and very high acidity, thick skins, suitable for sparkling and passito wines.
What’s the elevation of Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG?
200-500m
Where is Canavese? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grape?
West of Piemonte (north) big area, DOC;
Bianco/Bianco Spumante: 100% Erbaluce;
Rosso/ Rosato/Rosato Spumante: mini 60% Nebbiolo, Barbera, Uva Rara, alone or combine;
Varietal wine: mini 85% Nebbiolo or Barbera.
Which is the natural key factor for the botrytis developement in Erbaluce di Caluso?
Lake Viverone
Which are the producing provinces fro Erbaluce di Caluso?
Torino, Vercelli, Biella.
What’s the RS of Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG passito?
70g/l
Which appellation is the first DOC for Piemonte’s white wine? When was it elevated to DOCG?
Erbaluce di Caluso DOC in 1967; DOCG in 2010.
What’s the method to produce Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG spumante? Ageing? RS?
Traditional method, mini 15months on lees.
No more than 12g/l, dry.
Which DOCs in Piemonte produce 100% Erbaluce white wine?
Canavese DOC, Coste della Sesia DOC, Colline Novaresi DOC.
What’s the ageing requirements for Erbaluce di Caluso DOCG Passito and Riserva?
Passito: 36 mths
Passito Riserva: 48 mths
Name two Cooperatives in Valle d’Aosta?
Cave Mont Blanc, Caves Cooperative de Donnas
Which is the smallest wine region of Italy? How many hectares of vineyards?
Valle d’Aosta; only 450ha.
Which region is nestled between Piemonte, France and Switzerland?
Valle d’Aosta
Where are the highest vineyards elevations in Europe located? What’s the altitude?
Alta Valle, in Valle d’Aosta, Italy; up to 1300m.
Name the three unofficial growing areas of Valle d’Aosta?
Alta Valle, Media Valle, Bassa Valle
Which training system is used in Valle d’Aosta? What’s the local name?
Pergola training system, locally called topia system.
Why did phylloxera never reach Alta Valle in Valle d’Aosta?
Cold and high altitude (old ungrafted vines can be found).
What’s the climate in Valle d’Aosta?
Continental climate, because of the rain shadow of Alps, it’s dry, low rainfall, supplied by snowmelt water for viticulture;
Very large diurnal shift昼夜温差很大, significant sunshine/luminosity光照度 making ripening possible for red grapes.
What are the reasons to use Pergola system in Valle d’Aosta?
It’s to protect grapes from hail and to absorb heat from the ground.
How many appellations are there in Valle d’Aosta?
Only one Valle d’Aosta DOC (no DOCG nor IGT)
What’s the river name in Valle d’Aosta?
Dora Baltea River
What’s the characteristics of Prié Blanc?
It’s tolerate the cold weather, light bodied with high acidity and delicate floral flavors.
What’s the winemaking method for Spumante of Blanc de Morgex and La Salle? Ageing?
Tranditional method, mini 9months on lees.
Where is La Salle? Wine types and grape?
It’s in Alta Valle of Valle d’Aosta;
White still dry, sparkling and vendemmia tardiva are all produced from 100% Prié Blanc.
Where is Blanc de Morgex? Wine types and grape?
It’s in Alta Valle of Valle d’Aosta;
White still dry, sparkling and vendemmia tardiva are all produced from 100% Prié Blanc.
Name the 7 subzones of Valle d’Aosta?
Alta Valle: Blanc de Morgex, La Salle: white wines of 100% Prié Blanc;
Media Valle: Enfer d’Arvier, Torrette: 85% and 70% Petit Rouge;
Nus: white from 100% Malvoisie (Pinot Grigio), Passito, Petit Rouge blend red;
Chambave: Petit Rouge red, and famous for Chambave Muscat from 100%
Moscato Bianco, can be dry or flétri;
Bassa Valle: Arnad-Montjovet, Donnas: 70% and 85% Nebbiolo.
Which subzones of Valle d’Aosta produce 100% Prie blanc?
Blanc de Morgex and La Salle.
which subzones of Valle d’Aosta only produce red wines from Petit Rouge?
Enfer d’Arvier, Torrette in Media Valle.
What are the characteristics of Petit Rouge grape variety?
It’s sensitive to sunburn, so tands to be planted at lower elevations.
It’s fruity, easy drinking with flavors of red berries, alphine herbs, and wildflowers.
Where is Chambave ? Wine types and grape?
In Media Valle, Valle d’Aosta;
Red wine from Petit Rouge;
And famous for Muscat from 100% Moscato Bianco, can be dry or flétri.
Where is Torrette ? Wine types and grape?
In Media Valle, Valle d’Aosta;
Red wines of 70% Petit Rouge.
Where is Enfer d’Arvier ? Wine types and grape?
In Media Valle, Valle d’Aosta;
Red wines of 85% Petit Rouge.
Where is Nus ? Wine types and grape?
In Media Valle, Valle d’Aosta;
White wine and Passito from 100% Malvoisie (Pinot Grigio);
Red wine from Petit Rouge.
How is Chambave Muscat flétri made?
Chambave Muscat is a sweet wine produced using the best white Muscato Bianco grapes left to air in an area away from the sun阴凉.
What’s the dessert wine called from Chambave?
Chambave Muscat flétri
What’s the local name for Pinot Grigio in Valle d’Aosta?
Malvoisie
Which subzone of Valle d’Aosta produce Muscat?
Chambave in Media Valle.
What’s the synonym of Nebbiolo in Arnad-Montjovet and Donnas?
Picoutener
Where is Arnad-Montjovet? Wine types and grape?
In Bassa Valle, Valle d’Aosta;
Red wine made from mini 70% Nebbiolo (Picoutener)
Where is Donnas? Wine types and grape?
In Bassa Valle, Valle d’Aosta;
Red wine made from mini 85% Nebbiolo (Picoutener)
What’s the aging requirement for Donnas Nebbiolo?
Mini 24months including 10months in wood;
Mini 30months with 12months in wood for Superiore.
Which types of wine are made in Valle d’Aosta DOC ?
Bianco, Rosato, Rosso, Rosso Novello, Passito (Fletrie); Varietal wines.
Varietal Designated Wines (minimum 85%):
White: Müller-Thurgau, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Bianco, Chardonnay, Petite Arvine, Moscato Bianco, Traminer, Gewürztraminer, Pinot Nero (may be vinified as a white wine);
Vendemmia Tardiva/Vendange Tardive: Müller Thurgau requires a minimum 220 g/l must weight, all other white varieties require 250 g/l;
Red: Gamay, Pinot Nero, Mayolet, Merlot, Premetta, Gamaret, Vuillermin, Fumin, Syrah, Cornalin, Nebbiolo, Petit Rouge.
What’s Passito style called in Valle d’Aosta?
Flétrie
What’s the landscape of Liguria?
Mountainous, narrow region where the Alps and Apennines meet.
Which is the capital city of Liguria?
Genoa
Are there DOCG wines in Liguria? How many DOCs and IGTs?
No DOCG, there are 8 DOCs and 8 IGTs
Which color of grapes are dominate in Liguria?
White grapes
Where is Pigato typically planted in Liguria? And Vermentino?
In the higher hills of the western Ponente;
Vermentino is planted in the eastern Levante, lower in elevation and closer to the coast.
Which is the most important grape in Liguria?
Vermentino
Where does Vermentino perform best in Liguria? Why?
In seaside and coastal areas;
It’s late ripening and tolerant to drought and salty winds.
Where is Cinque Terre DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
Southeast of Liguria, on the Riviera di Levante coast
Bianco/ Sciacchetrà (passito bianco)/Sciacchetrà PassitoRiserva:
80% Bosco, Albarola and/or Vermentino
Where is Colli di Luni DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
*southeast corner of Liguria, borders Tuscan coast
Bianco: mini 35% Vermentino, 25%-40% Trebbiano Toscano+ others
Rosso/Rosso Riserva: mini 50% Sangiovese+others
Varietal wine:
Vermentino/Vermentino Superiore: mini 90%
Albarola: mini 85%
What’s Sciacchetrà ?
Sciacchetrà is a WHITE passito wine (sweet/dessert wine).
It’s speciality of Cinque Terre in Spezia province of Liguria.
Made by air-drying a blend of white grapes, including a minimum of 80% Bosco, Albarola, and/or Vermentino.
Where is Colline di Levanto DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
In Southeast of Liguria, on Levanto coast, northwest of Cinque Terre
Bianco: mini 40% Vermentino
Varietal Vermentino: mini 85% Vermentino
Rosso/Rosso Novello: Sangiovese and Ciliegiolo
Where is Colline di Levanto DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
Eastern Liguria, just northwest of Cinque Terre;
Bianco: mini 40% Vermentino and blend others
Varietal Vermentino: 85% Vermentino
Rosso/Rosso Novello: Sangiovese, Ciliegiolo and others.
Name the five DOCs in the eastern half of Liguria which produce Vermentino based white wines?
Val Polcèvera, Golfo del Tigullio-Portofino, Colline di Levanto, Cinque Terre, Colli di Luni.
Where is Val Polcèvera DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
In middle-eastern Liguria;
Bianco/Bianco Frizzante/Bianco Spumante/Bianco Passito: mini 60% Vermentino blend.
Rosato/ Rosato Frizzante/Rosso/Rosso Novello/Rosso Frizzante: mini 60% Dolcetto, Sangiovese blend.
Where is Golfo del Tigullio-Portofino DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
In eastern Liguria;
Bianco/Bianco Frizzante/Bianco Spumante/Bianco Passito
Rosato/ Rosato Frizzante
Rosso/Rosso Frizzante/Rosso Novello
Varietally labeled: mini 85% Bianchetta Genovese/Scimiscià (Cimixa)/Vermentino/Ciliegiolo(red)
Varietally labeled Moscato: 100% Moscato Bianco
Which DOC border between Liguria and the Toscana coast?
Colli di Luni DOC.
What’s the meaning of Pigato in Ligurian dialect?
Spotted 有斑点的
What are the characteristics of Pigato grape?
Creamier, waxier, more texture than Vermentino, but the same salinity.
In Liguria, which DOC produces Pigato?
Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC
Where is Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
*Western coast of Liguria=Riviera di Ponente
Varietally labeled Bianco: Pigato/Vermentino/Moscato
Varietally labeled Rosso: Granaccia (Alicante)/ Rossese
Varieties:
Varietal Granaccia/Rossese(红): mini 90%
Varietal Pigato/Vermentino: mini 95%
Varietal Moscato: 100% Moscato Bianco
What’s the synonym of Tibouren (in Provence) in Liguria? What’s the color?
Rossese; red color.
What’s the marly-clay soils called in Liguria?
Sgruttu
Which DOCs are producing Rossese in Liguria?
Rossese di Dolceacqua DOC: mini 95%
Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC: varietally labeled wine min 90%
What are the characteristics of Rossese?
Best examples: light to medium bodied but have depth and concentration, with flavors of red currants, violets, graphite石墨
Where is Rossese di Dolceacqua DOC? Types and grapes?
In Southwestern Liguria;
Rosso: min 95% Rossese
need 1yr of aging for Superiore
Where is Ormeasco di Pornassio? DOC or DOCG? Types and grapes?
Western Liguria, DOC;
Sciactrà (Rosato)/ Rosso/ Passito: mini 95% Ormeasco (Dolcetto)
What’s the synonym of Dolcetto in Liguria?
Ormeasco
What’s the rosato version of Ormeasco di Pornassio called locally?
Sciactrà
Which is the top appellation for Dolcetto in Liguria?
Ormeasco di Pornassio DOC (Pornassio DOC)
Which DOC in Liguria produce still/sparklign/passito/vendemmia tardiva Moscato?
Riviera Ligure di Ponente
What’s the local name for Grenache in Liguria?
Granaccia
Name the subzone fo Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC especially produce Moscato?
Taggia
Which subzone of Riviera Ligure di Ponente DOC especially produce Grannacia grape?
Quiliano
What’s the synonym of Nebbiolo in Valtellina?
Chiavennasca
Valtellina is located the north bank of which river?
Adda River
Where is Valtellina?
In North Italy, northern Lombardia, in the province of Sondrio.
What’s the gradient of slope in Valtellina?
Up to 70%
What’s the altitude in Valtellina generally?
300-800m
What’s the soils of Valtellina?
Schist, sandy-loam, alluvial deposits from the Adda River, with good drainage.
Where is Valtellina Rosso? DOC or DOCG? Types or grapes?
Lombardia, DOC, Rosso only, 90% Chiavennasca
Where is Valtellina Superiore? DOC or DOCG? Types or grapes?
Lombardia, DOCG;
Rosso: 90% Chiavennasca
Valtellina Superiore
Valtellina Superiore Riserva
Valtellina Superiore with indication of subzone
What’s the ageing requirment for Valtellina Superiore DOCG?
Valtellina Superiore: 24 months including a minimum 12 months in wood;
Valtellina Riserva: Minimum 3 years including mini 12months in wood.
If Valtellina Superiore is bottled in Switzerland (ageing may occur there too), which term may it be labeled?
Stagafassli
What’s Stagafassli?
It’s Valtellina Superiore wine bottled (maybe also aged) in Switzerland, can be labeled as Stagafassli (it cannot qualify for Riserva or list a subzone).
Name the five subzones of Valtellina Superiore DOCG?
Maroggia, Sassella, Grumello, Inferno, Valgella
What’s the style of Sforzato di Valtellina? DOC or DOCG? Where is it? What’s the grape, how is it made?
1) It’s dry passito wine in the style of Amarone,
2) Became DOCG in 2003;
3) North Lombardia;
4) 90% Chiavennasca;
5) Dried on straw mats for 2months or more, vinification can not begin until December 1. Mini alcohol content is 14% abv, must be aged for 20months from April 1 (with mini 12months in barrels).
Where is Franciacorta DOCG?
In central Lombardy, near the city of Brescia.
Which appellation produce Amarone style wine in Lombardia?
Sforzato di Valtellina DOCG
Which is the Italy’s first DOCG for traditional method sparkling wine ? when was it?
Franciacorta in 1995
Which winery created traditional method Franciacorta? When?
Guido Berlucchi, in the 1950s
Which is the first Franciacorta made, when?
Pinot di Franciacorta, made by Pinot Bianco, in 1961.
What’s the climate in Franciacorta?
Continental climate moderated by the proximity to the lake, less of a diurnal variation. The climate is milder than might be expected in a sparkling wine region比期待的气泡酒产区要更温和 (a warm region for sparkling wine).
Which river is on the west of Franciacorta?
Oglio River
What’s the latitude of Franciacorta? How about Champagne?
45th parallel for Franciacorta; and 48th-49th for Champagne
Which lake is on the north of Franciacorta?
Lake Iseo
Which mountain is on the south of Franciacorta?
Mount Orfano
How many producing communes in Franciacorta DOCG? Which is the most important?
19 communes, Erbusco (where many of the major sparkling houses are based).
Which are the most important grapes in Franciacorta? Which is the third most planted grape variety?
Chardonnay (more than 3/4) and Pinot Noir (17%); the third most important is Pinot Bianco (3%).
Since which year, Erbamat was authorized for making Franciacorta? Up to how many %? Why was it introduced to the blend?
Since 2017; up to 10%.
Since the climate in Franciacorta is relatively warmer than other sparkling wine regions, and Erbamat is a very late ripening and has very high acidity, its neutral charcater doesn’t disrupt the aromas, so it’s good for the blend to add freshness and texture.
Where is Erbusco?
It’s a producing commune in Franciacorta in Lombardia.
Which are the authorized grape varieties for Franciacorta DOCG?
Pinot Nero and/or Chardonnay (any amount)
Maxi 50% Pinot Bianco
Maxi 10% Erbamat
Rose version: mini 35% Pinot Nero.
Which is the first certified organic Franciacorta producer?
Barone Pizzini (in the early 2000s)
The warm climate in Franciacorta leads which important facts on the winemaking and viticulture?
1) Ripe fruits do not need to much dosage, so zero dosage is more common, zero dosage wine represents 5% in 2021;
2) Less rot and moisture, organic farming is common, more than 66% vineyards of Consorzio联盟Franciacorta is practicing organic farming.
What’s the ageing requirements of Franciacorta?
Mini 18months on the lees, with 25months in total.
Rose version/Satèn: mini 24months on lees and 31months in total;
Millesimato: 30mths on lees, 37months in total
(各递增6个月).
Franciacorta Riserva: 60months on lees (longest of any sparkling wine denomination), with 67months in total.
How long is Ca’ del Bosco’s Annamaria Clementi aged on lees?
8 years.
How long should a Franciacorta Riserva aged on lees and in total ?
60months, 67months in total
What’s the vintage Franciacorta called?
Millesimato
What’s the requirements for a Saten style Franciacorta?
1） It’s Blanc de Blanc with only Chardonnay and/or max 50% Pinot Bianco;
2） Less sparkling, max pressure of 5 atmospheres;
3） Only brut in style;
4） Aging mini 24mths on lees, and 31mths in total.
Can Saten style Franciacorta be demi-sec/sec?
NO, only brut in style
What’s the grape varieties for Saten style Franciacorta?
Chardonnay and maximum 50% Pinot Bianco.
Can Franciacorta Millesimato and Riserva be sec/demi-sec?
NO:
Franciacorta Millesimato: Dosaggio Zero, Extra Brut, Brut, Extra Dry;
Franciacorta Riserva: Dosaggio Zero, Extra Brut, Brut (只有干型).
How long should Saten aged?
Same as Rose, 24 mths on lees and 31months in total.
What does Satèn mean in origin?
In Italian it means “seta”=silk, referring to the silky texture.
Where is Curtefranca located? DOC or DOCG?
In Lombardia, Franciacorta; It’s a DOC.
What are the still red and white wines labeled in the Franciacorta area?
Curtefranca DOC (previously known as Terre di Franciacorta).
What are the wine types of Curtefranca DOC?
Bianco: mini 50% Chardonnay+ max 50% PInot Nero and/or Pinot Bianco
Rosso: mini 25% Merlot+mini 20% Cabernet Franc and/or Carmenere+10%-35% Cabernet Sauvignon+other red grapes in Lombardia.
Which is the largest viticultural area in Lombardia? How many DOCs and DOCGs are there is this area？
Oltrepò Pavese; 6 DOCs and 1 DOCG.
Where is Pavia province?
In southwest of Lombardia, between Piemonte and Emilia-Romagna.
Which river is on the north of Oltrepò Pavese?
Po River
Who firstly planted Pinot Nero in Oltrepò Pavese and made the area’s first traditional method sparkling Pinot Noir?
Count Giorgi di Vistarino伯爵
What’s the main grape variety for Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico DOCG? %? Where are these grapes grown?
Pinot Nero, mini 70%; Pinot Nero is typically planted at the higher altitudes in the hills.
Oltrepò Pavese is in which province?
Pavia, southwest of Lombardia
What’s Cruasé?
It’s a brand trademarked注册的商标by the Consorzio Tutela保护Vini Oltrepò Pavese that can be used by the association members for traditional method sparkling rosé with a mini of 85% Pinot Nero.
What’s the brand called which was trademarked by Consorzio Tutela Vini Oltrepo Pavese for traditional method rose sparkling wines with mini 85% Pinot Nero?
Cruasé
Which wine types can be produced in Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico DOCG? grape varieties? Alcohol content?
1) Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico
Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico Rosé
Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico Pinot Nero
Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico Pinot Nero Rosé
2) Metodo Classico/Classico Rose: mini 70% Pinot Nero + max 30% Chardonnay,Pinot Grigio and Pinot Bianco; 11.5% abv.
Metodo Classico Pinot Nero/Classico Rose: mini 85% Pinot Nero + max 15% Chardonnay, Pinot Griogio and Pinot Bianco; 12% abv.
What are the ageing requirements for Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico DOCG?
NV: mini 15months on lees from Jan 1 of the year following the harvest
Millesimato: mini 24months on lees.
What are the wine types of Oltrepò Pavese DOC and grapes?
Bianco: Min. Riesling and/or Riesling Italico;
Rosato/Rosato Frizzante/Rosso/Rosso Riserva: Barbera, Croatina, Uva Rara…
Varietal Pinot Nero Rosato/Pinot Nero Rosato Frizzante/Pinot Nero Rosato Spumante
Varietal wines:
Chardonnay/ Cortese/ Malvasia/ Pinot Nero: still, Frizzante, Spumante
Moscato: still, Frizzante, Spumante, Passito, Licoroso
Riesling: still, Frizzante, Spumante, Riesling Superiore, Riesling Riserva
Sauvignon/Sauvignon Spumante
Barbera/Barbera Frizzante/Barbera Riserva
Cabernet Sauvignon
?? Which varital wine can be made Passito and Licoroso style in Oltrepò Pavese DOC?
Moscato
Name the five DOCs established in 2010 as independent denominations from Oltrepò Pavese?
Oltrepò Pavese Pinot Grigio DOC (min. 85%)
Oltrepò Pavese Pinot Nero DOC (min. 95%)
Oltrepò Pavese Croatina(Bonarda) DOC (min. 85%)
Oltrepò Pavese Buttafuoco/Buttafuoco dell’Oltrepò Pavese DOC: rosso/ rosso frizzante from Barbera, Croatina, Uva Rara.
Oltrepò Pavese Sangue di Giuda DOC: Dolce Rosso or Frizzante from Barbera, Croatina, Uva Rara.
What’s the wine style of Oltrepo Pavese Sangue di Giuda DOC?
Sweet wine: Rosso Dolce, Rosso Frizzante, or Spumante.
What’s the synonym of Bonarda in Italy?
Croatina
What’s the mini RS of Oltrepo Pavese Sangue di Giuda DOC?
Min. 80g/l
Where is Lambrusco Mantovano? DOC or DOCG? Which type of wine is produced? Grapes?
Southeast corner of Lombardy just over the border of Emilia-Romagna, DOC.
Sparkling red wines, from combined min. 85% Lambrusco Viadanese/ Lambrusco Maestri/ Lambrusco Marani/ Lambrusco Salamino.
What’s the synomym of Lambrusco Viadanese?
Lambrusco Mantovano (originate in the province of Mantova), or Grappello Ruberti.
Name the two subzones of Lambrusco Mantovano DOC?
Oltrepò Mantovano and Viadanese-Sabbionetano
What’s Campari? Where is its origin? Where is Gruppo Campari’s headquarter?
It’s an Amaro, orange bitter.
Lombardy.
Headquarter in Milano.
Name the iconic amaro owned by Gruppo Campari?
Campari
Aperol, Cynar (based on artichoke)
Averna (from Sicily)
Bràulio (from Valtellina in Lombardy, with herbs like pine, mint, chamomile aged in Slovonian oak barrels)
What’s Bràulio ? Where is it from?
It’s an Amaro produced in Valtellina in Lombardia, flavored with pine, mind, chamomile, aged in Slavonian oak barrels for two years
Where is Garda DOC? Types of wine and grapes?
1) On the both sides of Garda Lake, Lombardia.
2) Produces white, red, chiaretto (rosato), spumante, passito wines.
3) White mainly from Riesling and/or Riesling Italico;
Chiaretto and Rosso mainly from Groppello
What Nonino Quintessentia? what’s the flavor? Which cocktail is made by this?
It’s an Amaro, made in Friuli, uses the Nonino Family’s grappa as a base spirit, aged for 5years in French barriques and Sherry barrels.
Flavors of orange peel and burnt caramel
Paper Plane纸飞机
What’s Fernet? Which is the most famous brand? Where is it from?
A style of Amaro, higher in alcohol, less sweet, more bitter, including medicinal flavors such as aloe, myrrh没药and mint.
Fernet-Branca, from Milan.
Which is the largest lake in Italy?
Lake Garda
Which is the first DOC awarded in Lombardy?
Lugana DOC
What’s the synonym of Trebbiano di Lugana? Color?
Turbiana; white.
Where is Lugana? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grapes?
Straddling Lombardy and Veneto;
Bianco/ Vendemmia Tardiva/ Spumante;
From Turbiana grape variety
Where is San Benedetto di Lugana?
It’s a high quality Cru in Verona province of Lugana DOC
What are the characteristics of Turbiana Grape ?
Fresh, crisp acidity, green character of mint and fennel.
Where is Valpolicella?
In Veneto, just north of Verona and Adige River.
Which river is on the south of Valpolicella?
Adige River
Name the 5 communes in the Classico zone of Valpolicella DOC? Which is the closest to the lake Garda? Which is eastern most? Which has warmer climate?
1) Sant’ Ambrogio di Valpolicella, Fumane, San Pietro in Cariano, Marano, Negrar (from west to east).
2) Sant’ Ambrogio di Valpolicella is closest to the Lake Garda;
3) Negrar is eastern most;
4) Sant’ Ambrogio di Valpolicella is warmer because of proximity to the lake, temperature has 4 degrees Celsius higher than Negrar.
Where is Classico zone of Valpolicella DOC?
Western side of the appellation.
Name the three subzones of Valpolicella DOC? Which is the closest to the Lake Garda?
Valpolicella Classico (west), Valpantena (central), Valpolicella Est (east);
Classico zone is closest to the Lake Garda.
Valpolicella Est is famous because of which winery?
Dal Forno Romano
Where is Dal Forno Romano located?
In the eastern Illasi Valley of Valpolicella Est.
Which subzone has the most major producers of Valpolicella? Name 4 producers?
Valpolicella Classico; Masi, Allegrini, Quintarelli, Bussola.
In which province is Valpolicella located?
In Verona
Wine types of Valpolicella DOC? Grape varieties?
Valpolicella, Valpolicella Classico, Valpolicella Valpantena, Valpolicella Superiore.
45%-95% Corvina and/or Corvinone + 5%-30% Rondinella
What’s the major factor of the air-drying Valpolicella’s wines?
The dry breezes and humidity of the Lake Garda environment.
Name the three denominations within Valpolicella DOC and elevated to their owns? When were they elevated?
Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG, Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG, Valpolicella Ripasso DOC;
In 2010.
Name the four appellations of Valpolicella? Main grape varieties? Which other grapes?
1) Valpolicella DOC, Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG, Reccioto della Valpolicella DOCG, Valpolicella Ripasso DOC.
2) All four appellations must include 45-95% Corvina and/or Corvinone, with 5%-30% Rondinella.
3) Up to 25% of other red grapes with no single variety exceeding 10%: Molinara, Oseleta, Croatina, Dindarella, Spigamonti, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot.
What’s the vine training system in Valpolicella for Corvina? Why to use this system?
Pergola veronese system, because Corvina is sensitive to humidity, botrytis and sunburn.
This system provides good aeration and sun protection.
What’s the signature flavor of Corvina?
Red cherry.
Why was the authorized % of Corvinone changed from max50% to 95%? since which year?
Corvinone performs better in warmer vintages than Corvina and may play an increasing role with climate change.
It was raised since 2019.
What does Corvinone bring to the blend?
Brings tannin and structure (which is lacked by Corvina).
What does Rondinella bring to the blend of Valpolicella? Why is it important in the sweet Recioto della Valpolicella?
1) It adds an herbal character to Valpolicella wines.
2) Because it accumulates sugars very easily.
What’s the room called to dry grapes for Recioto or Amarone?
Fruttaio
What does Molinara bring the wine of Valpolicella?
It’s lighter red grape, which can add freshness, salinity, and lively acidity, also help to soften heavier wines.
How long does the appassimento process practice in Valpolicella? During which time the grapes lose how many % of their original weight?
Typically 100-120days;
40%-50%.
What’s the Min. Alcohol of Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG? Min. RS?
12% abv (14% abv potential alcohol);
Mini 2.8% abv potential alcohol = 50g/l RS
Which types of wine are produced under Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG?
Recioto della Valpolicella,
Recioto della Valpolicella Classico,
Recioto della Valpolicella Spumante,
Recioto della Valpolicella Valpantena,
Recioto della Valpolicella Valpantena Spumante.
What’s the Min. Alcohol of Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG? Min. RS?
12% abv (14% abv potential alcohol);
Mini 2.8% abv potential alcohol = 50g/l RS.
What’s the ageing requirements for Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG?
Normale: mini 2years
Riserva: mini 4years
No barrel aging is specified (many vessels are used, large Slavonian botti to New French barriques)
Which types of wine are produced under Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG?
Recioto della Valpolicella,
Recioto della Valpolicella Classico,
Recioto della Valpolicella Spumante,
Recioto della Valpolicella Valpantena,
Recioto della Valpolicella Valpantena Spumante.
What’s the mini. Alcohol content of Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG?
14% abv (potential alcohol is 11% abv when harvest, and dried to 14% abv.)
What does ripasso process provide to wine?
Provides additional body, tannin, alcohol, richness, complexity, and raisinated fruit character of Amarone, but at a lower price.
What’s the RS of Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG?
9g/l for 14% alcohol wines (before 2019 was 12g/l);
An additional 0.1%g/l of sugar for each 0.1% increase in alcohol (up to 16% abv): 10g/l RS for 15% abv.
And additional 0.15%g/l of sugar for each 0.1% in alcohol (above 16% abv).
What’s the similar process to ripasso in Toscana?
Governo
What does Ripasso mean?
Repassed
What’s the ripasso process?
After Amarone or Recioto della Valpolicella has finished fermentation and racked into a new container, the leftover grape skins (pomace) has some remaining sugar, then added to a young Valpolicella wine to start refermentation.
Who used first “ripasso” on label and when?
Masi in 1967 on its Campofiorin wine
When was ripasso trademark?
In 1988
What’s the mini alcohol content of Valpolicella Ripasso/ Superiore DOC ?
12.5% abv for Valpolicella Ripasso DOC;
13% abv for Valpolicella Ripasso Superiore DOC
What’s the require for the vines of Amarone and Recioto della Valpolicella?
Mini of 4 years
Where is Bardolino ? DOC or DOCG?
Just west of Valpolicella on the shore of Lake Garda, in Veneto; DOC.
Which type of wine are produced in Bardolino DOC? Grape varieties?
Chiaretto Rosato / Rosso / Rosso Novello/ Chiaretto Spumante:
40%-95% Corvina Veronese and/or Corvinone (max. 20%)
5-40% Rondinella
maximum 15% Molinara
Other grapes.
Name the three subzones of Bardolino DOC? When were they approved officially?
What are the requirements for the subzones indication?
1) La Rocca, Montebaldo, Sommacampagna;
2) Approved in 2021;
3) Mini one year of ageing.
Where is Custoza (before 2022 was Bianco di Custoza)? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine and grapes?
1) Just south of Bardolino, west of Veneto;
2) DOC level;
3) Bianco/ Bianco Superiore/ Bianco Riserva/ Bianco Passito/ Bianco Spumante;
4) Mini 70% combined Cortese, Friulano, Garganega, and/or Trebbiano Toscano (no single variety more than 45%).
Name the two subzones of Soave?
Colli Scaligeri (hillsides outside the Classico zone)
Classico (part of the communes of Soave and Monteforte d’Alpone)
Where is Monteforte d’Alpone? What’s the soil and altitude?
It’s a commune of Soave;
Volcanic;
Up to 400m.
Where is Soave? DOC or DOCG?
1) Just east of Valpolicella (Western part of Veneto);
2) DOC;
3) Bianco: Soave, Soave Spumante (rare), Soave Colli Scaligeri, Soave Classico;
4) Min. 70% Garganega + Max. 30% Combined Trebbiano di Soave and Chardonnay.
What’s the training system in Soave for Garganega? Why?
Pergola Veronese;
Its shaded canopy allowing grapes to ripen more slowly, with lower sugars and lighter acids, more aromatic.
Where is Colli Scaligeri ?
Hillsides outside the Soave Classico zone
What are the soil types of Soave? Wine styles?
Western part: commune of Soave - calcareous marls钙质泥灰岩with higher limestone; wines are refined, delicate, intensely floral.
Eastern part: commune of Monteforte d’Alpone - volcanic soils rich in basalt玄武岩 and tuff凝灰岩; Wines are more powerful, structured, spicy.
Who release the first single vineyard Soave wine? When?
Pieropan, Calvarino in 1971.
Where is Gambellara? DOC or DOCG? Type of wine? Grapes?
1) Just eastern border of Soave (in Veneto);
2) DOC;
3) Bianco/ Bianco Superiore/ Classico/ Classico Vin Santo/ Spumante;
4) Mini 80% Garganega, max 20% Pinot Bianco, Chardonnay, Trebbiano di Soave
Which level is Recioto di Soave? Which types of wine are produced? What’s the mini ptential alcohol? Mini RS?
1) DOCG;
2) Recioto di Soave/ Recioto di Soave Classico/ Recioto di Soave Spumante;
3) Mini potential alcohol is 14% abv;
4) Mini RS is 70g/l
What’s Torcolato?
It’s a sweet, dried-grape white Recioto wine made from 100% Vespaiola.
What’s the style of Breganze torcolato?
High acidity, floral, with flavors of honey, ripe tropical fruit.
Which level is Recioto di Gambellara ? types of wine? Grapes?
DOCG; Recioto di Gambellara Classico/ Recioto di Gambellara Classico Spumante;
100% Garganega.
Where is Breganze located? DOC or DOCG? Type of wines? Grapes?
1) North-central Veneto; DOC;
2) Bianco, Rosso, Torcolato, Vespaiolo Spumante, varietal wines from local and Cabernet.
3) Bianco: 50% Tai, Rosso: 50% Merlot, Torcolato: 100% Vespaiolo
Which type of Gambellara DOC is authorized for Durella grape?
Spumante is the only one style to include Durella
Name the 6 subzones of Gambellara DOC?
Faldeo, Taibane, Monti di Mezzo, San Marco, Creari, Selva
Name one key producer of Breganze DOC?
Maculan
What are the characteristics of Durella grape? Color?
Thick skin, and high acidity; white grape.
What’s the difference between Durella and Durello?
Durella is the grape variety and Durello is the wine.
Name two appellations in Veneto producing Durella Grape?
Lessini Durello DOC
Monti Lessini DOC
Which types of wine are produced under Lessini Durello DOC? Grape?
Spumante;
Mini 85% Durello.
Where is Monti Lessini? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine? Grapes?
1) Just north of Soave (Veneto);
2) DOC;
3) Bianco: Mini 50% Chardonnay + Max. 50% Durella, Garganega, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris and Sauvignon
Durello/ Durello Passito: Min. 85%
Pinot Nero: Min. 85% Pinot Nero
Name the Spumante Denomination using Durella grape? Winemaking method? Ageing?
1) Lessini Durello DOC in Veneto;
2) Can be both tank method or traditional method, but if labeled Riserva has to be tradtional method.
3) Riserva: mini 36months on lees.
Where is Friularo di Bagnoli? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine? Grapes? Ageing?
1) South of Veneto, north bank of Adige River, South of Padua;
2) DOCG;
3) Rosso/ Rosso Riserva/Vendemmia Tardiva (dry)/Passito;
4) Min. 90% Raboso Piave
5) Rosso: mini 12mths;
Riserva: mini 24mths (including 12mths in barrel);
Passito: mni 24mths in barrel.
What’s the synonym of Friularo in Veneto?
Raboso Piave
What are the characteristics of Raboso Piave? Color?
Red grape;
Aromatic, flavors of black fruits, high acidity and aggressive tannins.
What’s the unique requirements for Piave Malanotte DOCG?
15-30% of the grapes must be dried (appassimento) until at least December 8 of the harvest year
When was Colli Euganei Fior d’Arancio seperated from Colli Euganei DOC? Which level is it?
In 2010, DOCG for Colli Euganei Fior d’Arancio
Where is Piave Malanotte? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine? Grapes? Ageing?
East of Veneto; DOCG; Rosso; Mini 70% Raboso Piave and Max. 30% Raboso Veronese
**Min. 3 years including at least 12 months in barrel and 4 months in bottle.
What’s the clone of Moscato in Colli Euganei Fior d’Arancio DOCG and Colli Euganei DOC?
Moscato Giallo(黄色) in Colli Euganei Fior d’Arancio DOCG; Moscato Bianco in Colli Euganei.
Where is Colli Euganei Fior d’Arancio? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine? Grapes? RS?
1) In Veneto, Padua province;
2) DOCG;
3) Tranquillo (Secco or Dolce),
Spumante,
Passito
4) Min. 95% Moscato Giallo
5) Dolce, Spumante, Passito all mini. 50g/l.
What’s the synonym of Glera in Colli Euganei?
Serprino
Where is Colli Euganei? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine? Grapes? RS?
1) Veneto
2) DOC
3) Bianco: minimum 30% Garganega + mini 30% Tai and/or Sauvignon Blanc
Rosso: 40-80% Merlot
Moscato: Min. 90% Moscato Bianco
Moscato/Pinello/Serprino Spumante,
Pinello/Serprino Frizzante
Which is the most planted red grape in Veneto?
Merlot, more than 1/3 of Italy’s total Merlot Plantings.
Where area is covered by delle Venezie DOC?
All of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, along with the Trento province of Trentino-Alto Adige.
Which is Italy’s second largest producing DOC? When was it promoted from IGT to DOC? What are the types of wine? Grape varieties?
delle Venezie DOC; in 2017;
Bianco/ Varietal Pinot Grigio/ Spumante Pinot Grigio
Pinot Grigio (Bianco and Spumante may be labeled Pinot Grigio delle Venezie DOC)
Which DOCG is carved out from Montello Asolo is specifically for Bordeaux Blends? In which year? Grape %?
Montello Rosso DOCG; since 2011.
40%–70% Cabernet Sauvignon; 30%–60% Cabernet Franc, Carmenère, and/or Merlot
What are the RS levels for dosage of Prosecco DOC?
Brut Nature (no dosage),
Extra Brut (0-6 g/l),
Brut (max. 12 g/l),
Extra Dry (12-17 g/l),
Dry (17-32 g/l),
Demisec (32-50 g/l)
Where is Montello Asolo DOC? Types of wine? Grapes?
In Veneto near Treviso;
Bianco: Chardonnay
Rosso: Cab S+Merlot+Cab F+Carmenere
Spumante: Chardonnay or Pinot Bianco
What’s the grape variety for Montello Asolo DOC Venegazzù/Venegazzù Superiore?
50%-70% Cabernet Sauvignon
+ Merlot/Cab F/Carmenere
Name 3 DOCs in Veneto focus on international varieties? Where are they?
Colli Berici DOC near Vicenza,
Colli Euganei DOC near Padua,
Montello Asolo DOC near Treviso.
what’s the grape variety of Allegrini’s La Poja? Appellation?
100% Corvina, Veronese IGT
Which is the wolrd’s best selling sparkling wine by volume?
Prosecco
Which is the most common winemaking method for Prosecco?
Metodo Martinotti = Charmat method
Name examples of Super Venetians bottled as Veneto IGT?
Giuseppe Quintarelli’s Alzero: Cab S, Cab F, Merlot in French and Slavonian oak;
Maculan’s Palazzotto Cab S and Merlot in French barriques.
Where is Colli Berici DOC? Types of wine?
In Veneto near Vicenza;
Red (Merlot), white (Garganega+Sauvignon Blanc), sparkling (Chardonnay,Pinot Bianco,Pinot Nero)
Who is the producer of Alzero? Grapes?
Giuseppe Quintarelli; Cab S, Cab F, Merlot
Who made the earliest sparkling Prosecco wine? When was it?
Antonio Carpenè in 1873
Who established Italy’s first enology school? Where and when?
Antonio Carpenè in Conegliano, in 1876.
What are the grape varieties of Prosecco DOC?
Mini. 85% Glera,
Remaining 15% can be Verdiso, Bianchetta Trevigiana, Chardonnay, Perera, Glera Lunga,
Pinot Bianco, Pinot Grigio, and/or Pinot Nero.
If a Prosecco labeled “sui lieviti” or “col fondo”, what’s the wine style?
It’s similar to a Pet-Nat, in which the lees remain in the bottle without riddling or disgorgement, producing a rustic, cloudy, more autolytic自溶style of Prosecco.
What’s the sweetness levels of Prosecco? What’s the most common RS categories?
From Brut Nature to demi-sec;
Most common: extra dry and dry.
What’s the Italian term for “on yeasts”? with the bottom?
Sui lieviti;
Col fondo
Which New category of Prosecco was created in 2020 and helped Prosecco cement its domination it the world of sparkling wines占统治地位?
Rosé Prosecco
Name the two official subzones of Prosecco DOC?
Trieste (eastern most), Treviso (central Prosecco)
When was Rosé Prosecco created ? How is it made? What are the requirements?
1) In 2020;
2) Must be spumante and contain 10%-15% Pinot Nero, vinified as a red wine and added to the base of a minimum of 85% Glera.
3) All Rose Prosecco must be vintage-dated, sweetness levels can range from Brut Nature to Extra Dry.
Prior to 2020, if a pink sparkling wines produced in Prosecco, which term can was labeled?
Vino Spumante, can not name Prosecco.
Which denomination of Prosecco allows to make rosé Prosecco?
Only the basic Prosecco DOC
What’s the grape of Asolo Prosecco DOCG? Types?
Mini 85% Glera (Prosecco);
Bianco tranquillo, Bianco Frizzante, Spumante Bianco Superiore, Spumante Superiore Sui Lieviti.
Which is the most important denomination for quality Prosecco?
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG
What’s the grape of Conegliano Valdobbiadene DOCG? Types?
Mini 85% Glera;
Tranquillo, Frizzante, Spumante Superiore, Spumante Superiore Sui Lieviti,
Spumante Superiore +Rive, Superiore di Cartizze.
Name the two DOCGs of Prosecco in Treviso province?
Asolo Prosecco DOCG, Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG
Where is Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG producing area?
It surrounds the towns of Valdobbiadene in the west + Conegliano in the east
Which is the second largest DOCG in Italy?
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG (just behind Chianti DOCG)
Which river bounded Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG?
Piave River (southwest of the appellation)
What’s the terroirs and wine styles’ differences between Valdobbiadene and Conegliano?
*Valdobbiadene: western side, it’s cooler and steeper at higher altitudes, soils are marls and conglomerates泥灰岩和砾岩with excellent drainage;
wines are more floral and perfumed;
*Conegliano: eastern side, warmer and lower, soils are morainic冰碛or clay,
wines are fuller bodied and spicier.
How many “rive” are there within Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG?
43 rive
Which type of Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG can label a rive ?
Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG Supmante Superiore + rive
Can Sui Lieviti style be labeled rive?
NO
What’s a “Rive” in Conegliano Valdobbiadene?
It refers to hillside vineyards or riverbank slopes
What are the requirements for Rive designation?
1) Must be hand-harvested
2) Must be vintage-dated
3) Lower maximum yields of 13 tons/L (normal DOCG is 13.5tons/L)
4) Higher mini. Alcohol 11.5% abv (normal DOCG 10.5% abv)
5) On the slopes which are the steepest and most labor intensive (requiring 700 hours of work per hectare, normal is 120hours for flatter vineyard).
Name 5 most regarded Rive of Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco DOCG?
Col San Martino, Colbertaldo di Vidor, Farra di Soligo, Ogliano, Pieve di Soligo, Soligo.
What’s the terroir of Cartizze?
1) The slope is extremely steep, average gradation is 35% and the steepest areas is 60%.
2) Facing directly south
3) Harvest 2 weeks later to obtain the highest ripeness and sugar
Which is the most exceptional site of Prosecco?
Cartizze
Name the 3 subzones of Cartizze?
Cartizze Alto: highest and steepest vineyard, at 230-320m 冷空气下沉 warmer than lower part, riper but with high acidity due to the diurnal shift昼夜变化.
Cartizze Est
Cartizze Ovest: 180-230m
What are the sweetness levels of Cartizze?
Usually is dry, with 17-32g/l of RS per liter.
Of all 2020 Conegliano Valdobbiadene DOCG, how many % was Superiore di Cartizze? And how many % for Rive?
1.4% for Superiore di Cartizze; 2.6% for Rive.
What are the maximum yields of normal Conegliano Valdobbiadene DOCG, Rive, and Superiore di Cartizze?
13.5 tons/ha; 13tons/ha; 12tons/ha
Which producer has the largest share of Cartizze vineyards? Name 4 other key producers?
Bisol has the largest;
Adami, Col Vetoraz, Le Colture, Villa Sandi.
What are the mini. Alcohol content of normal Conegliano Valdobbiadene DOCG, Rive, and Superiore di Cartizze?
10.5%abv, 11.5% abv, 11.5% abv.
What’s the primary language in Trentino-Aldo Adige?
German (border with Austria)
Where is Tramin located?
In Trentino-Alto Adige
What’s the elevation in Trentino-Aldo Adige?
Up to 1000meters
What’s the climate of Trentino-Alto Adige?
Continental climate with both alpine高山and Mediterranean influences.
High altitude, south-facing slopes, large diurnal shifts = long growing season provide freshness, acidity, and phenolic grape ripening.
(具体: Alps blocks the cold air from the north, warm breezes from the Lake Garda and Mediterranean sea, even nothern altitude, Trentino-Aldo Adige has the hottest summer daytime)
How many % of Trentino-Alto Adige is white wine?
More than 70%
Which are the top 3 planted white grapes in Trentino-Aldo Adige?
Top 1 is Chardonnay with 22% of plantings, 2nd Pinot Grigio 19%, Schiava 9%.
Kerner is a high-quality cross between which grapes?
Riesling x Schiava Grossa
Are there DOCG in Trentino-Alto Adige? How many DOCs and IGTs?
NO; 9 DOCs and 4 IGTs.
What’s the local name for Gewuztraminer in Trentino-Aldo Adige?
Traminer Aromatico
What’s the local name for Gruner Veltliner in Trentino-Aldo Adige?
Veltliner
Name a well-regarded/high quality co-op in Trentino?
Cantina Terlano
How many % of Trentino-Alto Adige wine are produced in Alto Adige?
70%
How many wines of Trentino are produced from co-ops?
More than 90%
Name two large DOCs in Trentino-Alto Adige? Types of wine?
Alto Adige DOC (Südtirol DOC);
Trentino DOC
Both produces white, rosato, red, sparkling, sweet wines.
In Alto Adige, which subzone is especially renowned for Schiava? Where is it located? What’s the terroir?
Santa Maddelena, it’s in the hillsides northeast of Bolzano.
What are the characteristics of Schiava? Which grape is typically blended with it?
Light-bodied, light-colored with high acidity, red berries, sweet almond, and savory flavors.
Typically blended with Lagrein (providing fuller body).
What’s the other name for Alto Adige DOC?
Südtirol DOC (South Tyrol)
Which is the capital city of South Tyrol?
Bolzano (Bozen)
Name the 3 subzones of Alto Adige DOC which are specialized in Schiava grape varietal? How many % of Schiava is required in these subzones?
Colli di Bolzano, Meranese, Santa Maddelena;
Min. 85%/
Alto Adige DOC is surrounding which province?
Bolzano
Which color is Schiava grape? What’s the synonym in Aldo Adige?
Red; Vernatsch
Name the other 3 subzones of Alto Adige DOC? Which is the coolest?
Terlano, Valle Isarco, Valle Venosta
Valle Isarco
What’s the German name for Abbazia di Novacella?
Kloster Neustift
Where is Valle Isarco? Which grapes are produced here?
A subzone of Alto Adige;
*known for white wines, including Kerner, Sylvaner, and Müller-Thurgau.
*Also produce a red blend called Klausner Laitacher
What does Schiava refer to?
Schiava” refers to three distinct varieties, Schiava Grossa, Schiava Gentile, and Schiava Grigia.
Name the oldest winery in Valle Isarco? When was it established?
Abbazia di Novacella; in 1142 - one of the world’s oldest active wineries.
What’s Klausner Laitacher?
A red blend from Schiava, Pinot Nero, Lagrein, Portoghese made in Valle Isarco subzone of Alto Adige DOC.
Name the oldest winery in Valle Isarco? When was it established?
Abbazia di Novacella; in 1142 - one of the world’s oldest active wineries.
What’s the German name for Abbazia di Novacella?
Kloster Neustift
What’s Klausner Laitacher?
A red blend from Schiava, Pinot Nero, Lagrein, Portoghese made in Valle Isarco subzone of Alto Adige DOC.
Which subzones of Trentino DOC are producing Marzemino grape?
Isera, Ziresi
Which color is Marzemino? What are the characteristics?
Red: medium-bodied, high acidity, with herbal and bitter flavors.
Name the 5 subzones of Trentino DOC?
Castel Beseno, Isera, Ziresi, Sorni, Valle di Cembra
Where is Castel Beseno? Which grape is produced? Which types of wine?
It’s a subzone within Trentino DOC;
Moscato Giallo : dry, passito, vendemmia tardiva.
What are the producing areas of Valdadige DOC?
Adige Valley in Alto Adige, Trentino, and a northwestern section of Veneto.
Where is Valdadige? DOC or DOCG? What’s the other name ? Types of wine?
In Trentino;
A DOC;
Etschtaler DOC;
White, rosato, Red, Frizzante
What’s the other name of Etschtaler DOC?
Valdadige DOC
Who is the producer of Granato? How is it made?
Elisabetta Foradori;
Teroldego from 70-year-old vines, powerful wine.
What are the characteristics of Teroldego?
Deep color, fruity, soft tannins for novello wines;
But it can produce complex, ageworthy wines with pomegranate, licorice, and fresh herbs.
Name the specialist producer of Teroldego?
Elisabetta Foradori
Which is the most important native red grape in Trentino?
Teroldego
Teroldego is the parent of which two grape varieties?
Lagrein, and Marzemino.
Which is the most renowned site fro Teroldego?
Compo Rotaliano: flat plain with alluvial deposits of sand, gravel, pebbles.
Where is Teroldego Rotaliano? DOC or DOCG? Type of wine? Grape?
In Trentino; DOC; Rosso or Rose; 100% Teroldego.
Which grape is Trentino Vino Santo made from? How many % of this grape is required ?
Ageing?
Native grape: Nosiola (name from nocciola=hazelnut, because when dried it has nutty aromas)
Min. 85%
Mini 3 years, and 4 years for Superiore.
Is Trentino Vin Santo is correct?
NO, should be Trentino Vino Santo
Which is the only traditional method region high in the mountains? What’s the elevation? What’s the soil?
Trento DOC in Trentino; up to 900m; rich in limestone and silica二氧化硅.
Sweetness level of Trento DOC?
Riserva can be only Brut nature or Brut;
For Spumante and Rosato can be any level to dolce.
Name the denomination exclusively for traditional method sparkling wine in Trentino? Types? Grapes?
Trento DOC;
Spumante: Bianco and Rosato
From any proportions of Chardonnay, Pinot Nero, Pinot Bianco, Pinot Meunier.
Which producer made the first Trentino traditional method sparkling wine? When?
Giulio Ferrari; in 1902.
What’s the ageing requirements for Trento DOC ?
Mini 15months on lees for Spumante and rosato;
24months for millesimato;
36months for Riserva
Who brought German innovations in vinification and viticulture back to Friuli in 1960s?
Mario Schiopetto
Which is the capital city of Friuli-Venezia Giulia?
Trieste (one of the most important commercial ports of Europe).
Name 2 leading producers of orange wines based in Friuli?
Josko Gravner, Stanislao Radikon (known as Stanko)
When did Stanislao Radikon pass away?
In 2016
What’s the most prized soil in Friuli? Where to find it?
Ponca, on the hillside slopes
What’s Ponca soil?
Friable sedimentary rock with alternating layers of marl and sandstone一种易碎的沉积岩，由泥灰岩和砂岩交替构成.
Which region in Italy has the highest proportion of white wine?
Friuli, 86% production is white wine.
Name the top 4 planted grape varieties in Friuli?
Pinot Griogio, Glera, Merlot, Friulano
When was Friuli (Friuli-Venezie Giulia) approved to DOC level?
In 2016
Which types of wine are produced in Friuli (Friuli-Venezie Giulia) DOC?
Bianco: Chardonnay, Friulano, Istrian Malvasia, Pinot Bianco, Pinot Grigio, Riesling, Sauvignon, Aromatic Traminer, Verduzzo Friulano, and/or Ribolla Gialla;
Rosso: any blend of Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenère, Merlot, Pinot Noir, and/or Refosco;
Spumante/ Spumante Metodo Classico: Chardonnay, Pinot Bianco, Pinot Grigio, and/or Pinot Nero;
Spumante Ribolla Gialla/ Spumante Metodo Classico Ribolla Gialla:
Min. 85% Ribolla Gialla, + max. 15% Pinot Bianco, Pinot Grigio, Chardonnay, Pinot Nero.
Which types of wine are produced in Friuli Colli Orientali DOC?
Bianco/ Bianco varietal/ Bianco Dolce
Rosso/ Rosso varietal
Which denomination is for Friuli’s most important quality wine in the hills near the Slovenian border?
Friuli Colli Orientali DOC
Name the 5 subzones of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC? Which is the northernmost subzone?
Which is easternmost?
1) Cialla, Ribolla Gialla di Rosazzo, Pignolo di Rosazzo,
Schioppettino di Prepotto, Refosco di Faedis.
2) Refosco di Faedis is the northernmost.
3) Easternmost part is Prepotto
Which subzone of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC is producing Refosco? What’s the color and characteristics of Refosco?
Refosco di Faedis,
Red grape, soft, more refined.
Which subzone of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC is producing Pignolo?
What are the characteristics of Pignolo?
Pignolo di Rosazzo;
Pignolo is the most full bodied of the Friuli reds and most tannic reds in all of Italy, needing years of bottle age.
What’s the ageing requirements for Pignolo di Rosazzo?
Mini 4 years.
Name the Grand Cru of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC? Which two varietal wines are produced here?
Rosazzo (south of the denomination);
Ribolla Gialla di Rosazzo, and Pignolo di Rosazzo.
Rosazzo refers to two different denominations, which are they?
*One is the subzone of Friuli Colli Orientali producing varietal wines of Ribolla Gialla and Pignolo;
*the other one is Rosazzo DOCG
Where is Rosazzo? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine? Grapes? Ageing?
East of Friuli-Venezie Giulia; DOCG;
Only Bianco: min. 50% Friulano (Tai), 20-30% Sauvignon Blanc, 20-30% Pinot Bianco and/or Chardonnay, Max. 10% Ribolla.
*min. 18months, (often barrel fermented).
What’s the synonym of Friulano?
Tai
Where is Cialla? It’s monopole of which producer?
1) It’s a subzone of Friuli Colli Orientali, is a hamlet within Prepotto.
2) Monopole of Ronchi di Cialla
What’s Ronchi means ?
Hillside, terraced vineyard
Which subzone of Friuli Colli Orientali DOC producing Schioppettino?
Prepotto (easternmost)
Which color is Schioppettino? Characteristics?
Red: medium body, high acidity with black fruits and pepper flavors.
Who is the monopole Cialla Valley’s owner and producer? What’s the unique terroir of Cialla ?
Ronchi di Cialla;
It’s an east-west valley that is the coolest, windiest, rainiest part of Friuli Colli Orientali, grapes here are harvested two weeks later than the rest of denomination.
Where is Ronchi di Cialla located? What’s this winery famous for?
Collio Orientali del Friuli, just under three miles as the crow flies from the Slovenian border
Famous for producing native varieties: Schioppettino, Picolit, Ribolla Gialla and so on.
Who are the founder of Ronchi di Cialla? What did they do for protecting the native grapes?
Dina and Paolo Rapuzzi;
Schioppettino had nearly disappeared in the 1970s and was brought back through the work of Dina and Paolo Rapuzzi.
Name the Picolit passito wine’s denomination? When was it established? It has the same boundaries as which appellation?
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG; in 2006;
Same boundaries as Friuli Colli Orientali DOC.
What’s % of Picolit for Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG? Ageing?
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG: Min. 85% Picolit; Min. 1year of ageing;
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit Cialla: 100% Picolit; 2years
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit Cialla Riserva: 100% Picolit; 4 years.
Where is the Judrio River?
Friuli Venezie Giulia
Where is Ramandolo? DOC or DOCG? Type of wine? Grapes?
In Friuli; DOCG; Passito white; from 100% Verduzzo Friulano.
Name the two Passito DOCG in Friuli-Venezie Giulia?
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolilt DOCG; Ramandolo DOCG
Where is Collio Goriziano? DOC or DOCG? Types of wine?
In Friuli, DOC,
White, red from native and international varieties;
3/4 from 4 white grapes: Pinto Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc, Ribolla Gialla, Friulano.
Name four famous wineries based in Collio ?
Venica & Venica, Schiopetto, Gravner, Radikon
Where is Nonino located? Which are the signature native grape variety made for grappa?
In Udine, a province of Friuli;
Picolit, Ribolla Gialla.
Where is Carso? DOC or DOCG?
In south of Collio DOC, Trieste province, in Friuli.
DOC level
Another name for Carso DOC? Types of wine? Key varieties?
Kras DOC
Bianco: Malvasia Istriana, Vitovska;
Rosso: Terrano.
What’s the soil of Carso DOC?
Iron rich red clay soil
Name 3 Friuli DOC?
Friuli Grave DOC, Friuli Isonzo DOC, Friuli Aquileia DOC.
In 1992, what happened in Italian wine history?
Goria’s law introduced the Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) tier.
Which country produces the world’s highest volume of wine? How many regions are there in Italy?
Italy; 20 regions.
What’s a Fiasco/Fiaschi?
A fiasco is a traditional Italian style of bottle, usually with a round body and bottom, partially or completely covered with a close-fitting straw basket (tipical bottle of Chianti).
What’s the traditional bottle called of Chianti wines?
Fiasco/Fiaschi
What’s the full name of DOC and DOCG?
Denominazione di Origine Controllata; Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita.
When was the first DOC/G awarded in Italy?
In 1966 and 1980
When was Goria’s law introduced?
In 1992
Which was the first vintage of Sassicaia? What was the wine’s appellation ?
Which grapes are the wine made?
1968; Marchese Mario Incisa della Rocchetta;
Vino da Tavola; Cabernet-Sauvignon based from Tuscan Coast.
Who are the new generation of “modernist” winemakers in 1980s in Barolo?
Elio Altare, Paolo Scavino, Luciano Sandrone, Angelo Gaja.
Who first introduced dry appassimento-method wine - Amarone? When?
Bertani, Valpolicella, in 1950s.
Who first made Sagrantino dry wine?
Arnaldo Caprai, in Montefalco
By the report of International Organisation of Vine and Wine, which country is the world’s largest producer of wine since 2020? How about 2015-2019?
France, Italy.
Which country exports the most wines in the world? Which is the second?
Spain, Italy is second.
When was the first commercial vintage of Sassicaia harvested?
In 1968
When was DOC/DOCG law enacted? When was the first DOCs awarded? And DOCG?
1963; first DOCs in 1966 and first DOCG in 1980.
When was Italian Unification completed? And when was Rome named the capital?
1870/ 1871.
Who wined two silver medals for his new “brunello” wines at the agricultural fair in Montepulciano? When was it?
Clemente Santi, in 1869.
Which areas were demarcated by Cosimo III de’Medici in 1716?
Chianti, Pomino, Valdarno and Carmignano
Who first fermented Barolo wines to dryness? When?
Louis Oudart (French), 1840s.
When was the wine Chianti first mentioned in text?
In 1398.
How long does Italy stretches from northwest to southeast?
1200km
What’s the most appropriate latitude band for quality viticulture in the Nothern Hemisphere? What’s the latitude of Italy?
30-50 degrees; 36.5 to 47 degrees for Italy.
Which are the two micronations微型国家 within Italy?
Vatican City (in Rome), and San Marino (borders Italy’s Emilia-Romagna and Marche regions)
Which countries are bordered with Italy?
France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia.
To the north, Italy is sheltered by which mountains?
Alps, including Mont Blanc shared with France, and the Matterhorn shared with Switzerland
Which mountains form the spine of Italy意大利的脊梁?
Apennine Mountains
Which is the longest river of Italy? How long is it? Does it play an important role for Italian viticulture?
Po river, 650km, less important.
Which seas are surrounded Italy?
To the east is Adriatic sea, to the southeast is Ionian Sea, to the west is Ligurian Sea,
to the south is Tyrrhenian Sea.
How many % of Italy’s topography consists of mountains or hillsides?
80%
Which is the most important winery in San Marino? Which grape varieties are planted in San Marino?
Cantina San Marino - a cooperative with 100 grower-members.
Sangiovese, Biancale, Ribolla, Moscato, and French varieties.
What’s Sirocco gusts?
A hot and humid wind from Africa, affecting Sicily and Southern Italy.
What’s the name of the wind from Africa in Italy? Affecting which areas?
Sirocco gusts
What’s Bora?
Refer to a cold and powerful Adriatic wine
What’s the name for Mistral in Italy?
Maestrale
Name the four important winds in Italy?
1) Hot humid Sirocco gusts阵风 from Africa, affecting Sicily and southern Italy;
2) Maestrale = Mistral, the same strong cold south-blowing wind that dominates France’s Rhone Valley, can be experienced nearer the French-Italian border.
3) Bora, a cold and powerful Adriatic wind
4) Alpine Foehn阿尔卑斯焚风 wind is warmer
影响意大利气候的因素有哪些？
Mountains, seas, winds: 多山脉，7500km海岸线三面环海（除了北部）
IGT is equivalent to which European Union’s wine quality scheme?
Protected Geographical Indication=PGI
How many % of grapes must be cultivated from a designated winegrowing area for IGT wines?
85%
What’s the lowest tier of Italian wine’s quality designation?
Vino (formerly Vino da Tavola)
Which was the first DOC in Italy? When was it recognized?
Vernaccia di San Gimignano in 1966
When was DOC level introduced?
In 1963
How many DOCs are awarded?
333 DOCs
Name an example of DOC that markets place above variety in recent year?
DOC Montepulciano d’Abruzzo Colline Teramane changed to Colline Teramane Montepulciano d’Abruzzo in 2016.
As of 2011, how many % of Italian wine was classified as DOC?
35%
How many DOCGs in Italy today?
77 DOCGs
When was DOCG concept introduced ? When was the first DOCG granted? Which are the first DOCG appellations?
In 1963; first DOCG granted in 1980;
Brunello di Montalcino, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Barolo, Barbaresco.
How long can a DOC apply to be upgraded to DOCG after DOC approval?
Minimum 5 years
How many regions in Italy have DOCGs appellations out of 20? Which regions don’t have DOCGs?
15 regions; Trentino-Alto Adige, Valle d’Aosta, Liguria, Molise, Calabria.
What’s the term for old vine in Italy?
Vigne vecchie
When can Novello wines be sold in Italy?
Until November 6 of the year of harvest
What does Classico mean?
Refer to the historic region of production for a given wine region.
In Italy, which regions are considered to produce the best example of Novello wines?
Bardolino and Alto Adige
What’s the Grand Cru of Prosecco Conegliano Valdobbiadene called?
Cartizze
What’s the other name for prosecco grape variety?
Glera
What’s the synonym of Ugni Blanc in Italy? Which regions is it widely planted in Itlay?
Trebbiano; Puglia, Sicily, Abruzzo; and in the blend of Chianti white and red, Vin Santo.
Where’s the best prosecco made from?
Prosecco Conegliano Valdobbiadene
Beyond wine and brandy, Trebbiano Toscano is also made into which product?
Balsamic vinegar of Modena
What are the characteristics of Verdicchio?
Many of Italy’s most serious and longest-lived white wines are made from Verdicchio.
It has relatively high acidity, ripens slowly, transparent to its terroir, and mineral-tinged from higher elevation. Susceptible to mildews and botrytis.
Name three synonyms of Verdicchio?
Trebbiano di Soave, Trebbiano Valtenesi, Trebbiano di Lugana.
Which are the important regions for Verdicchio in Italy?
Verdicchio di Matelica DOC, and Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi in Marche.
What’s the origin of Vermentino?
From fermento or fermentino meaning “ferment” a potential reference to the subtle effervescence often found in Vermentino wines.
Name two synonyms of Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains in Italy? Which wine is typically made from this grape in Italy?
Moscato Canelli and Moscato Bianco; Asti and Moscato d’Asti.
Name two synonyms of Muscat of Alexandria?Which wine is typically made from this grape in Italy?
Moscato d’Alessandria, Zibibbo; Passito di Pantelleria.
What’s Vermentino called in Provence?
Rolle
Where are Vermentino grapes grown in general? What are their characteristics?
Close to the Mediterranean;
Vibrant, floral, juicy, and a distincitive brininess咸鲜that speaks to its seaside terroirs.
Which is the most planted grape variety in Italy? Accounting for how many % of the national vineyard area?
Sangiovese; 8%
Name three synonyms of Sangiovese?
Brunello (Montalcino), Prugnolo Gentile (Montepulciano), Nielluccio (Corsica).
What’s the meaning of sanguis Jovis? Which grape variety is named from this origin?
Blood of Jove朱庇特之血; Sangiovese
Name a super wine example made from Sangiovese outside of Toscana?
Romagna
Which sweet wine is made from Sangiovese? Name an example.
Vin Santo Occhio di Pernice
Is Montepulciano grape native to Montepulciano town in Toscana? If not, where is it native to?
No; Abruzzo
Which is the second most planted red variety in Italy?
Montepulcino
What are the characteristics of Aglianico?
Compact bunches紧凑的串 with small, thick-skinned berries, producing hyperconcentrated wines, with high levels of pigment颜料and tannins. Late ripening and easily to be affected by botrytis.
Are Aglianico and Aglianicone the same grape variety?
No
Which are the most important regions for Aglianico grape?
Campania and Basilicata
Name two most famous DOCGs made from Aglianico grape variety?
DOCG Taurasi and Aglianico del Vulture.
What’s the difference between Chiaretto and Rosati?
Chiaretto wines will typically see longer macerations than rosati (but this is not fixed rule).
What does “cerasuolo” refer to? And examples?
Rosé wine in some regions: Cerasuolo d’Abruzzo;
but could be red wine too: Cerasuolo di Vittoria in Sicily.
What’s the origin of the name Nebbiolo?
Bebbia=fog, reference to the bloom that appears on its ripe berries.
Name five most important denominations for Rosé wines in Italy?
Bardolino Chiaretto (Verona); Valtènesi chiaretto(Lake Garda-Veneto); Friuli’s Ramato; Cerasuolo d’Abruzzo; Lagrein Kretzer (Alto Adige).
Name two synonyms of Grenache?
Garnacha, Cannonau.
Name two synonyms of Carignan?
Carignano, Cariñena.
What does Croatina contribute in the blending of Amarone wines?
to lighten the sharp acidity of Barbera, and add soft tannins and a round, creamy texture to Amarone wines
What does Ormeasco refer to?
Dolcetto is called Ormeasco in Liguria
What’s “Schiava group” called in Austria and Germany?
Trollinger
Why is Piemonte called Piemonte?
Piemonte meaning foot of the mountain, Piemonte is one of the most mountainous regions in Italy, with 43% of its land covered in mountains and 30% in hills.
What’s the most planted red and white grape varieties in Piemonte?
Red is Barbera 31%, white is Moscato Bianco 22%
Why was Barolo wines called “the King of wines and the wine of Kings”?
the Falletti family is credited with promoting Barolo wine in the courts of Napoleon Bonaparte in Paris and the House of Savoy in Turin, earning this nickname.
Why are Langhe owned by many small farmers?
Because of the Napoleon rule (after French Revolution), like Burgundy.
What’s the historic bottle in Piemonte called?
Albeisa bottle
Which is the northern most commune in Barolo appellation?
Verduno
Which is the southern most commune in Barolo appelation?
Monforte d’Alba
Which is the smallest commune of Barbaresco?
San Rocco Seno d’Elvio
Which is the southern most commune of Barbaresco?
Treiso
Which is the western most commune of Barolo appelation?
Cherasco
Name the 3 communes in the eastern side of Barolo?
from North to south
Grinzane Cavour, Diano d’Alba, Serralunga d’Alba
In which commune if Ravera located?
Novello
Which commune in Barbaresco has higher altitude ?
Treiso
Which soil type is the youngest in Barolo?
Messinian (5-7million years ago)
Which soil type has the oldest age in Barolo?
Serravallian = Helvetian soil (11-13million years ago)
Name the 3 types of soil in Barolo ?
1)Serravallian/Helvetian soil=Lequio Formations: the oldest (11-13 million yrs ago), yellow sandstone and sand, and is rich in iron; The soil is higher in calcium carbonate, restraining vigor and yielding, the wines are austere, powerful and structured. Found in Monforte d’Alba and Serralunga d’Alba
2)Tortonian has two types:
*Sant’Agata marl(fossili)=formed during both the Tortonian and Messinian periods:
7-11 million yrs ago, blue-grey marl泥灰岩, higher in clay, in La Morra, Barolo and Barbaresco.
*Diano Sandstones=Arenarie di Diano d’Alba formation=formed in Tortonian age: 9 million yrs ago, grey sandstone; primarily in Castiglione Falletto (but also central of Monforte d’Alba, pockets in La Morra and the commune of Barolo), the wines have both structure and elegance
What’s Serravallian soil? Where is it found?
Is also called Helvetian soil, yellow sandstone and sand, rich in iron.
found in Monforte d’alba and Serralunga d’Alba
What’s Sant Agata marl? where is it found?
it’s a kind of Tortonian soil, blue-grey marl, La Morra, Barolo, Barbaresco
What’s Diano Sandstone? where is it found?
A kind of Tortonian soil, grey sandstone,
primarily in Castiglione Falletto, but also central of Monforte d’Alba, pockets in La Morra and Barolo commune.
Why is Barolo is generally more powerful than Barbaresco?
1)Barbaresco is closer to Tanaro River, moderating the climate, harvest earlier than Barolo, shorter grower season
2)soils in Barbaresco is more fertile and sandier, with less calcium carbonate.
3) Barbaresco has gentler slopes and lower lying.
Who produced the first detailed maps of Barolo and Barbaresco? when?
Renato Ratti in the 1970s
What’s the requirements to use “Vigna” designation?
1)yields must be lower - 7.2tons/ha,
2)higher alcohol content - mini 13% abv,
3)vines are at least 7 years old
Where is Arborina? Who is the most famous producer?
La Morra, Elio Altare
Where is Rocche dell’Annunziata? Name 3 important producers?
La Morra, highly regarded cru,
Renato Ratti, Paolo Scavino, Gagliasso
Where is Bricco Rocca?
La Morra, higly regarded cru, lower in altitude
Where is La Serra? Name 2 important producers?
La Morra, well regarded cru, facing east and south;
Marcarini, Roberto Voerzio
Where is Cerequio? Name 3 important producers?
shared between Barolo and La Morra (small but high reputation for its soil blue marl and sandy limestone);
Michele Chiarlo, Baroli, Batasiolo
