New Zealand Flashcards
??When did wine production first appear in New Zealand?
First record of actual wine production dates to the late 1830s, when James Busby, a British minister involved in early viticultural efforts in New South Wales, planted a small vineyard from French and Spanish cuttings at his estate in Northland.
?? Who is James Busby?
A british minister involved in early viticultural efforts in New South Wales, planted a small vienyard from French and Spanish cuttings at his estate in Northland, in late 1830s.
?? Why the New Zealand wine industry developed very late (and slowly)？
1: “Six o’clock swill,” an early closing hour for pubs instituted in both Australia and New Zealand during World War I (1914年7月28日 至 1918年11月11日), lasted until 1967 on the North and South Islands of New Zealand.第一次世界大战期间在澳大利亚和新西兰制定了“Six o’Clock swill” 酒吧提前关门政策，在新西兰南岛和北岛一直持续到1967年。
2: Furthermore, many of these lower quality grapes were hybrids and thus immune to the ravages of phylloxera—Bragato’s recommendations lay forgotten in a climate of hysteria.许多质量较低的葡萄都是杂交品种，因此不会受到根瘤蚜的破坏。While hybrids offered relief from phylloxera, New Zealand’s wine industry was setting back its chances to find an international market by decades—in 1960, “Albany Surprise” was New Zealand’s most planted variety.虽然杂交品种可以缓解根瘤蚜的困扰，但新西兰的葡萄酒行业却将其开拓国际市场的机会倒退了数十年——1960 年，“奥尔巴尼惊喜”是新西兰种植最多的品种。
3: Depression hampered阻碍sales in the 1930s, and cheap imported wines were readily available 20 世纪 30 年代，经济大萧条阻碍了销售，廉价的进口葡萄酒随处可见。
Wine shops were not allowed to sell single bottles of wine until 1955, and restaurants first gained the right to sell wine in 1960.直到1955年，葡萄酒商店才被允许销售单瓶葡萄酒，餐馆于1960年首次获得销售葡萄酒的权利。 A winery itself could not sell a glass of wine until 1976, and the country’s last “dry” areas—relics of the temperance movement—persisted until the 1990s.直到 1976 年，酿酒厂本身才能出售一杯葡萄酒，而该国最后的“干旱”地区（指代禁酒地区）一直持续到 1990 年代。
?? Who first defined most of New Zealand’s production areas?
the turn of the century（19世纪末20世纪初）the Department of Agriculture charged Romeo Bragato, an Austrian viticulturist from Victoria, with the task of studying the nation’s vineyards and combating its newest scourge: phylloxera.在世纪之交，农业部委派来自维多利亚的奥地利葡萄栽培师罗密欧·布拉加托（Romeo Bragato）负责研究该国的葡萄园并对抗最新的祸害：根瘤蚜。
??When did New Zealand wine’s quality remarkablely rised?
In the 1970s, EuropeanVitis viniferavines gradually began to replace the hybrid and table grape plantings—a process hastened by a government-sponsored vine pull scheme in 1986. 1970年代欧洲的Vitis Vinifera开始取代杂交的鲜食葡萄，商用喷气式客机的出现使旅行（尤其是前往欧洲）变得更加可行，新西兰的葡萄酒业可以准备好参与国际竞争。
An emphasis on the importance of canopy management and site selection in the 1980s and 1990s followed, vastly improving the mean quality of the wines.随后，在 20 世纪 80 年代和 1990 年代，人们开始强调树冠管理和选址的重要性，从而极大地提高了葡萄酒的平均质量。
??In 1960s which was the most planted grape variety in New Zealand?
Albany Surprise
=Isabella:a hybrid of a wildVitis labruscaxVitis vinifera.
The red grape variety originates from theUSA.The most important of the approximately 80synonymsare Albany, Albany Surprise, Alexander, Americano, Amerikanska Loza, Pineapple……
??Which is NZ’s largest winemaking company?When was it established?
Montana, in 1973
??By 2019, how many wineries are founded in New Zealand?
716 wineries
??Which is Marlborough’s first commercial vineyard? Which is the first vintage of Sauvignon Blanc in this winery?
Montana; 1979.
??Which winery’s Sauvignon Blanc put Marlborough on the map?
Cloudy Bay Launched in 1985.
??Which winery released NZ’s first varietal wine?
Montana, Gisborne Chardonnay
??By 2019, how many % of New Zealand’s vineyards were located in Marlborough? How many % of the country’s total acreage was planted with Sauvignon Blanc?
70%; 60% was Sauvignon Blanc.
??Which is the world’s eastermost and southernmost winemaking country?
New Zealand.
??When was New Zealand Winegrowers established?
In 2002,
??When was “Screwcap Initiative established? What does this association do?
A group of New Zealand producers pioneered the Screwcap Initiative in 2001, an international association committed to using the closure - even on ultra-premium bottlings.一群新西兰生产商于 2001 年率先发起了“螺旋盖倡议”(Screwcap Initiative)，这是一个致力于使用瓶盖的国际协会，即使是在超优质瓶装产品上也是如此。
??Which winery was the first to commercially release NZ wine under screwcap?
Kim Crawford in Marlborough
??How many % of NZ’s wines are finished with screwcap nowadays?
85%
??When was the Geographical Indications (Wine and Spirits) Registration Act passed in New Zealand? When was it put into action? How many official GIs by 2022? Can the GIs be changed or modified?
In 2006; it was put into action in 2017; total 22 GIs by 2022. Can not.
??How many % of a stated grape or vintage must NZ wines conctain? When labeled with a GI, how many % of grapes must from the stated GI? For spirits labelled with a GI, how many % of the spirit must come from the GI?
85%; 85%; 100% for spirits.
??When were the first vines planted in Northland of NZ?
In 1819.
??Which region is NZ’s northernmost and smallest area of production? It contributes how many % of the country’s total production?
Northland; less than 1%.
??How many hectares of vines planting in Waikato?
Only 3 hectares
??Which is the largest city in New Zealand?Where is it located?
Auckland; between Northland and Waikato/Bay of Plenty.
??By 2019, how many registered wineries are in Waikato?
None.
??Name the three subregions of Auckland?
Waiheke Island, Matakana, Kumeu
??Which are the pioneering producers in Auckland?
Pioneering producers: Babich, Brajkovich, Corbans, Delegat’s, and Nobilo.
??What’s the wine style of Auckland region? Which are the major grape varieties?
1: Home to powerful, intense reds -Red blends in the north and on Waiheke Island (which also has thrilling Syrah) -plus world class Chardonnay.
2: Chardonnay, Syrah, Merlot, Merlot-based Cabernet blends.
??What’s the climate of Auckland region? What’s the major hazards in Auckland?
Rainy, moderate maritime climate; frost and rot.
??Where is the headquarter of Montana and Villa Maria?
Auckland
??How many % of NZ’s total production does Auckland represent now?
1%
??Montana is belong to which company?
Pernod Ricard
??What’s the major soil type of Auckland and its subregions?
Volcanic, clay-rich soils.
??Among Auckland’s three subregions, which has the dries sunny weather?
Which is good for Cabernet blends?
Which is good for old Chardonnay?
Which is good for Pinot Gris?
1: Waiheke Island;
2: Weiheke Island;
3: Kumeu
4: Matakana
??Which is the second largest region in New Zealand?
Hawkes Bay
??Which region has the driest climate in North Island?
Hawkes Bay
??Which are the most planted grape varieties in Hawkes Bay?
Chardonnay and Merlot
??Which are the notable subregions of Hawke’s Bay?
Gimblett Gravels, Bridge Pa, Esk Valley, Dartmoor Valley.
??When were the vines first planted in Hawke’s Bay?
In 1851 by Marist Missionaries 圣母传教士
?? The recognised certification of organic, biodynamic, Sustainability in New Zealand?
Recognised certification programmes include AsureQuality, BioGro-NZ, Demeter, ISO 140001 and New Zealand Winegrowers’ own certification programme, Sustainable Winegrowing New Zealand®, SWNZ®.
??Which region is the oldest established wine region in NZ? In which year?
Hawke’s Bay, in 1851.
??Which is the largest premium red wine production region in NZ?
Hawke’s Bay
??Which is the most coastal and maritine subregion of Hawke’s Bay? What’s the wine style?
Te Awanga;
Producing Hawke’s Bay the finest Chardonnay, and Sauvignon Blanc with distinct salinity.
??Which wines are famous for Hawke’s Bay?
Renowned for full-bodied Red Blends, elegant Syrah and rich, complex Chardonnays
??Name the two subregions in Coastal Areas of Hawke’s Bay? Which are the top grape varieties?
Esk River Valley in the North (gravelly soils of Bay View);
Te Awanga in the South;
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir.
??Where is Esk River Valley located? What’s the terroir of Esk River Valley? Wine style?
1: Coastal area of Hawke’s Bay;
2: Terroir: steep terraced vineyard, slightly heavier soils with sandy loam over gravels.
3: Tannic reds, and age worthy Chardonnay.
?? Name the subregion in Hillsides of Hawke’s Bay? Wine style?
Havelock, Maraekakaho, Bay View;
Predominately red wines.
??Which are the 2 subregions most further inland of Hawke’s Bay along the Ngaruroro River?
What’s the climate? Wine style?
Crownthorpe Terraces, and Mangatahi Terraces;
Cooler climate with greater elevation; producing fresh grape varieties: SB, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay
??Which is the subregion in Havelock north in Hawke’s Bay? What’s the soil type? Wine styles?
1: Te Mata Peak;
2: Alluvial limestone;
3: Producing some of Hawke’s Bay most interesting distinctive wines: Syrah, Bdx blend, Chardonnay.
??What’s the soil type in Alluvial Plains of Hawke’s Bay?
Gravel beds, free-draining alluvial soils and stony terraces.
??Name the subregions of Alluvial Plains in Hawke’s Bay?
Taradale, Meeanee, Gimblett Gravels, Bridge Pa Triangle
??Which subregion of Hawke’s Bay produces the best wines?
Alluvial Plains area: Gimblett Gravels, Bridge Pa Triangle
??Which is the subregion in North River of Hawke’s Bay? What’s the soil type? What kind of wine is most famous for this region?
1: Dartmoor Valley;
2: Low fertility free draining soils with additional limestones;
3: Largest NZ first largest scale Single Vineyard Chardonnay Blocks;
and mineral Sauvignon Blanc.
?? Which subregion has the oldest soil in Hawke’s Bay?
Bridge Pa Triangle
?? Which is the 2nd premier subregion of Hawke’s Bay?
Bridge Pa Triangle
??What are the soil types of Bridge Pa Triangle? What’s the wine style?
*Takapau and Ngatarawa series are both: sandy loam over gravel
*Eastern border along Ngatarawa Road is primarily Te Awa clay loam on pumice sand.
Bordeaux Blend, high quality Chardonnay.
?? Hawke’s Bay is divided to 5 major areas, which are they?
Coastal Areas, Hillsides, Alluvial Plains, River Valleys, Central Hawke’s Bay.
?? Which subregion has the coolest climate in Hawke’s Bay? What’s the soil type? Wine style?
Central Hawke’s Bay;
Limestones on elevated sites;
Pinot Noir, Chardonnay.
??Which types of wines are famous in Hawke’s Bay in general?
Rich elegant Bordeaux Blend, Syrah, fine Chardonnay.
?? Where is “The Golden Slope” located in Gisborne? What’s the terroir here and wine style?
Ormond subregion;
10km gently-sloping free-draining, with limestone topsoil;
Producing some of Gisborne’s best Chardonnay.
??Which subregion of Gisborne produce excellent rich Gewuztraminer?
Patutahi
??Where is Patutahi lacated? What’s the soil type? Wine style?
West of Gisborne, inland with warmer climate.
Soil: clay and silt泥沙
Excellent Gewurztraminer, wines with good texture and body.
?? Which subregion of Gisborne can produce botrytised wines ?
Manutuke (nearer to the river).
??What’s the climate and wine styles of Gisborne in general?
*Climate: low rainfall, high sunshine hours, limestone soils;
*Producing good quality Chardonnay, but also aromatic white grape varieties: viognier, Gewurz, Pinot Gris, and Chenin Blanc.
?? Which is the only wine district in Wellington? What’s the wine styles?
Wairarapa; Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc
?? Name the four subregions of Gisborne?
North: Ormond
West: Patutahi
South: Manutuke
Central Valley
??Which is the most planted grape variety in Gisborne?
Chardonnay
?? Where to find the first vines in the world to see the sun each day?
In Gisborne
?? What’s the meaning of Wairarapa in Maori?
Meaning glistening闪闪发光waters in Maori.
?? Which Region is known as Poverty Bay?
Gisborne
??Name the three subregions of Wairarapa?
Masterton, Gladstone, Martinborough.
??What’s the climate in Wairarapa? wine styles ?
Cool and dry;
Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc and Aromatics as well as stylish Chardonnay, Syrah and dessert wines.
?? Which is the most southerly subregion of Wairarapa?
Martinborough
??Which is the northernmost region on the South Island?
Nelson
??Which is NZ’s sunniest wine-producing region?
Nelson
?? Which is the rainiest region on the South Island?
Nelson
?? How much wine is produced from Nelson in NZ’s total wines?
Only 3%
?? What’s the main grape varieties in Nelson?
Outstanding Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc.
??Name the two iconic producers in Nelson?
Seifried, Neudorf.
?? Where is Moutere Hills located? What’s the climate and soils? Wine styles?
1: It’s a subregion of Nelson, west of the city.
2: Slightly warmer and wetter than Waimea, gravel clay soils: give richness and texture to the wines.
3: *Pinot Noir show structure with fine tannins;
*Chardonnay has complexity and depth;
*Sauvignon Blanc aromatic and mineral.
?? Name the two subregions of Nelson? Which subregion produce lighter and fresher style wines?
1: Moutere Hills, Waimea Plains;
2: Waimea Plains produces lighter and fresher style wines with bright aromas.
??What does Waimea mean in Maori? What’s the slimate and soil of Waimea? What’s the wine style of Waimea?
1: River garden河滨花园;
2: Stony alluvial soils, with moderating maritime influence;
3: Pinot Noir is perfumed, Chardonnay is rich and expressive, aromatic with a flinty minerality.
?? How many % of the entire NZ’s wines are produced from Marlborough?
70%
??Which company controls nearly two-thirds of Marlborough’s vineyards?
Montana, through subsidiary附属的wineries such as Brancott and Fairhall.
?? What’s the Sparkling wine called produced by Deutz and Montana? Since which year?
Deutz Marlborough Cuvee, since 1988.
??Name three the household家喻户晓wineries in Marlborough?
Cloudy Bay, Kim Crawford, Hunter’s.
??How many hectares are there in Marlborough?
30,000ha of vines.
?? Which is the largest wine region in New Zealand?
Marlborough
?? Which region does it refer to “The place with the hole in the could云中有洞的地方”?
Wairau Valley
?? Name the 3 sub-regions of Marlborough?
Southern Valley; Wairau Valley; Awatere Valley.
?? Which subregion of Marlborough has heavier soils contain more clay? Which grape variety is particularly good here?
Southern Valleys, Pinot Noir
?? Which hills protects Wairau Valley for incoming rain and creats a zone of high sunshine?
Richmond Range
?? Which is the driest, coolest, windier subregion in Marlborough?
Awatere Valley
?? What’s the climate in Marlborough in general?
Cool nights, high sunshine climate, low rainfall and free-draining.
??Where is Awatere Valley located? What’s the wine style here?
Southernmost subregion of Marlborough;
Typically lower yields, bright, aromatic Pinot Noir and distinctive Sauvignon.
??Which is New Zealand’s fastest-growing wine region?
Canterbury (due to the success of its northern subregion Waipara Valley
?? What’s the climate of North Canterbury? What are the geographical features of North Canterbury? What’s the wine style?
1: Cool, dry climate with good sunshine and long growing season;
2: Alps to the west and Pacific Ocean to the east.
3: Egelant, expressive Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Aromatic.
?? Where is Waipara Valley located?
In Canterbury (nothern part)
?? Where is Banks Peninsula? Is it a subregion?
In Canterbury; historically yes, but not considered a subregion today.
?? Where is Christchurch city?
North Canterbury
?? What’s the soil of Canterbury Plains? Key grape varieties?
Shallow greywacke-based gravel soils, with cooler climate;
Riesling and Pinot Noir.
?? What’s the key grape variety of Waipara Valley?
Riesling
?? Which grapes are successful in Canterbury?
Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris.
?? Name the two subregions of Northern Canterbury?
Waipara Valley, Canterbury Plains.
?? Which is the world’s southermost region?
Central Otago
?? Which region has the highest altitude in New Zealand?
Central Otago
??Which is the only region in New Zealand has a truly continental climate?
Central Otago.
?? Name 3 key producers of Central Otago?
Felton Road, Mt. Difficulty, Rippon
?? Name the subregions of Central Otago?
Gibbston,
Bannockburn,
Cromwell, Lowburn and Pisa
Bendigo
Wanaka
Alexandra
?? Which is the highest subregion of Central Otago?
Gibbston;
?? Where is Gibbston? What’s the climate and wine style fo Gibbston?
It’s a subregion of Central Otago (western central);
Cooler climate and later ripenning than neighbours, producing lighter but intense wines.
?? Where is Bannockburn? What’s the climate and wine style?
A subregion of Central Otago (South bank of the Kawarau River);
Warmer, drier climate, producing complex wines.
??Where is Cromwell?
It’s a subregion of Central Otago
?? Where is Bendigo? Climate and soils?
A subregion of Central Otago (Northeast of Gromwell),
extreme climate with hot summer sun and cold nights;
Stony soils.
?? Where is Wanaka? Climate and wine style?
A subregion of Central Otago (north central);
Cooler and wetter than other subregions, producing delicate and vivid wines.
?? Which is the most southerly sub-region of Central Otago? Climate and wine style?
Alexandra;
Dry and extreme summer and winter;
Wines are vivid, aromatic, finely structured.
?? Who prodcued the first commercial Marlborough Sauvignon Blanc? When?
Montana, in 1979.
?? New Zealand occupies how many % of total vineyard area globally?
Only 0.5% (in 2020).
?? What’s the meaning of Kiwi in New Zealand?
Kiwi fruit, Kiwi bird, a nickname for New Zealanders.
??What’s the latitude of Central Otago? What’s the average growing season temperature?
Why it has a such climate?
45˚ S南纬45度(similar to Rome at 41°, but is much cooler than Rome);
15.2 degrees Celsius (similar to Burgundy);
Due to the vast bodies of water that surround New Zealand.
?? How long do New Zealand’s vineyards span from North to South? What’s the climate change?
1600kms, from sub-tropical Northland亚热带 to Alpine climate高山气候of Central Otago
?? What are the main factors affecting New Zealand’s climate?
Waters: to west is Tasman Sea, to east is Pacific Ocean (The west coast of New Zealand is generally too wet to successfully grow grapes due to its exposure to weather systems from the Tasman Sea);
Southern Alps南阿尔卑斯山: protect the east coast from the wet westerly winds, creating drier conditions more favorable to grapegrowing;
UV radiation: New Zealand’s bottom-of-the-earth position means it is close to the ozone hole that forms annually over the South Pole. Combined with the country’s clean air, UV radiation can be as much as 40% higher in New Zealand than at a comparable latitude in the Northern Hemisphere新西兰位于地球底部，意味着它靠近每年在南极上空形成的臭氧空洞。 再加上该国清洁的空气，新西兰的紫外线辐射比北半球同等纬度地区高出 40%. (sun light itensity for ripeness, and canopy management is necessary for avoiding sun burn)
