quantitative genetics, mapping and bioinformatics

Question 1

quantitative genetics

Answer 1

study of traits that can be described numerically

Question 2

complex traits

Answer 2

phenotypes determined by both genes and influenced by environmental factors

Question 3

what is the importance of quantitative genetics?

Answer 3

understanding key characteristics for animal and plant breeders, understanding human disease, and understanding environmental adaptation

Question 4

continuous traits

Answer 4

vary continuously, do not fall into discrete categories

Question 5

Meristic traits

Answer 5

can be counted and expressed in whole number

Question 6

threshold traits

Answer 6

inherited quantitatively but are expressed qualitatively in terms of phenotype

Question 7

polygenic inheritance

Answer 7

transmission of traits that are governed by 2 or more genes

Question 8

quantitative trait loci mapping

Answer 8

genes are mapped by identifying molecular markers that are close by

Question 9

what is heritability

Answer 9

proportion of phenotype variance attributed to genetic variation

Question 10

heritability= 1 when

Answer 10

all the variation is due to genetics

Question 11

heritability = 0 when

Answer 11

all the variation is due to environment

Question 12

broad sense heritability

Answer 12

accounts for all genetic variation that may affect the phenotype

Question 13

narrow sense heritability

Answer 13

estimated from the additive effects of alleles

Question 14

cryogenic mapping

Answer 14

genes are mapped based on location of visible bands, uses microscopy

Question 15

linkage mapping

Answer 15

genes are mapped based on locations relative to one another, uses crosses and recombinant offspring

Question 16

physical mapping

Answer 16

make libraries of chromosomal DNA, use overlapping clones to identify all parts of a chromosome

Question 17

Ion Torrent DNA sequencing

Answer 17

measures proton released, one nucleotide at a time

Question 18

Single Molecule Real Time Sequencing (SMART)

Answer 18

fluorochromes attached to phosphate, fast and long reads, less accurate, detecting methylation and other base modifications

Question 19

illumina DNA sequencing

Answer 19

each base fluorescently labeled with terminators attached, small reads

Question 20

Bioinformatics

Answer 20

genomes too large to examine without the help of a computer, it is a computer science concerned with acquisition, storage and analysis of biological data

Question 21

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST Search)

Answer 21

software app used to compare a segment of genetic DNA to sequences in the major databases and identify portions that align with or are the same as existing sequences

Question 22

blastn

Answer 22

nucleotide vs nucelotide database

Question 23

blastx

Answer 23

translated nucleotide vs protein database

Question 24

blastp

Answer 24

protein vs protein database

Question 25

tbalstn

Answer 25

protein vs translated nucleotide

Question 26

tblastx

Answer 26

translated nucleotide vs translated nucelotide

Question 27

Baldt results

Answer 27

ranked alignments with similar sequences

Question 28

similarity score

Answer 28

sum of identical matches/total # of bases or amino acids aligned

Question 29

E value

Answer 29

statistical analysis comparing result with random chance- smaller the better

Question 30

homologs

Answer 30

closely related genes (high DNA similarity)

Question 31

homologs- Orthologs

Answer 31

genes at the same locus in different species inherited from common ancestor

Question 32

homolog- Paralog

Answer 32

related genes within or between a species- comes from duplication events in a genome

Question 33

sanger sequence

Answer 33

method for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA by elongating the small fragments sequence