extranuclear inheritance and imprinting

Question 1

where is extra-nuclear DNA locates in mammalian cells

Answer 1

mitochondria

Question 2

what type of inheritance os observed with extra-nuclear DNA?

Answer 2

cytoplasmic inheritance (extranuclear inheritance)- traits are inherited through genes that are not in the nucleus

Question 3

mono allelic expression is associated with which of the following

Answer 3

genomic imprinting- expression of a gene depends on whether it is inherited from the male/female parent

Question 4

heteroplasmy

Answer 4

mix of wild-type and mutant in cells

Question 5

heteroplasmy is associated with inheritance patterns involving ____ and why?

Answer 5

chloroplasts because they randomly distribute to daughter cells and due to the way it separates during meiosis

Question 6

the symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside another species is called

Answer 6

endosymbiosis- mitochondria and chloroplast originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell

Question 7

G and g are dominant and recessive alleles respectively, for a gene. If a mating of an egg female with a Gg male resulted in the offspring with all the recessive phenotype, this would most likely be na example of

Answer 7

maternal effect gene- genes involved with genotype of mother that controls offspring phenotype

Question 8

what term refers to the situation where a male parent may occasionally provide mitochondria via sperm

Answer 8

paternal leakage- occurs when DNA of sperm leaks in zygote during fertilization

Question 9

the igf2 is maternally imprinted in mammals. If a female mouse that is homozygous for the mutant igf2 allele is mated to a male who is homozygous wild-type for igf2 then the progeny will be _____

Answer 9

100% wildtype

Question 10

chromosome of mitochondria and chloroplasts is composed of

Answer 10

single-circular double-stranded DNA

Question 11

main function of chloroplasts

Answer 11

photosynthesis

Question 12

mtDNA

Answer 12

genetic material in mitochondria

Question 13

paternal leakage

Answer 13

mitochondria provided through the sperm

Question 14

human mitochondrial disease mechanism spread by

Answer 14

1. transmitted from mother to offspring via the egg

2. mutations can occur in somatic cells during aging

Question 15

theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 15

mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell

Question 16

epigenetic inheritance

Answer 16

modification to a gene that changes gee expression, but is not permanent over the course of generations

Question 17

genomic imprinting

Answer 17

expression of a gene depends on whether it is inherited from the male or the female parents

Question 18

mono allelic expression

Answer 18

offspring express either the maternally-inherited or the paternally-inherited allele but not both

Question 19

three stages of imprinting

Answer 19

1. establishment of the imprint
2. maintenance of the imprint during embryogenesis
3. erasure and reestablishment of the imprint in the germ cells

Question 20

maternal effect inheritance

Answer 20

only the genotype of the mother controls phenotype of offspring, due to accumulation of gene products that the mother provides to her developing eggs

Question 21

maternal effect genes

Answer 21

encode RNA and proteins that play important roles in early steps of embryogenesis

Question 22

mendelian inheritance

Answer 22

an inheritance pattern that follows the laws of segregation and independent assortment in which either parental gene segregates into gamete

Question 23

sex-linked inheritance

Answer 23

trat in which genome is located on sex chromosome

Question 24

paternal inheritance

Answer 24

transmission of any attribute from a father his offspring

Question 25

ribosomes

Answer 25

molecule with RNA and proteins

Question 26

nuclear genes

Answer 26

gene where DNA is located in cell nucleus

Question 27

mitochondrial inheritance

Answer 27

inherited from female parent via egg cells

Question 28

paternal effect genes

Answer 28

casual effect of the parents phenotype on the offsprings phenotype over effects of genes inherited from parents

Question 29

recessive lethal gene

Answer 29

alleles both present in an organism that ultimately results in death