Exam 1

Question 1

What is translation

Answer 1

the production of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

Question 2

What is transcription?

Answer 2

genetic information in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of RNA

Question 3

What are the four levels of biological organization

Answer 3

molecular level, cellular level, organism level, and population level

Question 4

Genetic variation results in changes from

Answer 4

gene mutations(heritable changes), changes in chromosome structure (segments of chromosome may be lost/rearranged) or changes in chromosome number (lost or gained)

Question 5

Which structure in the central dogma contains chromatin?

Answer 5

the DNA structure

Question 6

Which molecules are critical to RNA Processing?

Answer 6

snRNAs

Question 7

The building blocks of DNA are

Answer 7

Nucleotides

Question 8

Backbone of the DNA molecule is formed by

Answer 8

phosphodiester bonds

Question 9

How many hydrogen bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine? How many bonds in Adenine and Thymine?

Answer 9

C/G- 3 Hydrogen Bonds

A/T- 2 Hydrogen Bonds

Question 10

Based on Chargaff’s Rules, if Adenine makes up 30% of the bases in a certain DNA sample, what % of the bases must be Thymine? Cytosine and Guanine?

Answer 10

30% thymine
20% Cytosine
20% Guanine

Question 11

A piece of DNA wound around 8 histone proteins make a structural unit known as

Answer 11

nucleosome

Question 12

Ways in which an RNA strand differs from a DNA strand

Answer 12

contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

contains uracil instead of thymine

Question 13

purine fo one strand of the DNA always pairs with what on the other strand

Answer 13

a pyrimidine

Question 14

Genes that are found in regions of genome DNA associated with histones with high ACETYLATED tails are likely to be

Answer 14

Active

Question 15

C-value paradox ?

Answer 15

No correlation between genome size and organism complexity

Question 16

How many origins of replication are there in a bacterial chromosome

Answer 16

1

Question 17

Where is the bacterial chromosome located?

Answer 17

nucleoid

Question 18

Prokaryotic topoisomerase 1 functions to

Answer 18

relax negative supercoils

Question 19

Quinolones kill bacteria by what mechanism

Answer 19

it inhibits DNA gyrase

Question 20

what is found at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

Answer 20

telomeres

Question 21

areas of chromosomes that are highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive are called

Answer 21

heterochromatin

Question 22

Where do kinetochores attach to chromosomes

Answer 22

centromere

Question 23

Which enzyme synthesizes the majority of the DNA of an Okazaki fragment?

Answer 23

DNA polymerase 3

Question 24

Which enzyme is responsible for removing supercoiling in the DNA strand ahead of the replication fork during replication?

Answer 24

DNA topoisomerase (gyrase)

Question 25

What way is DNA synthesized

Answer 25

5' to 3'

Question 26

After receiving a sample of human cells, you determine that the enzyme telomerase is expressed in these cells. What conclusion can you make about the cells?

Answer 26

the cells are cancerous and the cells could be gamete producing cells

Question 27

What of the following classes of RNA are produced by the action of the enzyme DICER?

Answer 27

siRNA-

Question 28

Which of the following classes of RNA are involved in mRNA splicing

Answer 28

snRNA

Question 29

Bacterial RNA polymerase 2 complexes have variable sigma subunits. What effect does this have?

Answer 29

the different complexes synthesize recognize different promoter sequences

Question 30

In eukaryotic organisms, what RNA modification is important for mRNA stability?

Answer 30

3' polyA tailing

Question 31

What is the function of the Shine-Delgarno sequence in Prokaryotes?

Answer 31

it pairs with a region of rRNA to position the ribosome correctly to start translation

Question 32

Which factors are involved in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic transcription?

Answer 32

chromatin remodeling

Question 33

Following transcription, the RNA has a complementary sequence to

Answer 33

the template strand of DNA

Question 34

which type of bond is created by ribosomes?

Answer 34

peptide

Question 35

If you are looking at hemoglobin at the level that includes multiple amino acid chains and associated metal ions, what level of structure are you looking at?

Answer 35

quaternary

Question 36

What function do tRNA (in prokaryotes) or tRNA (in eukaryotes) have?

Answer 36

they are always used to decode the first amino acid codon in all protein synthesized

Question 37

In eukaryotic organisms, alternative splicing allows an organism to

Answer 37

carry fewer gens

Question 38

Which of the following amino acids DO NOT exhibit "degeneracy"?

Answer 38

Tryptophan (Trp)

Question 39

ribosomes are composed of

Answer 39

rRNA subunits and proteins

Question 40

What class of enzyme is responsible for "charging" tRNAs?

Answer 40

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 41

In bacteria, the sequences that facilitates the binding of the mRNA to the ribosome is called the

Answer 41

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

Question 42

The C-terminus of a polypeptide always contains

Answer 42

a carboxyl group

Question 43

which of the following are TRUE of bacterial "promoters"?

Answer 43

they are cis-acting DNA sequences

Question 44

which process uses a bacteriophage as an intermediary for the genetic information?

Answer 44

transduction

Question 45

Bacterial cheeks that can participate in ________ are known as competent cells

Answer 45

transformation

Question 46

After a conjugation bridge forms between bacterial cells, the protein complex that initiates DNA transfer is the....

Answer 46

relaxosome

Question 47

small circular pieces of DNA, separate from the bacterial chromosome, are called _____

Answer 47

Plasmids

Question 48

Which of the following acts to protect COVID viral RNA?

Answer 48

nucleocapsid protein