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Genetics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is translation

A

the production of an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

genetic information in DNA is copied into a nucleotide sequence of RNA

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3
Q

What are the four levels of biological organization

A

molecular level, cellular level, organism level, and population level

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4
Q

Genetic variation results in changes from

A

gene mutations(heritable changes), changes in chromosome structure (segments of chromosome may be lost/rearranged) or changes in chromosome number (lost or gained)

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5
Q

Which structure in the central dogma contains chromatin?

A

the DNA structure

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6
Q

Which molecules are critical to RNA Processing?

A

snRNAs

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7
Q

The building blocks of DNA are

A

Nucleotides

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8
Q

Backbone of the DNA molecule is formed by

A

phosphodiester bonds

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine? How many bonds in Adenine and Thymine?

A

C/G- 3 Hydrogen Bonds

A/T- 2 Hydrogen Bonds

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10
Q

Based on Chargaff’s Rules, if Adenine makes up 30% of the bases in a certain DNA sample, what % of the bases must be Thymine? Cytosine and Guanine?

A

30% thymine
20% Cytosine
20% Guanine

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11
Q

A piece of DNA wound around 8 histone proteins make a structural unit known as

A

nucleosome

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12
Q

Ways in which an RNA strand differs from a DNA strand

A

contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

contains uracil instead of thymine

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13
Q

purine fo one strand of the DNA always pairs with what on the other strand

A

a pyrimidine

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14
Q

Genes that are found in regions of genome DNA associated with histones with high ACETYLATED tails are likely to be

A

Active

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15
Q

C-value paradox ?

A

No correlation between genome size and organism complexity

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16
Q

How many origins of replication are there in a bacterial chromosome

A

1

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17
Q

Where is the bacterial chromosome located?

A

nucleoid

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18
Q

Prokaryotic topoisomerase 1 functions to

A

relax negative supercoils

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19
Q

Quinolones kill bacteria by what mechanism

A

it inhibits DNA gyrase

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20
Q

what is found at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome

A

telomeres

21
Q

areas of chromosomes that are highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive are called

A

heterochromatin

22
Q

Where do kinetochores attach to chromosomes

A

centromere

23
Q

Which enzyme synthesizes the majority of the DNA of an Okazaki fragment?

A

DNA polymerase 3

24
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for removing supercoiling in the DNA strand ahead of the replication fork during replication?

A

DNA topoisomerase (gyrase)

25
Q

What way is DNA synthesized

A

5’ to 3’

26
Q

After receiving a sample of human cells, you determine that the enzyme telomerase is expressed in these cells. What conclusion can you make about the cells?

A

the cells are cancerous and the cells could be gamete producing cells

27
Q

What of the following classes of RNA are produced by the action of the enzyme DICER?

A

siRNA-

28
Q

Which of the following classes of RNA are involved in mRNA splicing

A

snRNA

29
Q

Bacterial RNA polymerase 2 complexes have variable sigma subunits. What effect does this have?

A

the different complexes synthesize recognize different promoter sequences

30
Q

In eukaryotic organisms, what RNA modification is important for mRNA stability?

A

3’ polyA tailing

31
Q

What is the function of the Shine-Delgarno sequence in Prokaryotes?

A

it pairs with a region of rRNA to position the ribosome correctly to start translation

32
Q

Which factors are involved in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic transcription?

A

chromatin remodeling

33
Q

Following transcription, the RNA has a complementary sequence to

A

the template strand of DNA

34
Q

which type of bond is created by ribosomes?

A

peptide

35
Q

If you are looking at hemoglobin at the level that includes multiple amino acid chains and associated metal ions, what level of structure are you looking at?

A

quaternary

36
Q

What function do tRNA (in prokaryotes) or tRNA (in eukaryotes) have?

A

they are always used to decode the first amino acid codon in all protein synthesized

37
Q

In eukaryotic organisms, alternative splicing allows an organism to

A

carry fewer gens

38
Q

Which of the following amino acids DO NOT exhibit “degeneracy”?

A

Tryptophan (Trp)

39
Q

ribosomes are composed of

A

rRNA subunits and proteins

40
Q

What class of enzyme is responsible for “charging” tRNAs?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

41
Q

In bacteria, the sequences that facilitates the binding of the mRNA to the ribosome is called the

A

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

42
Q

The C-terminus of a polypeptide always contains

A

a carboxyl group

43
Q

which of the following are TRUE of bacterial “promoters”?

A

they are cis-acting DNA sequences

44
Q

which process uses a bacteriophage as an intermediary for the genetic information?

A

transduction

45
Q

Bacterial cheeks that can participate in ________ are known as competent cells

A

transformation

46
Q

After a conjugation bridge forms between bacterial cells, the protein complex that initiates DNA transfer is the….

A

relaxosome

47
Q

small circular pieces of DNA, separate from the bacterial chromosome, are called _____

A

Plasmids

48
Q

Which of the following acts to protect COVID viral RNA?

A

nucleocapsid protein

Genetics (16 decks)

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