Bacterial and Viral Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of DNA transfer

A

Conjugation, Transduction and Transformation

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2
Q

In which cell (diploid or haploid) is it easier to observe mutations and why?

A

haploid are easy to identify due to loss-of-function mutations (usually gametes). They reproduce asexually through gene transfer

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3
Q

what is the process of conjugation?

A

transfer of DNA from one bacteria to another following direct cell-to-cell contact

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4
Q

what cells can act as donor cells

A

only strains of bacteria that contain the F factor can act as a donor cell.

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5
Q

what’s an F factor

A

it is a small circular piece of DNA, the ones containing the F factor is designated as F+
- F= cell to F- cell

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6
Q

What are sex pilus

A

they act as attachment sites for other bacteria
Made only by F+ strains
-helps create conjunction bridge

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7
Q

What is transduction?

A

the transfer of DNA between bacteria via a bacteriophage

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8
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

they are viruses that specifically attack bacteria

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9
Q

What is the process of transformation?

A

it is when a bacterium takes up extracellular DNA in its environment

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10
Q

What are the two types of transformation?

A

natural transformation

artificial transformation

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11
Q

does natural transformation require help?

A

DNA uptake occurs without outside help and occurs in a wide variety of bacteria

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12
Q

what are competent cells?

A

they carry genes that encode proteins called competence factors that facilitate the binding, uptake and subsequent incorporation of the DNA into the bacterial chromosome

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13
Q

what enzyme cuts up the DNA in transformation in bacterial DNA

A

endonuclease enzymes

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14
Q

what are plasmids?

A

they are DNA that exist independently of the chromosomal DNA

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15
Q

what are the plasmids that can integrate into the chromosome?

A

episome

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16
Q

what are fertility plasmids?

A

they are F factors, allow conjugation

17
Q

what factors give resistance to antibiotics?

A

resistance factors

18
Q

what are degradative plasmids?

A

they allow the bacterium to metabolize an unusual substance

19
Q

what are col plasmids?

A

they encode colicins, proteins that kill other Bacteria

20
Q

what plasmid turns the bacterium into a pathogenic strain?

A

the virulence plasmids

21
Q

what is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

the number of complete sets of chromosomes
Haploid- 1 chromosome
Diploid- 2 chromosome

22
Q

what is the difference between recessive and dominant mutations?

A

recessive mutations are both alleles being mutants

dominant mutations occur on only one mutant allele

23
Q

What are the differences in viruses

A

host range differences
structural differences
genome differences

24
Q

what are host range differences?

A

species a virus can infect

24
Q

what are host range differences?

A

species a virus can infect

25
Q

types of cells a virus infects

A

host cells

26
Q

what are structural differences in viruses?

A

capsid (protein coat) size and shape

presence or absence of viral envelope

27
Q

what are genome differences in viruses?

A

circular or linear, DNA or RNA, double or single stranded , size

28
Q

lytic cycle

A

the lytic cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses, bacteriophage burst out of cell

29
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

involves the incorporation of the viral genome into the host cell genome, infecting it from within