-omics, DNA mutations and cancer

Question 1

Transcriptomics

Answer 1

study of the transcriptome, the complete set of RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome under specific circumstances

Question 2

Proteomics

Answer 2

Study of all the proteins produced and their interactions in a cell

Question 3

Metagenomics

Answer 3

looking at all the genes in an environmental sample in bulk not just looking at a single organism

Question 4

quantitative analysis

Answer 4

identify which genes are expressed in given cell/tissue

Question 5

quantitative analysis

Answer 5

analyzing amounts of gene expression between cells/tissues/genotypes

Question 6

DNA microarray

Answer 6

analyzes thousands of genes at once and creates visual representation of gene expression. However, can only identify genes that are on the chip

Question 7

RNA-seq

Answer 7

identifies level of gene expression , can detected alternative splicing.

Question 8

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Answer 8

used to determine if proteins can bind to a particular region of DNA

Question 9

2D gel electrophoresis

Answer 9

first run to separate based on isoelectric point, then second run with SDS-PAGE to further separate by size

Question 10

Mass Spectrometry

Answer 10

separates peptides based on mass and charge then peptides are digested and run-in fragments to determine composition

Question 11

Protein microarrays

Answer 11

Antibodies or probes used to identify short peptides and used to determine amount of protein or protein functionality

Question 12

what causes cancer

Answer 12

interruptions in the cell cycle

Question 13

fundamental properties of cancer

Answer 13

unregulated cell proliferation and metastatic spread

Question 14

when does the cell cycle halt

Answer 14

when there are any abnormalities at any stage

Question 15

the different cycles in the cell

Answer 15

G1-Gap 1
S- Synthesis
G2-Gap 2
M phase- mitosis

Question 16

what happens during G0

Answer 16

cells do not actively divide

Question 17

G1 at end of check point does what

Answer 17

commits the cell to the cell cycle

Question 18

after G2 ends the second checkpoint does what

Answer 18

checks for DNA damage

Question 19

characteristics of cancer

Answer 19

1. single cell origin
2. benign growth and mutations in the cells begin to accumulate.
3. cancer spread in stages malignant and metastatic
4. angiogenesis

Question 20

malignant (stage 3 of cancer characteristics)

Answer 20

cancer invade surrounding tissue

Question 21

metastatic (stage 3 pf cancer characteristics)

Answer 21

moves to different locations in body

Question 22

angiogenesis

Answer 22

when blood vessels are recruited by a tumor

Question 23

proto-oncogene

Answer 23

gene involved in normal cell growth that is involved n the cell cycle

Question 24

how are proto-oncogenes converted to oncogenes

Answer 24

turn on the growth signaling pathway resulting in the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene

Question 25

mutations to oncogene results in

Answer 25

increasing protein levels, increase activity of protein and express protein in new cell type

Question 26

what do tumor suppressor genes do In healthy cells?

Answer 26

normally prevents proliferation of cells, especially those with mutations

Question 27

what happens if you inactivate the tumor suppressor gene

Answer 27

mutation that inactivates will make it more likely for cancer to spread

Question 28

types of mutations leading to oncogenes

Answer 28

1. missense mutations
2. gene amplification
3. Chromosomal Translocation
4. viral integration

Question 29

What is Ras

Answer 29

Proto-oncogene that promotes cell division when it is active

Question 30

Rb1

Answer 30

regulated cell division by binding to the E2F transcription factor, allows cell to commit to cycle

Question 31

p53

Answer 31

protein checks cell for DNA damage, if detected it activated p21 and stops cell division promoting apoptosis

Question 32

how does a buildup of mutations lead to cancer?

Answer 32

due to metastasis, the cancer cells separate from tumor and spread to other tissues, there is no inhibition of proliferation of these cells so it interacts with lymphocytes transporting to different parts of body