Q_Q Flashcards
Epimysium covers more than _____ skeletal muscles.
430
Perimysium surrounds each _____, or group of fibers, up to _____ fibers.
faciculus; 150
Sarcoplasm is the _____ of a muscle fiber. It contains _____, _____, _____, _____ and specialized organelles such as _____ and the _____.
cytoplasm; stored glycogen; fat particles; proteins; enzymes; mitochondria; sarcoplasmic reticulum
pulmonary valve + aortic valve = ?
semilunar valves
Capillaries is to facilitate exchange of _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.
oxygen; fluid; hormones; nutrients; electrolytes
ATP concentration may decrease up to _____.
50 - 60%
CP concentration is _____ times higher than ATP concentration.
4 - 6
Lactate is the product of _____.
lactate dehydrogenase reaction
Signs of increased ATP hydrolysis:
high concentrations of _____,_____ and _____
slight decrease in _____ and _____
–> increased rate of _____
ADP; phosphorus; ammonia
pH; AMP
glycolysis
Markedly lower _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ will inhibit glycolysis.
pH, CP, ATP, citrate, free fatty acids
Other factors that contribute to the regulation of glycolysis:
concentrations and turnover rate of glycolic enzymes:
hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, PFK (phosphofructokinase)
The onset blood lactate accumulation occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches _____.
4 mmol/L
Protein is broken down into _____ which are then converted into _____, _____, or _____.
amino acids; glucose; pyruvate; or various Krebs cycle intermediates
CP can decreased markedly (_____) during the first state of high-intensity exercise of short and moderate duration (_____) and can be almost completely depleted as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion.
50 - 70%
5 - 30s
6 factors responsible for EPOC
- increased ventilation, circulation, body temperature
- resynthesis of ATP and CP
- changes in energy efficiency during recovery
- replenishment of oxygen in blood and muscle
- increased rate of triglyceride-fatty acid cycling
- increased protein turnover
Roles of catecholamines:
- increased _____ via central mechanisms and increased _____
- increased _____, _____, _____, _____
- augment secretion rates of _____
force production; metabolic enzyme activity
blood pressure; muscle blood flow; muscle contraction rate; energy availability
other hormones
Mechanisms contributing to changes in peripheral blood concentrations of hormones :(5)
- fluid volume shift
- hormonal degradation
- interactions with binding proteins in the blood
- venous pooling of blood
- tissue clearance rates
Osteoblasts manufacture and secrete _____ —- primarily _____ molecules that are deposited in the spaces between _____ to increase strength. These proteins form the _____ and eventually become mineralized as _____ (_____).
proteins; collagen; bone cells; bone matrix; calcium phosphate crystals; hydroxyapatite
Markers of Aerobic Overtraining \_\_\_\_\_ muscle glycogen \_\_\_\_\_ lactate \_\_\_\_\_ sympathetic stress response \_\_\_\_\_ sympathetic tone (nocturnal and resting catecholamines) \_\_\_\_\_ submaximal heart rate \_\_\_\_\_ creatine kinase
decreased decreased increased decreased increased increased
