Q_Q

Question 1

Epimysium covers more than _____ skeletal muscles.

Answer 1

430

Question 2

Perimysium surrounds each _____, or group of fibers, up to _____ fibers.

Answer 2

faciculus; 150

Question 3

Sarcoplasm is the _____ of a muscle fiber. It contains _____, _____, _____, _____ and specialized organelles such as _____ and the _____.

Answer 3

cytoplasm; stored glycogen; fat particles; proteins; enzymes; mitochondria; sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

pulmonary valve + aortic valve = ?

Answer 4

semilunar valves

Question 5

Capillaries is to facilitate exchange of _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.

Answer 5

oxygen; fluid; hormones; nutrients; electrolytes

Question 6

ATP concentration may decrease up to _____.

Answer 6

50 - 60%

Question 7

CP concentration is _____ times higher than ATP concentration.

Answer 7

4 - 6

Question 8

Lactate is the product of _____.

Answer 8

lactate dehydrogenase reaction

Question 9

Signs of increased ATP hydrolysis:
high concentrations of _____,_____ and _____
slight decrease in _____ and _____

–> increased rate of _____

Answer 9

ADP; phosphorus; ammonia

pH; AMP

glycolysis

Question 10

Markedly lower _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ will inhibit glycolysis.

Answer 10

pH, CP, ATP, citrate, free fatty acids

Question 11

Other factors that contribute to the regulation of glycolysis:

Answer 11

concentrations and turnover rate of glycolic enzymes:

hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, PFK (phosphofructokinase)

Question 12

The onset blood lactate accumulation occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches _____.

Answer 12

4 mmol/L

Question 13

Protein is broken down into _____ which are then converted into _____, _____, or _____.

Answer 13

amino acids; glucose; pyruvate; or various Krebs cycle intermediates

Question 14

CP can decreased markedly (_____) during the first state of high-intensity exercise of short and moderate duration (_____) and can be almost completely depleted as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion.

Answer 14

50 - 70%

5 - 30s

Question 15

6 factors responsible for EPOC

Answer 15

1. increased ventilation, circulation, body temperature
2. resynthesis of ATP and CP
3. changes in energy efficiency during recovery
4. replenishment of oxygen in blood and muscle
5. increased rate of triglyceride-fatty acid cycling
6. increased protein turnover

Question 16

Roles of catecholamines:

1. increased _____ via central mechanisms and increased _____
2. increased _____, _____, _____, _____
3. augment secretion rates of _____

Answer 16

force production; metabolic enzyme activity

blood pressure; muscle blood flow; muscle contraction rate; energy availability

other hormones

Question 17

Mechanisms contributing to changes in peripheral blood concentrations of hormones :(5)

Answer 17

1. fluid volume shift
2. hormonal degradation
3. interactions with binding proteins in the blood
4. venous pooling of blood
5. tissue clearance rates

Question 18

Osteoblasts manufacture and secrete _____ —- primarily _____ molecules that are deposited in the spaces between _____ to increase strength. These proteins form the _____ and eventually become mineralized as _____ (_____).

Answer 18

proteins; collagen; bone cells; bone matrix; calcium phosphate crystals; hydroxyapatite

Question 19

Markers of Aerobic Overtraining
\_\_\_\_\_ muscle glycogen
\_\_\_\_\_ lactate
\_\_\_\_\_ sympathetic stress response
\_\_\_\_\_ sympathetic tone (nocturnal and resting catecholamines)
\_\_\_\_\_ submaximal heart rate
\_\_\_\_\_ creatine kinase

Answer 19

decreased
decreased
increased
decreased
increased
increased