Chp 4 Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise Flashcards
The main physiological roles of GH and its superfamily are the following:
_____ glucose utilization
_____ glycogen synthesis
_____ amino acid transport across cell membranes
_____ protein synthesis
_____ utilization of fatty acids
_____ lipolysis
_____ availability of glucose and amino acids
_____ collagen synthesis
_____ cartilage growth
_____ retention of _____, _____, _____ and _____
_____ renal plasma flow and filtration
_____ compensatory renal hypertrophy
______ immune cell function
decreases decreases increases increases increases increases increases increases stimulates increases; nitrogen; sodium; potassium; phophorus increases promotes enhances
Growth hormone is secreted by _____.
pituitary gland
Growth hormone interacts directly with target tissues, which include _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
bone; immune cells; skeletal muscle; fat cells; liver tissues
Women have _____ blood levels of GH than do men.
higher
Training-related changes in GH include a _____ in GH response to an absolute exercise stress and alternations in GH _____ characteristics.
reduction; pulsatility
Exercise results in acute _____ in blood levels of IGF-I.
increase
Changes in IGF-I appear to be based on the _____ before training.
starting concentrations
Men: exercise _____ is more effective for increasing overall testosterone concentrations over an entire day.
later in the day
The free hormone hypothesis states that only _____.
the free hormone interacts with target tissues
Women have _____ fold lower concentrations of testosterone than men do, and if acute increases occur after a resistance training workout, they are _____.
15- to 20-; small
It appears that _____ and ____ may be very important factors in altering the resting and exercise induced concentrations of testosterone.
training time; experience
Role of cortisol: _____ effects:
- converts amino acids to _____
- increases the level of enzymes that _____
- inhibits _____
catabolic
carbohydrates
break down proteins
protein synthesis
Resistance exercise protocols that use _____, _____, and _____ results in increased serum cortisol values.
Though chronic high levels of cortisol may have adverse catabolic effects, acute increases may contribute to the _____.
short rest periods; large muscle groups; high volume
remodelling of muscle tissues.
Catecholamines are primarily _____ but also ____ and _____.
epinephrine; norepinephrine; dopamine
Roles of catecholamines
- increased _____ via central mechanisms and increased _____
- increased _____, _____, _____, _____
- Augment secretion rates of _____
force production; metabolic enzyme activity
muscle contraction rate; blood pressure; energy availability; muscle blood flow (via vasodilation)
other hormones
Interactions with hormone receptors are greater when _____.
exercise acutely increases the blood concentrations of hormones
Mechanisms contributing to changes in peripheral blood concentrations of hormones:
(5)
- fluid volume shift
- tissue clearance rates
- hormonal degradation
- venous pooling of blood
- interactions with binding proteins in the blood
3 main categories of hormones
steroid
polypeptide
amine
anabolic hormones = hormones that promote _____
e.g. _____, _____, _____, _____
catabolic hormones = hormones that _____
e.g. _____, _____
tissue building
insulin, testosterone, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
degrade cell proteins
cortisol; progesterone
Lock-and-key-theory
____ is the lock
_____ is the key
receptor
hormone
downregulation
the inability of a hormone to interact with a receptor
Amine hormone interactions
synthesized from the amino acid _____ or ______.
tyrosine (e.g. epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
tryptophan (e.g. serotonin)
A steroid hormone passively diffuses across the _____ of a muscle fiber.
It binds with its receptor to form a _____.
sarcolemma
hormone-receptor complex (H-RC)
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the _____, and is read by a _____ in the process of _____.
genetic sequence of a gene; ribosome; synthesizing a protein
Polypeptide hormone is made up of _____.
e.g. _____ and _____
They are not _____ and thus cannot _____.
chains of amino acids
insulin; growth hormone
fat soluble; cross the cell membrane
Following secretion in the blood circulation form the —_____ in men and the _____ and _____ in women, testosterone is transported to target tissues by a _____.
testes; ovaries; adrenal glands; binding proteins
What are the three important signal mechanisms for IGF release?
insulin levels
nutritional status
IGF
What are the three factors that involved in the regulation of IGF synthesis?
growth hormone
thyroid hormone
testosterone
Catecholamines are important for the acute expression of strength and power because the hormones act as _____ and _____ and enhance _____ and _____ in muscle.
central motor stimulator;
peripheral vascular dilators;
enzyme systems;
calcium release
_____ gland controls the amount of calcium in blood and bones.
Parathyroid
thyroxine (thyroid gland)
stimulate oxidative metabolism
calcitonin (thyroid gland)
reduces calcium phosphate levels in blood
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium; decreases blood phosphate; stimulates bone formation
glucagon (pancreas)
increases blood glucose levels
norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)
has properties of epinephrine; also constricts blood vessels
atrial peptide
regulates sodium. potassium and fluid volume
