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My CSCS > Chp 3 Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training > Flashcards

Chp 3 Bioenergetics of Exercise and Training Flashcards

1
Q

hydrolysis

A

the breakdown of one molecule of ATP to yield energy

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2
Q

myosin APTase

A

enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for crossbridge recycling

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3
Q

calcium ATPase

A

hydrolyze ATP for pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

sodium-potassium ATPase

A

for maintaining the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization

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5
Q

amount of ATP stores

A

80-100g at any given time

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6
Q

ATP concentration may decrease up to _____.

A

50 - 60%

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7
Q

CP concentration is _____ times higher than ATP concentration.

A

4 - 6

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8
Q

Which muscle fiber type has higher concentrations of CP?

A

Type II

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9
Q

What is pyruvate?

A

an end result of glycolysis

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10
Q

Glycolysis is the breakdown of _____ —- either _____ stored in the muscle or _____ in the blood.

A

carbohydrate; glycogen; glucose

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11
Q

Pyruvate may proceed in one of two directions:

A
  1. be converted to lactate in the sarcoplasm –> fast glycolysis
  2. be shuttled into the mitochondria –> slow glycolysis
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12
Q

Lactate is the product of _____.

It is often used

  1. as _____, especially in Type I and cardiac muscle fibers.
  2. in _____ – the formation of _____ from _____ – during extended exercise and recovery
A

lactate dehydrogenase reaction

energy substrate; gluconeogenesis; glucose; noncarbohydrate sources

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13
Q

Cori cycle

A

lactate can be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose

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14
Q

When pyruvate enters the mitochondria, it is converted to _____ which will then enter the Krebs cycle.

A

acetyl-CoA

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15
Q

The _____ molecules enter the _____, where they can be used to resynthesize ATP.

A

NADH; electron transport system

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16
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

the resynthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain (ETC)

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17
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways

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18
Q

signs of increased ATP hydrolysis:
high concentrations of _____, _____, and _____.
slight decrease in _____ and _____.

—> increased rate of glycolysis

A

ADP; Pi, ammonia

pH; AMP

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19
Q

Markedly lower _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ will inhibit glycolysis

A

pH; ATP; CP; citrate; free fatty acids

20
Q

Other factors that contribute to the regulation of glycolysis:

A

concentrations and turnover rate of glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, PFK (phosphofructokinase), pyruvate kinase

21
Q

Lactate threshold (LT)

A

the exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above the baseline concentration

22
Q

The LT usually begins at _____ of maximal oxygen uptake in untrained individuals and at _____ in aerobically trained athletes.

A

50 - 60%; 70 - 80%

23
Q

What is onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?

It occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches _____.

A

a second increase in the rate of lactate accumulation has been noted at higher relative intensities of exercise

4 mmol/L

24
Q

_____ stored in fat cells can be broken down by enzyme, _____, to produce _____ and _____.

A

Triglycerides; hormone-sensitive lipase; free fatty acids; glycerol

25
Q

Free fatty acids enters the _____, where they undergo _____, a series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of _____ and _____.

The _____ enters Krebs cycle. The _____ are carried by _____ and _____ to the electron transport chain, where ATP is produced from _____.

A

mitochondria; beta oxidation; acetyl-CoA; hydrogen protons

acetyl-CoA; hydrogen atoms; NADH; FADH2; ADP

26
Q

Protein is broken down into _____, which are then
converted into _____
to produce ATP.

A

amino acids;

glucose, pyruvate, or various Krebs cycle intermediates

27
Q

rate-limiting step in the Krebs cycle

A

conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

28
Q

The extent to which each of the three energy systems contributes to ATP production depends primarily on the ____ of muscular activity and secondarily on the _____.

A

intensity; duration

29
Q

_____ is stimulated by ADP and inhibited by ATP.

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

30
Q

The rate of the Krebs cycle is reduced if _____ and _____ are not sufficient to accept _____.

A

NAD+; FAD2+; hydrogen

31
Q

ETC is stimulated by _____ and inhibited by _____.

A

ADP; ATP

32
Q

LT represents an increasing reliance on _____.

A

anaerobic mechanisms

33
Q

Glycolysis from one molecule of blood glucose yields a net of _____ ATP molecules.

A

2

34
Q

Glycolysis from one molecule of muscle glycogen yields a net of _____ ATP molecules.

A

3

35
Q

effect of event duration and intensity on primary energy system used

A

check notes

36
Q

complete ATP resynthesis: _____

complete CP resynthesis: _____

A

3 - 5 minutes; < 8 minutes

37
Q

Creatine phosphate (CP) can decreased markedly (_____) during the first stage of high-intensity exercise of short and moderate duration (_____) and can be almost completely depleted as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion.

A

50 - 70%; 5 - 30s

38
Q

The rate of glycogen depletion is related to _____.

A

the exercise intensity

39
Q

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to _____.

_____ of carbs per kg of bodyweight ingested every 2 hours following exercise.

A

post exercise carbohydrate ingestion;

0.7 - 3g

40
Q

substantially decrease in blood glucose concentration: long-term exercise ( > _____) at higher intensities (> _____); because of _____

A

90min; 50% of maximal oxygen uptake; liver glycogen depletion

41
Q

Muscle glycogen is a more important energy source than liver glycogen during _____ exercise.

A

moderate- and high-intensity

42
Q

bioenergetic limiting factors in exercise performance:

A
  1. ATP and creatine phosphate
  2. muscle glycogen
  3. liver glycogen
  4. fat stores
  5. lower pH
43
Q

EPOC

A

excess postexercise oxygen consumption: the oxygen uptake above resting resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition; also called postexercise oxygen uptake, oxygen debt, or recovery O2

44
Q

6 factors responsible for EPOC

A
  1. replenishment of oxygen in blood and muscle
  2. ATP/CP resynthesis
  3. increased body temperature, circulation, and ventilation
  4. increased rate of triglyceride-fatty acid cycling
  5. increased protein turnover
  6. changes in energy efficiency during recovery
45
Q

400 hurdles/sprint:
average time:
primary system used:

A

< 1min

fast glycolysis

46
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for over _____ of ATP synthesis.

A

90%

47
Q

At rest, approximately _____ of the ATP produced is derived from fats and _____ from carbohydrate.

During high-intensity aerobic exercise, almost _____ of the energy is derived from carbohydrate if an adequate supply is available.

A

70%; 30%

100%

My CSCS (25 decks)

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