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My CSCS > Chp 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

Chp 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

There are approximately _____ bones in the body.

A

206

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2
Q

Vertebral Column:
____ _____ vertebrae in the neck region
____ _____ vertebrae in the middle to upper back
____ _____ vertebrae, which make up the lower back
____ _____ vertebrae, which are fused together and make up the rear part of the pelvis
____ _____ vertebrae, which form a kind of vestigial internal tail

A 
7; cervical
12; thoracic
5; lumbar
5; sacral
3 - 5; coccygeal
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3
Q

endomysium

A

surrounding individual fibers

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4
Q

epimysium

A

the outer layer, covers more than 430 skeletal muscles

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5
Q

perimysium

A

surrounding each fasciculus, or group of fibers, up to 150 fibers

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6
Q

Endomysium is encircled by and is contiguous with the fiber’s membrane, or _____.

A

sarcolemma

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7
Q

Hundreds of myofibrils dominate the _____.

A

sarcoplasm

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8
Q

Sarcoplasm is the _____ of a muscle fiber. It contains _____, _____, _____, _____, and specialized organelles such as _____ and the _____.

A

cytoplasm; proteins; stored glycogen; fat particles; enzymes; mitochondria; sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

motor end plate = ?

A

neuromuscular junction, which is the junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

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10
Q

a motor unit = ?

A

a motor neuron + the muscle fibers it innervates

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11
Q

Myofibrils contain the apparatus that _____, which consists of two types of myofilaments, _____ and _____.

A

contracts the muscle cells; myosin; actin

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12
Q

structure of the human heart

A 
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
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13
Q

Stimulation of the _____ nerves accelerates _____ of the SA node and causes the heart to beat _____.

A

sympathetic; depolarization; faster

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14
Q

Stimulation of the _____ nervous system _____ the rate of SA node discharge thus _____ the heart rate.

A

parasympathetic; slows; slows

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15
Q

normal resting heart range:

A

60 - 100 beats/min

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16
Q

bradycardia

A

< 60 beats/min

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17
Q

tachycardia

A

> 100 beats/min

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18
Q

atrioventricular valves = _____ + _____

A

AV valves = mitral valve + tricuspid valve

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19
Q

semilunar valves = _____ + _____

A

pulmonary valve + aortic valve

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20
Q

The conduction system is composed of _____.

A 
SA node
internodal pathways
AV node
AV bundle
left bundle branch
right bundle branch
Purkinje fibers
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21
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphic representation of the _____. It is composed of a _____, a _____, and a _____.

A

the electrical activity of the heart; P-wave; QRS complex; T-wave

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22
Q

P-wave

A

depolarization of the atrium

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23
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of the ventrical and repolarization of atrium

24
Q

T-wave

A

repolirization of the ventrical

25
Q

Capillaries is to facilitate exchange of _____, _____, _____, _____, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.

A

oxygen; fluid; nutrients; electrolytes; hormones

26
Q

Hemoglobin is the iron-protein molecule carried by the _____. It helps to _____ and is an _____, a regulator of _____ in concentration.

A

red blood cell; transport oxygen; acid-base buffer; hydrogen ion

27
Q

Red blood cells catalyzes the reaction between _____ and _____. It facilitates _____.

A

water; carbon dixoide; carbon dioxide removal

28
Q

Trachea is the _____ respiratory passage.

A

first-generation

29
Q

Right and left bronchi are the _____ respiratory passages.

A

second-generation

30
Q 
Muscle Fiber Arrangement:
deltoid: \_\_\_\_\_
biceps brachii: \_\_\_\_\_
rectus abdominis: \_\_\_\_\_
gluteus medius: \_\_\_\_\_
rectus femoris: \_\_\_\_\_
tibialis posterior: \_\_\_\_\_
A 
deltoid: multipennate
biceps brachii: fusiform
rectus abdominis: longitudinal
gluteus medius: radiate
rectus femoris: bipennate
tibialis posterior: unipennate
31
Q

During expiration, the diaphragm _____. The _____ of the lungs, _____, and _____ compresses the lungs, and air is expelled.

A

relaxes; elastic recoil; chest wall; abdominal structures

32
Q

Muscles of expiration include the _____ and the _____.

A

abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transverse abdonimis); internal intercostals

33
Q

During inspiration, the _____ of the diaphragm creates a _____ in the chest cavity, and air is drawn int othe lungs.

A

contraction; negative pressure

34
Q

Muscle of inspiration _____ the rib cage. They include the _____, the _____, the _____ and the _____.

A

elevate; external intercostals; sternocleidomastoids; anterior serrati; scaleni

35
Q

During normal respiration at rest, only _____ of the total energy expanded by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.

A

3 -5%

36
Q

During very heavy exercise, _____ of the total energy expanded by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.

A

8 - 15%

37
Q

Pleural pressure is the pressure in the narrow space between the _____ and the _____.

A

lung pleura; chest wall pleura

38
Q

Alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the _____ when the _____ and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs (equal to _____ pressure).

A

alveoli; glottis is open; atmospheric

39
Q

Diffusion is the simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the _____.

A

alveolar capillary membrane

40
Q

At rest, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about _____ greater than that in the _____.
This leads to the oxygen diffusing from the _____ into the _____. Also carbon dioxide diffuses in the _____ direction, from the _____ to the _____.

A

60mmHg; pulmonary capillaries; alveoli; pulmonary capillary blood; opposite; blood; alveoli

41
Q

The system that carry blood away from the heart

A

arterial system

42
Q

The system that returns blood toward the heart

A

venous system

43
Q

proximal: closer to the _____
distal: farther from the _____
superior: closer to the _____
inferior: closer to the _____

A

trunk
trunk
head
feet

44
Q

Proprioceptors are specialized sensory receptors located within _____, _____, _____.

The brain is provided with information concerning ______, or conscious appreciation of the _____ with respect to gravity.

A

muscles; tendons; joints

kinesthetic sense; position of body parts

45
Q

Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. These modified fibers, called _____, run parallel to the normal or _____, fibers.

Muscle spindles provide information concerning _____ and _____.

A

intrafusal fibers; extrafusal

muscle length; the rate of change in length

46
Q

GTOs are proprioceptors located in tendons near the ____ junction and are in series, that is attached to end to end, with _____ muscle fibers.

A

myotendinous; extrafusal

47
Q

The force output of a muscle can be varied through change in the _____ of activation of individual motor units or change in the _____ of activated motor units.

A

frequency; number

48
Q

The AV valves prevent the flow of blood from the _____ back into the _____ during ventricular _____ (_____).

The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the _____ into the _____ during ventricular _____ (_____).

A

ventricles; atria; contraction; systole

aorta and pulmonary; ventricles; relaxation (diastole)

49
Q

SA node: the intrinsic _____, where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally ______;

A

pace-maker; initiated

50
Q

internodal pathways: conduct the impulse from the _____ to the _____

A

SA node; atrioventricular (AV) node

51
Q

AV node: the impulse is _____ slightly before passing into the _____

A

delayed; ventricles

52
Q

AV bundle: conducts the impulse to the _____

A

ventricles

53
Q

left&right bundle branch, which further divide into Purkinje fibers: conduct impulses to _____

A

all parts of the ventricles

54
Q

Hemoglobin is the _____.

Myoglobin is a protein found mainly in _____ where it serves as an _____ for oxygen.

A

iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells to transport oxygen

muscle tissues; intracellular storage site

55
Q

Muscle fiber color
Type I: _____
Type IIa: _____
Type IIx: _____

A

Type I: red
Type IIa: white/red
Type IIx: white

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