Chp 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards
There are approximately _____ bones in the body.
206
Vertebral Column:
____ _____ vertebrae in the neck region
____ _____ vertebrae in the middle to upper back
____ _____ vertebrae, which make up the lower back
____ _____ vertebrae, which are fused together and make up the rear part of the pelvis
____ _____ vertebrae, which form a kind of vestigial internal tail
7; cervical 12; thoracic 5; lumbar 5; sacral 3 - 5; coccygeal
endomysium
surrounding individual fibers
epimysium
the outer layer, covers more than 430 skeletal muscles
perimysium
surrounding each fasciculus, or group of fibers, up to 150 fibers
Endomysium is encircled by and is contiguous with the fiber’s membrane, or _____.
sarcolemma
Hundreds of myofibrils dominate the _____.
sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasm is the _____ of a muscle fiber. It contains _____, _____, _____, _____, and specialized organelles such as _____ and the _____.
cytoplasm; proteins; stored glycogen; fat particles; enzymes; mitochondria; sarcoplasmic reticulum
motor end plate = ?
neuromuscular junction, which is the junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
a motor unit = ?
a motor neuron + the muscle fibers it innervates
Myofibrils contain the apparatus that _____, which consists of two types of myofilaments, _____ and _____.
contracts the muscle cells; myosin; actin
structure of the human heart
left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic valve right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary valve
Stimulation of the _____ nerves accelerates _____ of the SA node and causes the heart to beat _____.
sympathetic; depolarization; faster
Stimulation of the _____ nervous system _____ the rate of SA node discharge thus _____ the heart rate.
parasympathetic; slows; slows
normal resting heart range:
60 - 100 beats/min
bradycardia
< 60 beats/min
tachycardia
> 100 beats/min
atrioventricular valves = _____ + _____
AV valves = mitral valve + tricuspid valve
semilunar valves = _____ + _____
pulmonary valve + aortic valve
The conduction system is composed of _____.
SA node internodal pathways AV node AV bundle left bundle branch right bundle branch Purkinje fibers
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the graphic representation of the _____. It is composed of a _____, a _____, and a _____.
the electrical activity of the heart; P-wave; QRS complex; T-wave
P-wave
depolarization of the atrium
QRS complex
depolarization of the ventrical and repolarization of atrium
T-wave
repolirization of the ventrical
Capillaries is to facilitate exchange of _____, _____, _____, _____, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in the various tissues of the body.
oxygen; fluid; nutrients; electrolytes; hormones
Hemoglobin is the iron-protein molecule carried by the _____. It helps to _____ and is an _____, a regulator of _____ in concentration.
red blood cell; transport oxygen; acid-base buffer; hydrogen ion
Red blood cells catalyzes the reaction between _____ and _____. It facilitates _____.
water; carbon dixoide; carbon dioxide removal
Trachea is the _____ respiratory passage.
first-generation
Right and left bronchi are the _____ respiratory passages.
second-generation
Muscle Fiber Arrangement: deltoid: \_\_\_\_\_ biceps brachii: \_\_\_\_\_ rectus abdominis: \_\_\_\_\_ gluteus medius: \_\_\_\_\_ rectus femoris: \_\_\_\_\_ tibialis posterior: \_\_\_\_\_
deltoid: multipennate biceps brachii: fusiform rectus abdominis: longitudinal gluteus medius: radiate rectus femoris: bipennate tibialis posterior: unipennate
During expiration, the diaphragm _____. The _____ of the lungs, _____, and _____ compresses the lungs, and air is expelled.
relaxes; elastic recoil; chest wall; abdominal structures
Muscles of expiration include the _____ and the _____.
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transverse abdonimis); internal intercostals
During inspiration, the _____ of the diaphragm creates a _____ in the chest cavity, and air is drawn int othe lungs.
contraction; negative pressure
Muscle of inspiration _____ the rib cage. They include the _____, the _____, the _____ and the _____.
elevate; external intercostals; sternocleidomastoids; anterior serrati; scaleni
During normal respiration at rest, only _____ of the total energy expanded by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.
3 -5%
During very heavy exercise, _____ of the total energy expanded by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation.
8 - 15%
Pleural pressure is the pressure in the narrow space between the _____ and the _____.
lung pleura; chest wall pleura
Alveolar pressure is the pressure inside the _____ when the _____ and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs (equal to _____ pressure).
alveoli; glottis is open; atmospheric
Diffusion is the simple random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the _____.
alveolar capillary membrane
At rest, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about _____ greater than that in the _____.
This leads to the oxygen diffusing from the _____ into the _____. Also carbon dioxide diffuses in the _____ direction, from the _____ to the _____.
60mmHg; pulmonary capillaries; alveoli; pulmonary capillary blood; opposite; blood; alveoli
The system that carry blood away from the heart
arterial system
The system that returns blood toward the heart
venous system
proximal: closer to the _____
distal: farther from the _____
superior: closer to the _____
inferior: closer to the _____
trunk
trunk
head
feet
Proprioceptors are specialized sensory receptors located within _____, _____, _____.
The brain is provided with information concerning ______, or conscious appreciation of the _____ with respect to gravity.
muscles; tendons; joints
kinesthetic sense; position of body parts
Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. These modified fibers, called _____, run parallel to the normal or _____, fibers.
Muscle spindles provide information concerning _____ and _____.
intrafusal fibers; extrafusal
muscle length; the rate of change in length
GTOs are proprioceptors located in tendons near the ____ junction and are in series, that is attached to end to end, with _____ muscle fibers.
myotendinous; extrafusal
The force output of a muscle can be varied through change in the _____ of activation of individual motor units or change in the _____ of activated motor units.
frequency; number
The AV valves prevent the flow of blood from the _____ back into the _____ during ventricular _____ (_____).
The semilunar valves prevent backflow from the _____ into the _____ during ventricular _____ (_____).
ventricles; atria; contraction; systole
aorta and pulmonary; ventricles; relaxation (diastole)
SA node: the intrinsic _____, where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally ______;
pace-maker; initiated
internodal pathways: conduct the impulse from the _____ to the _____
SA node; atrioventricular (AV) node
AV node: the impulse is _____ slightly before passing into the _____
delayed; ventricles
AV bundle: conducts the impulse to the _____
ventricles
left&right bundle branch, which further divide into Purkinje fibers: conduct impulses to _____
all parts of the ventricles
Hemoglobin is the _____.
Myoglobin is a protein found mainly in _____ where it serves as an _____ for oxygen.
iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells to transport oxygen
muscle tissues; intracellular storage site
Muscle fiber color
Type I: _____
Type IIa: _____
Type IIx: _____
Type I: red
Type IIa: white/red
Type IIx: white
