Chp 8 Psychology of Athletic Preparation and Performance Flashcards
Arousal is a blend of ______ and _____ activation in an individual and refers to the _____ at any given moment.
physiological; psychological; intensity of motivation
Negative reinforcement _____ the probability of occurrence of a given operant, and it is accomplished through _____ that is typically aversive.
increase; the removal of an act, object, or event
Punishment is designed to _____ the occurrence of a given operant.
Negative punishment, or the _____, could take the form of revoking privileges or playing time, as in benching.
Positive punishment is the _____ of an act, object, or event following a behavior that could decrease the behavior’s occurence.
decrease
removal of something valued
presentation
An athlete’s _____ can increase the latitude of optimal arousal; that is, _____ an athlete has developed, the _____ he or she can perform during states of less-than or greater-than-optimal.
skill level; the more skill; better
The optimal arousal point is _____ for less skilled athletes than for more advanced players.
lower
Because anxiety required the individual’s negative perception of a situation, it incorporates a _____ component, called _____, as well as the physical reaction, or _____, evidenced through physical symptoms.
cognitive; cognitive anxiety; somatic anxiety
State anxiety refers to a _____ of apprehension and uncertainty accompanied by elevated autonomic and voluntary _____ and increased _____ activity.
subjective experience; neural outflow; endocrine
Trait anxiety is a _____.
personality variable or disposition relating to the probability that one will perceive an environment as threatening
Stress: any disruption from the _____ or _____; can be a negative (_____) or positive (_____) state
homeostasis; mental and physical calm; distress; eustress
The ideal performance state is characterized by a “____” that results in less _____ with the _____ and in consistent and efficient execution of _____.
quiet mind; cortical interference; motor control centers; motor performance
Whoever is higher in _____ motivation will be better athlete because he or she has an appetite for competition.
achievement
Inverted-U Theory:
Arousal facilitates performance up to an _____, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with _____.
optimal level; reduced performance
Simple skills can tolerate a _____ degree of arousal and attentional narrowing.
higher
Skills involving a lot of decision making require _____ levels of arousal.
low
Optimal Functional Theory
Different people perform best with very different levels of arousal.
Catastrophe Theory
When increases in physiological arousal occur in the presence of cognitive anxiety, a sudden drop in performance occurs.
Self-Efficacy
Perceived _____ about a given task in a specific situation may be a better predictor of task execution than either arousal or anxiety.
self-confidence
Process goals: goals over whose achievement the athlete has _____
control
Short-term goals: increase the _____ because they are relatively close to the athlete’s present ability level
likelihood of success
Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR)
By going through a series of alternate muscular tensing and relaxing phases, the athlete learns to become aware of _____ and thereby control it.
The hope is that a relaxed body will promote a relaxed mind.
somatic tension
Autogenic Training
The PMR cycle for each muscle group is replaced with an attentional state that focuses on the sense of _____ and _____ for a particular limb or muscle group.
warmth; heaviness
Systematic desensitization
A hybrid of _____ and _____ techniques that allows an athlete to replace a _____ to various cues with a _____
The learned replacement process, the principle behind SD, is called ____.
cognitive; somatic; fear response; relaxation response
counter-conditioning
An athlete should employ arousal _____ techniques when performing a _____ skill or one that is _____.
reduction; new; complex in nature
An athlete should employ arousal _____ techniques when performing a _____ skill or one that is _____.
enhancement; simple; well learned
