Chp 8 Psychology of Athletic Preparation and Performance

Question 1

Arousal is a blend of ______ and _____ activation in an individual and refers to the _____ at any given moment.

Answer 1

physiological; psychological; intensity of motivation

Question 2

Negative reinforcement _____ the probability of occurrence of a given operant, and it is accomplished through _____ that is typically aversive.

Answer 2

increase; the removal of an act, object, or event

Question 3

Punishment is designed to _____ the occurrence of a given operant.

Negative punishment, or the _____, could take the form of revoking privileges or playing time, as in benching.

Positive punishment is the _____ of an act, object, or event following a behavior that could decrease the behavior’s occurence.

Answer 3

decrease

removal of something valued

presentation

Question 4

An athlete’s _____ can increase the latitude of optimal arousal; that is, _____ an athlete has developed, the _____ he or she can perform during states of less-than or greater-than-optimal.

Answer 4

skill level; the more skill; better

Question 5

The optimal arousal point is _____ for less skilled athletes than for more advanced players.

Answer 5

lower

Question 6

Because anxiety required the individual’s negative perception of a situation, it incorporates a _____ component, called _____, as well as the physical reaction, or _____, evidenced through physical symptoms.

Answer 6

cognitive; cognitive anxiety; somatic anxiety

Question 7

State anxiety refers to a _____ of apprehension and uncertainty accompanied by elevated autonomic and voluntary _____ and increased _____ activity.

Answer 7

subjective experience; neural outflow; endocrine

Question 8

Trait anxiety is a _____.

Answer 8

personality variable or disposition relating to the probability that one will perceive an environment as threatening

Question 9

Stress: any disruption from the _____ or _____; can be a negative (_____) or positive (_____) state

Answer 9

homeostasis; mental and physical calm; distress; eustress

Question 10

The ideal performance state is characterized by a “____” that results in less _____ with the _____ and in consistent and efficient execution of _____.

Answer 10

quiet mind; cortical interference; motor control centers; motor performance

Question 11

Whoever is higher in _____ motivation will be better athlete because he or she has an appetite for competition.

Answer 11

achievement

Question 12

Inverted-U Theory:

Arousal facilitates performance up to an _____, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with _____.

Answer 12

optimal level; reduced performance

Question 13

Simple skills can tolerate a _____ degree of arousal and attentional narrowing.

Answer 13

higher

Question 14

Skills involving a lot of decision making require _____ levels of arousal.

Answer 14

low

Question 15

Optimal Functional Theory

Answer 15

Different people perform best with very different levels of arousal.

Question 16

Catastrophe Theory

Answer 16

When increases in physiological arousal occur in the presence of cognitive anxiety, a sudden drop in performance occurs.

Question 17

Self-Efficacy
Perceived _____ about a given task in a specific situation may be a better predictor of task execution than either arousal or anxiety.

Answer 17

self-confidence

Question 18

Process goals: goals over whose achievement the athlete has _____

Answer 18

control

Question 19

Short-term goals: increase the _____ because they are relatively close to the athlete’s present ability level

Answer 19

likelihood of success

Question 20

Progressive muscular relaxation (PMR)
By going through a series of alternate muscular tensing and relaxing phases, the athlete learns to become aware of _____ and thereby control it.

The hope is that a relaxed body will promote a relaxed mind.

Answer 20

somatic tension

Question 21

Autogenic Training
The PMR cycle for each muscle group is replaced with an attentional state that focuses on the sense of _____ and _____ for a particular limb or muscle group.

Answer 21

warmth; heaviness

Question 22

Systematic desensitization
A hybrid of _____ and _____ techniques that allows an athlete to replace a _____ to various cues with a _____

The learned replacement process, the principle behind SD, is called ____.

Answer 22

cognitive; somatic; fear response; relaxation response

counter-conditioning

Question 23

An athlete should employ arousal _____ techniques when performing a _____ skill or one that is _____.

Answer 23

reduction; new; complex in nature

Question 24

An athlete should employ arousal _____ techniques when performing a _____ skill or one that is _____.

Answer 24

enhancement; simple; well learned