Chp 11 Performance-Enhancing Substances Flashcards
anabolic steroid
Dosing method (3):
Efficacy:
Psychological effects: associated with changes in _____, _____, and _____.
Adverse effects example: Gynecomastia: an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by \_\_\_\_\_. Impotence and transient \_\_\_\_\_. Increased risk of liver \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ Premature \_\_\_\_\_ plate closure Increased risk of \_\_\_\_\_ tear \_\_\_\_\_ abscess
synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone
“stacking,” cyclic pattern, pyramid patterns
increased muscle mass, strength, performance, muscle protein synthesis
aggression; arousal; irritability
an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone infertility tumors; damage epiphyseal tendon Intramuscular
testosterone precursors (prohormones)
Prohormones are precursors to the synthesis of other hormones and are theorized to increase body’s ability to produce a given specific hormone.
HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone obtained from the _____ and is very related in the structure and function to _____.
When injected into men, HCG can increase _____.
placenta of pregnant women; luteinizing hormone
testicular testosterone production
Insulin is secreted by _____ in response to elevations in _____ or specific _____.
It increases _____.
Its role is to facilitate the uptake of _____ and _____ into the cell.
Postworkout carbohydrate ingestion suppresses _____ via the _____ effects of insulin.
Side effect: _____
pancreas; blood glucose; amino acid concentrations
protein synthesis
glucose; amino acids
muscle protein breakdown; anti-catabolic
hypoglycemia
Human growth hormone (HGH) is a protein secreted from the _____.
It is anabolic due to its stimulation of _____.
Risk for _____
Maintain _____ levels; increase the uptake of _____ and _____ into muscle cells.
Stimulate _____.
anterior pituitary gland;
bone and skeletal muscle growth;
acromegaly
blood glucose; glucose; amino acids;
release of fatty acids from the fat cell
Erythropoietin is produced in the _____ and stimulate the production of new _____.
Elevations in both _____ and _____.
Enhanced _____.
increased _____
increased risk of _____ and _____
elevations in _____
lack of _____
kidneys; red blood cells.
hematocrit; hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying capacity
blood viscosity; blood clotting; stroke and cerebral/pulmonary embolism; systolic blood pressure; predictability
β-Adrenergic agonist is related to _____. It is produced in the _____ that regulates physiological effects, such as _____ and _____.
Increased _____ and reduced _____
epinephrine; adrenal medulla; lipolysis; thermogenesis
muscle tissue; subcutaneous fat
β-blocker block the _____, preventing the ______ from binding.
It may reduce _____ and _____ during performance; improve both _____ and _____ accuracy.
However, it might increase _____ and impair _____.
β-adrenergic receptors; catecholamines (i.e. norepinephrine and epinephrine)
anxiety; tremors; slow and fast shooting
rate of perceived exertion; the cardiovascular response
Essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids
- BCAAs: _____, _____, _____ are responsible for the increasing ______
- _____ is a key regulator in stimulating muscle protein synthesis. It directly activates ______ pathway in skeletal muscle.
isoleucine, leucine, valine, muscle protein synthesis
Leucine; Akt/mTOR
Arginine is required for the synthesis of _____ and _____, and its metabolism results in the production of _____.
The claims often attributed to arginine supplements are its ability to _____, _____, and _____.
Not much evidence.
protein; creatine; nitric oxide
elevate nitric oxide levels; increase muscle blood flow; improve exercise performance
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a derivative of _____ and its metabolite _____.
HMB stimulates _____ and decreases _____ by inhibiting the _____ pathway.
HMB is most effective when _____.
the EAA leucine; α-ketoisocaproic acid
muscle protein synthesis; protein breakdown; ubiquitin-proteasome
an adequate training stimulus is provided
muscle buffering capacity: the ability to regulate _____ in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise
H+ concentration
β-alanine is a _____. In muscle cells, it is the ______ for _____.
It is capable of _____ in exercises resulting in an _____.
Symptoms of _____ are triggered by a high and acute single doses and disappear within approximately 1 hour after ingestion.
nonessential amino acid; rate-limiting substrate; carnosine synthesis
improving performance; extreme intramuscular acidotic environment
paresthesia
Sodium bicarbonate is an _____, meaning that it _____ acid.
Improve _____, _____, _____ and _____.
antacide; counteracts or neutralizes
total work capacity; peak power; peak torque; strength.
Sodium citrate will break down into _____ when in the blood, thus increasing the _____.
bicarbonate; extracellular pH
L-carnitine is synthesized from the amino acids _____ and _____ and is responsible for the _____ from the _____ into _____ to be oxidized for energy.
Unclear efficacy in its role as an _____.
May enhance _____.
lysine; methionine; transport of fatty acids; cytosol; mitochondria
ergogenic acid for increasing lipid oxidation
recovery from exercise
Creatine is a nitrogenous organic compound that is synthesized naturally in the body, primarily in the _____, and helps to _____ in the body.
- Increase _____, _____, and _____ in both trained and untrained populations.
- Increase the creatine content of muscles by approximately _____ with a saturation limit.
- Prolonged supplementation of creatine has been associated with _____, mostly with _____. This increase is believed to be partly related to _____.
liver; supply energy to all cells
maximal strength; power; lean body mass
20%
increase in body weight; fat free mass; increase in total body water
Caffeine is a _____.
One of the mechanisms that has been proposed involves an _____.
Prolong _____ exercise.
Decreased _____, improve _____, increase _____.
Dose: _____ /kg body weight consumed ~60min before exercise or during prolonged exercise
Adverse effects: anxiety, gastrointestinal disturbances, restlessness, insomnia, tremors, heart arrhythmias, increased risk for heart illness
central nervous system stimulant
increase in fat oxidation
aerobic endurance
feelings of perceived exertion; work capacity; mental alertness
3 - 9 mg
Preworkout energy drinks: common ingredients: caffeine, carbohydrates, B vitamins, tyrosine, gingko biloba
Effective for increasing _____.
Energy drink containing about _____ per kg body mass has been shown to increases cycling and running performance.
training volume performance
2mg caffeine
Ephedrine (banned)
Effective only when _____.
Improve ______.
used with caffeine; aerobic endurance performance
Citrus aurantium is from a fruit commonly known as “_____.” Contribute to _____ and increased _____.
Significant improvement in _____ when _____.
adverse effect: _____ and _____
bitter orange; appetite suppression; metabolic rate and lipolysis
time to fatigue; combined with caffeine
vasoconstriction; elevation in blood pressure
Dietary supplements must be intended for _____ and cannot be advertised for use as a _____ or as the sole item _____.
ingestion; conventional food; within a meal or diet
A typical creatine supplementation regimen involves a loading dose of _____ to _____ g daily for _____ days, or _____ g/kg body mass, followed by a maintenance dose of ______ g/day.
20; 25; 5
0.3; 2
When drugs or supplements reduce performance, the effect is _____.
ergoglytic
Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance
ergogenic aid
The distinction between a drug and a dietary supplement is linked to _____ for safety and effectiveness.
FDA approval
Muscle uptake of creatine can be enhanced by pairing it with _____.
carbohydrates
