Chp 6 Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training Programs Flashcards
Cardiac Output = ?
Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Stroke Volume
the quantity of blood ejected with each beat
End-diastolic volume
the volume of blood available to be pumped by the left ventricle at the ending of filling phase, or diastole
Oxygen uptake
the amount of oxygen consumed by the body tissues
Maximal oxygen uptake
the greatest amount of oxygen that can be used at the cellular level for the entire body
1 metabolic equivalent (1MET)
resting oxygen uptake is about 3.5ml of oxygen per kg of body weight per minute
Systolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure estimates the pressure exerted against the arterial walls as blood is forcefully ejected during ventricular contraction
Diastolic blood pressure
Diastolic blood pressure estimates the pressure exerted against the arterial walls when no blood is being forcefully ejected through the vessels
During aerobic exercise, blood flow to active muscles is considerably increased by the dilation of local arteries (_____); at the same time, blood flow to other organ systems is reduced by constriction of arterioles (_____).
vasodilation; vasoconstriction
Tidal volume
the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
low-to-moderate-intensity aerobic exercise:
increase in ventilation associated with increased _____ and _____ production, which is primarily due to increased _____.
oxygen uptake; carbon dioxide; tidal volume
high-intensity aerobic exercise:
increase in ventilation is more associated with _____.
breathing frequency
Oxygen is carried in blood either dissolved in the plasma or combined with _____.
hemoglobin
The greatest amount of carbon dioxide removal is from the combination with ____ and deliver to the lungs in the form of _____.
water; bicarbonate
Markers of Aerobic Overtraining \_\_\_\_\_ muscle glycogen \_\_\_\_\_ submaximal exercise heart rate \_\_\_\_\_ lactate \_\_\_\_\_ creatine kinase \_\_\_\_\_ sympathetic tone (nocturnal and resting catecholamines) \_\_\_\_\_ sympathetic stress response
decreased increased decreased increased decreased increased
Adjustments to Altitude Hypoxia - Immediate Adjustments
Pulmonary: _____
Acid-base: body fluids become more _____ due to reduction in CO2 with hyperventilation
Cardiovascular:
- Cardiac output _____ at rest and during submaximal exercise.
- Submaximal heart rate _____.
- Stroke volume _____ or is slightly _____.
- Maximal heart rate _____ or is slightly _____.
- Maximal cardiac output _____ or is slightly _____.
hyperventilation alkaline increases remains the same; lowered remains the same; lowered remains the same; lowered
Adjustments to Altitude Hypoxia - Long-Term Adjustments
Pulmonary: _____ in ventilation rate stabilizers
Acid-base: Excretion of ____ by the kidneys with concomitant reduction in _____.
Cardiovascular:
- Continued _____ in submaximal heart rate
- _____ stroke volume at rest and with submaximal and maximal exercise
- _____ maximal heart rate
- _____ maximal cardiac output
Hematologic:
- _____ red cell production (polycythemia)
- _____ viscosity
- _____ hematocrit
- _____ plasma volume
Local tissue:
- _____ capillary density of skeletal muscle
- _____ number of mitochondria
- _____ use of free fatty acids, sparing muscle glycogen
Increase
HCO3-; alkaline reserve
elevation
Decreased
Lowered
Lowered
increased
increased
increased
decreased
increased
increased
increased
Oxygen uptake can be calculated with the Fick equation, which expresses the relationship of _____, _____, and _____.
cardiac output; oxygen uptake; arteriovenous oxygen difference
The average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle is known as _____.
mean arterial pressure
Aerobic endurance training results in ____ in muscular strength and _____ in sprint speeds.
no change; no change or slight improvement
Sedentary college-aged men have maximal stroke volumes averaging between _____ and _____ of blood per beat; maximal stroke volumes for college-aged women are approximately _____ less.
100; 120ml; 25%
The effect of training on the responses to exercise is marked, and we can see an increase in maximal stroke volume for college-aged men up to _____ to _____ ml per beat and approximately _____ to _____ for college-age women.
150; 160;
100; 120
Aerobic endurance training can increase an athlete’s aerobic power by _____.
5 - 30%
Highly conditioned endurance athletes commonly have RHH that ranges from ____ beats per minute.
40-60
Anatomical dead spce
nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
With maximal exercise, cardiac output may increase to _____ times the resting level.
four
At onset of exercise, _____ stimulation increases stroke volume.
sympathetic
Oxygen uptake increases during an acute bout of aerobic exercise and is directly related to the _____, _____, and _____.
mass of exercising muscle
metabolic efficiency
exercise intensity
Acute aerobic exercise results in _____ systolic blood pressure and _____ diastolic blood pressure.
increased; decreased
Chronic adaptations to aerobic exercise: vertical jump: \_\_\_\_\_ anaerobic power: \_\_\_\_\_ muscle endurance: \_\_\_\_\_ ATP, CP, glycogen, triglycerides: \_\_\_\_\_ ligament strength: \_\_\_\_\_ tendon strength: \_\_\_\_\_ bone density: \_\_\_\_\_
ability unchanged no change increase for low power output increase increase increase no change or increase
Chronic adaptations to aerobic exercise:
tidal volume: _____
breathing frequency: _____
with maximal exercise
increase
increase
Aerobic endurance training results in _____ blood lactate concentrations.
lower
Aerobic power values of women range from _____ to _____ of the values of men.
73%; 85%
Myoglobin is _____.
a protein that transports oxygen within the cell.
Chronic physiological and metabolic adjustments that occur during a prolonged altitude exposure:
- increased formation of _____ and _____
- increased _____ of oxygen
- maintenance of _____ balance of body fluid by renal excretion of _____ and through _____
- increased _____
hemoglobin; red blood cells
diffusing capacity
acid-base; HCO3-; hyperventilation
capillarization
